Rahmi Yuniarti
Rahmi Yuniarti
Rahmi Yuniarti
By:
Rahmi Yuniarti
108014000016
JAKARTA
2014 / 1435 H
ABSTRACT
AN ERROR ANALYSIS Of STUDENTS’ ABILITY IN USING REGULAR
AND IRREGULAR VERBS A Case Study at the Second Grade of SMP YPN
Bojong Gede. Skripsi of English Education Department at Faculty of Tarbiyah
and Teachers‟ Training of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatulloh Jakarta,
2014
This study was carried out to analyze students‟ error made by the Second
Grade students of SMP YPN Bojong Gede in using regular and irregular verbs.
Specifically, it aimed at obtaining the types of error in identifying regular and
irregular verbs in the past form and finding out the sources why the students make
such errors.
The method used in this study was qualitative. The qualitative reasearch
applied in this study was case study. This study was conducted by following the
procedures of error analysis: collecting sample of learner language, identifying of
errors,describing of errros, explaining of errors and evaluating of errors. The data
sources of this study was the Second Grade students of SMP YPN Bojong Gede
which consisted of 25 students. Furthermore, the data are collected through
observation, test, andquestionnaire to the students.
The results of the error analysis process showed that students committed error
into three types: omission, addition, and misselection/misformation. From the
frequency of each error types, there are 10.25% errors fell into addition and
18.70% errors fell into omission. Moreover, 71.05% fell into error of
misselection/misformation which was the most frequently produced by the
students. Based on Hubbard et al.‟ theory, it was interpreted that the existence of
errors was due to mother tongue interference, overeneralization, and errors
encourages by teaching material or method.
i
ABSTRAK
AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ABILITY IN USING REGULAR
AND IRREGULAR VERBS A Case Study at the Second Grade Students of
SMP YPN Bojong Gede. Skripsi of English Education Department at Faculty of
Tarbiyah and Teachers‟ Training of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatulloh
Jakarta, 2014
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise be to Allah, the Lord of the world who has blessed the writer in
completing this “skripsi” entitled An Error Analysis of Students’ Ability in Using
Regular and Irregular Verbs (A Case Study at the Second Grade of SMP YPN
Bojong Gede). Peace and Blessing beupon the Prophet Muhammad SAW, his
family, his companion, and his followers.
Alhamdulillah by the grace of Allah the Highest, the writer could finish her
research paper after long hard effort of writing. Thus, she would like to express
her great gratitude to her beloved parents, D. Mawardi A.S and Sakilah; her two
borthers, Lutfi Budiman and Fadhli Darmawan who have given the greatest love,
prayer, moral and support in every part of her life especially in finishing this
skripsi.
The writer also would like toaddress her greatest thanks to her advisors Dr.
M. Farkhan, M.Pd and Yenny Rahmawati, M.Ed who have spent their time,
guidance, valuable helps, correction and suggestion during completing this study.
She would also like to express her deep appreciation and gratitude to:
1. All lecturers of English Education Department who have taught and give
their motivation during her studyat „Syarif Hidayatullah‟ State Islamic
University Jakarta.
2. The chairman of English Education Department, Drs. Syauki, M.Pd and
Zaharil Anasy, M. Hum; the Academic Advisor and the Secretary of English
Education Department.
3. Dra. Nurlena Rifa‟i, MA., Ph. D as the Dean of Faculty of Tarbiya and
Teacher‟s Trainingof „Syarif Hidayatullah‟ State Islamic University Jakarta.
iii
4. Nurdin S. Sos; the headmaster of SMP YPN Bojong Gede who had allowed
the writer to do the research, and Zikriyah Ekarina, S. Pd; the English
teacher of the second grade who had guided the writer in doing the research.
5. Her beloved friends Dewi Purwanti, Dyah P.U, Musonah, Shofa S.H, Rizki
Juwitasari, Maylani, Wiwi Wardianti and all of English Education
Department students Class A for academic year 2008 who have always been
in the writer side in facing all laughter and tears during her study.
6. To all of people whose name cannot be mentioned for their contribution to
the writer during finishing her skripsi.
For the last, she realizes that her research paper is far from being perfect. It is
a pleasure for her to receive constructive critic and suggestion from anyone who
reads her skripsi for valuable improvement.
The Writer
NIM. 108014000016
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................vii
LIST OF SCHEMA...........................................................................................viii
LIST OF APPENDICES...................................................................................ix
v
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................30
A. Place and Time of the Study ...................................................................30
B. Research Design ......................................................................................30
C. Research Participant ...............................................................................31
D. Technique of Data Collecting .................................................................31
E. Technique of Data Analysis ....................................................................32
CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDINGS......................................................34
A. Data Description......................................................................................34
1. The Result Observation ...................................................................34
2. The Result of Tests .........................................................................35
3. The Result of Questionnaire ............................................................38
B. Data Interpretation ..................................................................................39
1. Description of Errors ......................................................................39
2. Explanation of Errors ......................................................................63
3. Evaluation of Errors ......................................................................71
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ..................................76
A. Conclusion .................................................................................................76
B. Suggestion .................................................................................................77
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................78
APPENDICES
vi
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
ix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1
Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics, (New York: British Library, 1998), p. 20
2
Julie S. Amberg and Deborah J. Vause, American English (History, Structure, and Usage),
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 210
3
Ibid., p. 4
1
2
c. Some students learn English for specific purposes such as for tourism,
banking, nursing, etc.
d. Many people learn English because they think it will be useful in some
way for international communication and travel.4
4
Jeremy Harmer, How to teach, (England: Longman, 2007), p. 11
5
Mary Ellen Butler-Pascoe and Karin M. Wiburg, Technology and Teaching English Language
Learners, (New York: A and B, 2003), p. 189
6
Tom McArthur, A Foundation Course for Language Teachers, (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1984), p. 75
7
Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar,
(United Kingdom: Cambridge, 2010), p. 1
3
In English language, verb forms are divided into two kinds. They are
regular and irregular verbs, but the regular verbs more than the irregular verbs.
The way to change the verbs between regular and irregular are different. To
change the regular verbs into past form generally by adding –ed or –d. For the
irregular verbs, there are not specific ways to change them into past form because
the students have to memorize all of unpredictable change.
For example to make a past form of walk students just add –ed at the end
of words become walked because walk is a regular verb. Then, to make the past
form in the irregular verbs such as say, we cannot only add –ed or -d to make the
verb say into the past form, but we have to memorize the change of verbs say that
is say-said-said.
Charles W. Kreidler said that every language has a grammatical system
and different languages have somewhat grammatical system. 8 For Indonesian
students, mastering English grammar is not easy because English and Indonesian
language have different rule of grammar.
In the process of learning English, students sometimes do some mistakes
and errors. Mistakes and errors are different. Brown said that a mistake is a
performance error that is either a random guess or a “slip”, in that it is a failure to
utilize a known system correctly.9 Then, according to Jeremy Harmer, errors are
mistakes which they can’t correct themselves and which need explanation.10 So,
mistakes can cause by the students who can’t memorize well, slip of fingers or
slip of tongue. Whereas errors are caused by lack of knowledge about the target
language that makes the students can’t correct themselves.
Here the writer would like to show some common errors that students
often do when they use regular and irregular verbs.
a. They goed to Bali last Sunday.
b. She buyed a new bag two days ago.
8
Charles W. Kreidler, op. cit., p. 50
9
H. Douglas Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (Forth Edition), (New
York: Pearson Education, 2006), p. 257
10
Jeremy Harmer, op. cit., p. 96
4
The above sentences are definitely wrong because the students use the
wrong form of verbs. Go and buy are the irregular verbs, but the students just add
–ed/d to the verb that they know as the way to make the past form. Actually, the
verb Go will be changed into go-went-gone and the verb Buy will be changed into
buy-bought-bought. The correct sentences are:
They went to Bali last Sunday.
She bought a new bag two days ago.
In this case, students think that to change the verbs into past form, they
have to add –ed/d to all kinds of verbs. It means they did not understand that verbs
are divided into two kinds (regular and irregular) and both of them have different
way to be the past form.
The writer also found the other errors in using regular and irregular verbs,
as follows:
c. We studyied English yesterday.
d. He moveed to Solo last Wednesday.
Those sentences are wrong, because the students cannot apply the past
form of verb study and move perfectly. They give the addition one letter to the
past form of study and move. They make the past form of study becomes studyied
by adding “y” and move becomes moveed by adding “e”.
The correct sentences are:
We studied English yesterday.
He moved to Solo last Wednesday.
In this case, the students have to change the verb into past form
appropriately. Such as, study become studied not studyied, and move become
moved not moveed. Actually, in using the regular verbs with ending “y” as in
study, students should omit the “y” letter and change it become “i” and then add –
ed to show the past form. For the regular verbs with ending “e” as in move, they
way that student have to do in changing the verbs into past form just by adding –d
not –ed.
5
There are also other errors in using regular and irregular verbs, such as:
e. He admited his mistakes last night.
f. My family picniced to Puncak last holiday.
Those sentences are incorrect because both of them have imperfect writing
of verbs. The past forms of verbs admit and picnic should become admitted and
picnicked. For the verb admit, the students should add a letter “t” before –ed, and
for the verb picnic, the students should add a letter “k” before –ed.
The correct sentences are:
He admitted his mistakes last night.
My family picnicked to Puncak last holiday.
In this case the students omit a letter that should be admitted they just
wrote admited, and the past verb of picnic that should be picnicked, they just
wrote picniced.
All of those errors are some cases that happened in the process of learning
regular and irregular verbs. Those cases commonly because of several reasons,
such as the influence of their native language, lack of knowledge about the target
language or other reasons.
Actually, there are many types of error based on the different area.
According to Dulay, Burt, and Krashen, errors are classified into four categories
plus a fifth by James based on the surface structure taxonomy. They are omission,
addition, misformation, misordering and blends.11 The source of errors are various
in the process of learning foreign language, especially in learning English. Peter
Hubbart divided a source of error into three parts. They are mother-tongue
interference, overgeneralization, and errors encouraged by teaching material or
method.12
11
Carl James, Errors in Language Learning and Use, (New York: Longman, 1998), p. 106-111
12
Peter Hubbard et,al. A Training Course for TEFL, (New York: Oxford University Press,
1983), p. 140
6
So, in this study the writer would like to analyze common error that
happen in the process of learning regular and irregular verbs. Then, the writer also
would like to analyze the sources of error that happen in the process of learning
both verbs.
Based on the background of the study above, the writer would like to
discuss about: “AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ABILITY IN USING
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS (A Case Study at the Second Grade of
SMP YPN Bojong Gede)”.
a. To classify the types of errors which students made in using regular and
irregular verbs.
b. To classify the sources of errors which students made in using regular and
irregular verbs.
A. Error Analysis
1. Understanding of Error Analysis
English is a foreign language for Indonesian students. In the process
of learning English, they sometimes do some mistakes or errors. As H.
Douglas Brown said in his book that learning is fundamentally a process that
involves the making of mistakes. Mistakes, misjudgments, miscalculations
and erroneous assumption form an important aspect of learning virtually any
skill or acquiring information.1
Sometimes researchers distinguish between errors are caused by
factors such as fatigue and inattention that Chomsky called “performance”
factors, and errors resulting from lack of knowledge that Chomsky called
“competence”. In some of the second language literature, performance errors
have been called “mistakes” while the term “errors” was reserved for
systematic deviations due to the learner‟s still-developing knowledge of the
L2 rule system.2
Peter Hubbard et al. differentiate between error and mistakes as
follows: errors are caused by lack of knowledge about the target language
(English) or by incorrect hypotheses about it and mistakes caused by
temporary lapses of memory, confusion, slips of the tongue and so on.3 Errors
and mistakes are different. Errors are caused by lack of knowledge of the
learners or incorrect hypotheses, and mistakes are caused by some factors
such as slips of tongue, confusion etc.
1
H. Douglas Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (Forth Edition), (New
York: Pearson Education, 2006), p. 257
2
Heidy Dulay et al., Language Two, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 139
3
Peter Hubbard et al., A Training Course for TEFL, (New York: Oxford University Press,
1983), p. 130
8
9
Heidi Dulay said that errors are the flawed side of learner speech or
writing. They are those parts of conversation or composition that deviate from
some selected norm of mature language performance.4 We use “error” to refer
to any deviation from a selected norm of language performance, no matter
what the characteristics or causes of the deviation might be. According to
Peter Hubbard et al, so far all incorrect forms produced by the student we
have called “errors”. 5
Carl James defines Error Analysis as the process of determining the
incidence, nature, causes and also the consequences of unsuccessful
language.6 According to H. Douglas Brown, The fact that learners do make
errors, and that these errors can be observed, analyzed, and classified to
reveal something of the system operating within the learner, led to a surge of
study of learners‟ errors, called error analysis.7 So, in this study the writer
would like to observe, analyze and classify learner‟s error in mastering
regular and irregular verbs.
2. Types of Error
Basically, there are many classifications about types of errors in
learning English that classify by Corder and Heidi Dulay et, al.
According to Corder, errors are classified into four basic such as
errors of omission, errors of addition, errors of selection, and errors of
ordering. If some element is omitted which should be present, it is called
errors of omission. If some element is present which should not be there, it is
called errors of addition. Next, if the wrong item has been chosen in place of
the right one, it is called errors of selection. And the last, where the elements
presented are correct but wrongly sequenced, it called errors of ordering.8
4
Dulay, et al., op. cit., p. 138
5
Hubbard et al., op. cit., p. 136
6
Carl James, op. cit., p. 1
7
Brown, op. cit., p.259
8
S. P. Corder. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981),
p. 36
10
This types of error would be explained more in the next explanation about
error based on the surface strategy taxonomy according to Dulay et al.
Dulay et al. claim that errors are divided into four types. They are
error based on the linguistic category, error based on the surface strategy
taxonomy, error based on the comparative taxonomy, and error based on the
communicative effect taxonomy.9 Here, the writer would like to explain more
to make them clearer.
9
Dulay, et al., op. cit., p. 140
10
James, op. cit., p. 104-105
11
1. Omission (Ø)
Omission errors mean the learner omits an item that must appear in
a well-formed utterance.11 James stated that omission is different from
ellipsis and zero elements which are allowed by the grammar, because
omission makes a structure ungrammatical.12 Here, the writer would like
to shows the example of omission:
He *call me two days ago.
The sentence above is incorrect, because the learner omits –ed in
the past form of verb put that should be putted. So, here is the correct
sentence:
He called me two days ago.
2. Addition
Addition errors are the opposite of omission errors, which presence an
item that must not appear in a well-formed utterance. It usually occur in
the L2 acquisition process, when learners has already acquired some rules
in the TL. Dulay et al, divide it into three sub-categories.13
a) Double Marking
This sub categories is defined as a failure to delete certain items which
are required in some linguistics construction but not in others.14 For
example:
She did not *studied last night.
Above is an incorrect sentence, because added –ed on the main verb
study. It make the sentence is redundant because the auxiliary did
already carries the marker of the past tense. Below is the correct
sentence:
She did not study last night.
11
Dulay, op. cit., p. 155
12
James, op. cit., p. 106
13
Dulay, loc. cit., p. 156
14
james, loc. cit., p. 107
12
b) Regularization
Regularization error involves overlooking exceptions to domain where
they do not apply.15 It usually applies in the liguistic items, such as the
class of main verbs or the class of nouns.16 For example:
Incorrect sentence: Yusuf *putted the bag there just now
Correct sentence: Yusuf put the bag there just now.
Here, the learner apply the incorrect rule to the irregular verb by added
–ed to the verb of put that must become put in the past form.
c) Simple addition
In simple addition errors, there are no particular features characteristic
other than caracterize in all additional errors, that is the use of
unnecessary item in a well-formed utterance. Here is the example:
Incorrect sentence: Shana *workeded in this company last year
Correct sentence: Shana worked in this company last year
3. Misformation
Misformation errors are the use of wrong form of the morpheme or
structure.17 Furthermore, misformation is classified into three subtypes,
they are:18
a) Regularization error is misformation category which a regular marker
that used in a place of an irregular one. For example: eated for ate,
falled for fell, maked for made, and so fort.
b) Archi-form occurs when the learner select one member of class of
forms to represent others. For example: *Me hungry for I am hungry.
c) Alternating form
Alternating form is the way to the apparently fairly free alternation of
various members of a class with each other. For example: *I seen him
yesterday for I saw him yesterday.
15
James, op. cit., p. 107
16
Dulay, op. cit., p. 157
17
Ibid., p. 158
18
Ibid., p. 158
13
d) Misordering
Misordering error that characterized by the incorrect placement of a
morpheme or group of morpheme in an utterance.19 For example:
Incorrect sentence: *he is all the time late
Correct sentence: he is late all the time.
e) Blends
Blends is typical of situations where there are two well-defined target
and the learner is undecided which of those two target that he would like
to use. For example:
Incorrect sentence: *According to Tina’s opinion
Correct sentence: according to or Tina’s opinion.
19
Dulay, op. cit., p. 162
20
Ibid., p. 163
14
2) Interlingual errors
Interlingual errors are similar to a semantically equivalent phrase or
sentence in the learner‟s native language. For example:
Incorrect sentence: *The boy handsome
Correct sentence: The boy is handsome
3) Ambiguous errors
Ambiguous errors are the errors that reflect the learner‟s native language
structure and at the same time they found in the speech of children
acquiring a first language. For example:
Incorrect sentence: *I no have a car
Correct sentence: I don’t have a car
4) Other errors
Few taxonomies are complete without grab bag for items that don‟t fit into
any other category. For example:
Incorrect sentence: *She do hungry
Correct sentence: She is hungry
Researchers have found that like L1 learners‟ error, most of the errors
L2 learners make indicate they are gradually building an L2 rule system
among the most common errors are:
a. Omitting grammatical morphemes
b. Double marking
c. Regularizing rules
d. Using two or more forms in random alternation
e. Misordering21
3. Sources of Error
Naturally, teachers can be blamed for causing errors by sloppy or careless
teaching or planning. On the other hand, if teachers blame the students, their
accusations are usually directed at lack of motivation, self-discipline or general
intelligence. However, much truth may be on the other side, we must agree that
even the most intelligent, conscientious and motivated students do make errors
even when learning under the best possible conditions.22
By trying to identify the sources of error the writer can take another step
forward to understand student‟s cognitive and affective processes in learning
foreign language. Actually, students do some errors caused by several factors that
called sources of error.
Pit Corder in Hubbard claims that there are three major sources of error,
which he labels as follows:
a. Transfer errors
In the transfer errors, before the system of second language is familiar, the
native language is the only linguistic system in previous experiences upon
which the learner can draw.
21
Dulay et al., op. cit., p. 138-139
22
Hubbard et al., op. cit., p. 131
16
b. Analogical errors
Eventhough the learners have discovered a correct rule of the target
language, they may still make some error in the process of learning languge by
analogy something because the students have not yet discovered the rule
applies.
c. Teaching-induced errors.
In the process of learning error may appear. Thus error may caused by the
method and the material that delivered by the teacher.23
However, a Training Course for TEFL book uses the same categories but
give them different names such as mother-tongue interference, overgeneralization,
and errors encouraged by teaching material or method.
a. Mother-tongue interference
Even though young children appear to be able to learn a foreign language
easily and to reproduce new sounds effectively, most of older learners
experience considerable difficulty. The sounds system (phonology) and the
grammar of the first language impose themselves on the new language and this
leads to a „foreign‟ pronunciation, faulty grammatical patterns and occasionally
to the wrong choice of vocabulary.
b. Overgeneralization
The mentalist theory claims that errors are inevitable because they reflect
various stages in the language development of the learner. It claims that the
learner processes new language data in his mind and produces rules for its
production, based on the evidence.
c. Errors encouraged by teaching material or method.
Error is evidence of failure of ineffective teaching or lack of control. If
material is well chosen, graded and presented with meticulous care, there
should never be any error.24
23
Hubbard, op. cit., p. 140
24
ibid., p. 140
17
25
Brown, op. cit., p. 263
26
Hubbard et al., op. cit., p. 131
18
In another theory, Penny Ur said there are four stages to analyze the
learner errors. They are gathering samples, classifying, ordering, and
reordering.
27
Muriel Saville Troike, Introducing Second Language Acquisition, (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2008), p. 39
19
a. Gathering samples
In this step, the researcher has to gather several learners‟ writing
sample to analyze.
b. Classifying
In the second step, the researcher has to classify or categorize the
students mistake or errors that the most common.
c. Ordering
Then, the researcher makes a list of the most common mistakes or
error that learners made.
d. Reordering
In the last step rearrange the list of student‟s error to make sure and
it is very necessary for the error correction.28
28
Penny Ur, A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory, (London: Cambridge
University Press, 1996), p.86
29
James C. Fernald, English Grammar Simplified, (New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1979)
p. 79
30
John Langan, English skills (Seventh Addition), (New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2001), p. 411
20
31
Hodder & Stoughton, Parken Verboten (Teach Yourself : German Verbs), (German: Hodder
Headline, 2003), p. 2
32
Jeremy Harmer, op cit., p. 65
33
Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar,
(Cambridge: Cambridge, 2010), p. 17
34
Penny Ur, op. cit., p. 80
35
James C. Fernald, op. cit., p. 79
21
Table 2.5
The example of verbs purposes in the semantic
2. Kinds of Verb
The term main verb refers to the word that expresses action or
helps to make a statement complete. Even though the main verb consists
of one word, it may have helping verbs in front of it. 37 Without verb, a
statement or sentence cannot be a complete statement or complete
sentence.
Verbs are variable lexemes. They have a number of different
inflectional forms that are required or permitted in various grammatical
contexts.38 The most distinctive grammatical property of verbs is their
inflection.39 Inflectional is variation in the form of a lexeme determined by
syntactic properties like singular and plural number in nouns, preterite and
present tense in verbs.40 Actually, the preterite form is similar to the past
form of verb, such as watch – watched – watched.
36
Richard V. Teschner and Eston Evans, Analyzing the Grammar of English (A Brief
Undergradate Textbook, Second Edition), ( Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2000), p.
11
37
Barbara Hansen and Rebecca McDaniel, Simplifed Sentence Skills, (Chicago: NTC
Publishing Group, 1998), p. 4
38
Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, op. cit., p. 29
39
Ibid., p. 17
40
Ibid., p. 301
22
Eugene J. Hall said that there are only two tenses in English which
are marked by inflection. These are the simple present and simple past
tenses.41 Most modern grammarians also consider that there are only two
tenses in English which have inflected endings; the simple present and the
simple past. In this study, the writer will focus on the verbs inflection in
the simple past tense. The simple past tense indicates past actions that
occur at a definite time in the past, whether the time is stated or not.
41
Eugene J. Hall. Grammar for Use. (New York: Voluntad Publishers, Inc, 1992), p. 153
42
James C. Fernald, op.cit p. 82
43
Hodder & Stoughton, op. cit p. 4
44
Raymond Murphy with William R. Smalzer, Basic Grammar in Use (second edition),
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 50
23
With regular verbs we can also predict that the past tense form and
past participle forms are identical and formed with the –ed ending added to
the base:
Table 2.6
The example of regular verb
The base past form past participle
Walk walked walked45
b. Irregular Verb
Irregular verbs is a small number of verbs, among the some of the
most commonly used verbs in the language, which have forms that differ
from the regular tense form.46 Irregular verbs form the past tense and the
past participle which are different with the regular verbs that adding –ed.
Actually, there are only about 200 irregular verbs, including all the
auxiliaries, in the English language.47
Besides, regular and irregular verbs are different in the number of
verbs, irregular verbs also different in the way to make it. Different with
regular verbs, however, in the irregular verbs we cannot predict their past
and past participle forms from the base. For example:
Table 2.7
The example of irregular verbs
45
Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svantvik, A Communicative Grammar of English (Third Edition),
(Boston: Pearson Education, 2002), p.300
46
Marcella Fank. Modern English: a Practical Reference Guide. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,
INC, 1972), p. 61
47
James C. Fernald. Op. cit., p. 82
24
Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svantvik said that there are three main types of
irregular verbs divided as in the bellow:
1) Verbs in which all the three principal part (the base, the past form,
the past participle) are identical, for example:
Cut ~ cut ~ cut let ~ let ~ let
2) Verbs in which two parts are identical, for example:
Spend ~ spent ~ spent come ~ came ~ come
3) Verbs in which all three parts are different, for example:
Blow ~ blew ~ blown speak ~ spoke ~ spoken48
3. Forms of Verb
Verbs indicate the time of an action by their form. The form tells
whether the action is in the past, the present, or the future. The English
language has six tenses to indicate three of them, and all of the tenses are
based on the four principal parts of verb. As follows:
Table 2.8
The four principal parts of verb
a. Regular Verb
There are two types of main verbs, they are regular and irregular.
„Regular‟ means that we can state all the verb forms of an English verb
once we know its base form. The base is the basic, uninflected form which
is given as the entry from in dictionaries. A regular English verb, such as
call, has the following four forms:
48
Leech and Jan Svantvik, op. cit., p.300
25
In the regular verb, the verb is formed by adding –ed to the base to
change into two forms, past and past participle.49 For example:
Table 2.9
The regular verbs form
-ed form
Regular verbs form the past tense and the past participle by adding
–ed to the simple form of the verb. When the simple form end in mute e,
the e is put before adding -ed.
Eugene J. Hall said that regular verbs in the past tense are formed
by adding –d or –ed in written usage. In speech the –d ending has three
different pronunciations. Those different pronunciations have no
significance in meaning.50
49
Leech and Svantvik, op. cit., p.316-317
50
Eugene J. Hall, Grammar for Use, (New York: Voluntad Publishers, Inc, 1992), p. 153
26
b. Irregular Verb
According to Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svantvik, there are three main
types of irregular verbs, they are verbs in which all the three principal parts,
verbs in which two parts are identical, and verbs in which all three parts
are different.51 In other words, the first type is verbs whose forms in the
present, past, and past participle are similar (V1 = V2 = V3). The next type
is the verbs whose forms in the present is different with the past and past
participle (V1 ≠ V2 & V3). In the last type, the form in the present, past and
past participle are different (V1 ≠ V2 ≠ V3).
In the list below, the verbs are grouped according to how three past
from and past participle forms differ from the base form. 52
Table 2.10
The irregular verbs form (V1 = V2 = V3)
51
Leech and Jan Svantvik, op. cit., p. 300
52
Ibid., p. 301-309
27
Table 2.11
The irregular verbs form (V1 ≠ V2 & V3)
Table 2.12
The irregular verbs form (V1 ≠ V2 ≠ V3)
Go went gone
Do did done
B. Research Design
This research is a qualitative research in a form case study. Qualitative
research is a research that involves data collection procedures that gave result in
open-ended and non-numerical data which is then analyzed primarily by non-
statistical methods.1 According to Gall et al. in the Patricia A. Duff’s book, case
study is the dept study of instances of phenomenon in its natural context and from
the perspective of the participants involved in the phenomenon.2
To compile this paper, the writer also did library research. The writer did
library research in order to broaden the theoretical framework such as looking for
ideas from experts, some definitions. The writer also reads many reference books
which related to the topic. She also visited some libraries such as FITK library,
UIN library and Atmajaya University.
1
Zoltan Dornyei, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics (Quantitative, Qualitative, and
Mixed Methodologies), (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 24
2
Patricia A. Duff, Case Study Reseacrh in Applied Linguistics, (New York: Taylor & Francis
Group, 2008), p. 22
30
31
C. Research Participants
The research participants of this study were 25 students as the total
population at second grade of SMP YPN Bojong Gede which were taken by
purposive random sampling.
2. Test
In this study, the writer gave written tests to get data about the student’s
errors in mastering regular and irregular verbs in simple past tense as the material
in the second grade in the junior high school.
The test is divided into three parts. The first part asked the students to
complete the text by using the past form of the verbs in the bracket. The second
part asked the students fill the right verbs than change it into the past form. The
last part asked the students to change the verbs in the bracket into the past form.
Table 3.1
Number of items of regular and irregular verbs
2 Task B
Regular verbs 1, 4, 5, 7, 9
Irregular verbs 2, 3, 6, 8, 10
3 Task C
Regular verbs 2, 5, 6, 8, 9
Irregular verbs 1, 3, 4, 7, 10
3. Questionnaires
The writer gave questioner as the supporting data to the second grade
students of SMP YPN Bojong Gede in order to find out the sources of errors
which consist of fifteen questions. The questions are talking about the
students’ motivation in learning English, students’ knowledge about Regular
and Irregular Verbs, students’ view about Indonesian and English verbs, and
the teacher performance in teaching Regular and Irregular Verbs.
3
Muriel Saville Troike, op. cit., p. 39
33
The first step, the writer collected the data by doing classroom
observation, giving questioner to the students and also giving tests to the second
grade students of SMP YPN Bojong Gede about regular and irregular verbs in the
simple past tense.
Next, after collected the data, the writer identified the data which she got
from the observation, tests and questioner. She also determinate the sample of the
learners which were deviated from the target language by giving a circle to the
incorrect answer to the student’s answer.
Then, the writer classified the errors based on the surface strategy
taxonomy according to James. They are omission, addition,
misformation/misselection, misordering and blends. She also classified the errors
into several tables according to types of errors.
After classifying the errors based on the surface strategy taxonomy, the
writer made a percentage of the errors from the students answer. It will be
describe as the formula below:
P = Percentage
F = frequency of wrong answer
N = Number of sample
In the explanation of errors, the writer tried to analyze the sources of error
after making a percentage of students’ error and giving questioner to the students.
In this part, the writer used the source of error by Hubbard et al. that consists of
mother-tongue interference, overgeneralization, and errors encouraged by
teaching material or method.
In the last step the writer evaluated the effects of errors which made by
second grade students of SMP YPN Bojong Gede in mastering regular and
irregular verbs in the simple past form. Then, the writer classified the effects into
two kinds, global and local error. Finally, to sum up the result, she gives some
conclusions.
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
Having done class observation (see appendix 1a), the writer gave the tests
to the second grade students of SMP YPN Bojong Gede. The writer gave the tests
which covered by Regular and Irregular Verbs areas that consist of 30 questions.
Then, the writer analyzed the students‟ errors in mastering Regular and
Irregular Verbs by classifying the students‟ error. After that, the writer makes a
percentage of the types of errors. In addition, the writer also gave questioner to the
students to find the source of error (see appendix 2a& 2b).
1
Patricia A. Duff, Case study Research in Applied Linguistics, (New York, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2008), p. 138
34
35
From the class observation, the writer observed the teaching material or
method that used by the English teacher in the teaching learning activity. The
teacher used Grammar Translation Methodin delivering Regular and Irregular
verbs in the Simple Past tense. The English teacher explained the
materialgenerally. Then, she also gave few examples of regular and irregular
verbs. The last, she gave the students some exercise from the textbook.
From the beginning, many students seem did not really interested in learning
English, just some of them who paid attention to the teacher‟s explanation.
However, when the teacher gave them some exercise, many of them were cheated
each other.When the teacher asked the students to discuss the exercise, not all of
them involved in this discussion. Many of them were sleeping, drawing, and
talking to their friends.
From the observation, the writer thought teaching learning activity in this
classroom may lead students do some errors in applying regular and irregular
verbs.
Table 4.1
Students’ Score of First Test Result
Score
No. Student Part A Part B Part C
(A+B+C)/3
1 Student 1 60 40 30 44
2 Student 2 20 10 10 14
3 Student 3 40 20 40 34
4 Student 4 60 50 60 57
5 Student 5 50 30 30 37
6 Student 6 60 30 30 40
7 Student 7 60 30 60 50
8 Student 8 20 20 50 30
9 Student 9 40 30 30 34
10 Student 10 40 30 30 34
11 Student 11 20 20 30 24
12 Student 12 30 10 20 20
13 Student 13 30 10 40 27
14 Student 14 20 20 40 27
15 Student 15 40 50 40 44
16 Student 16 40 20 30 30
17 Student 17 30 10 40 27
18 Student 18 50 20 70 47
19 Student 19 50 30 60 47
20 Student 20 50 40 40 44
21 Student 21 40 50 30 40
22 Student 22 40 50 40 44
23 Student 23 40 20 30 30
24 Student 24 40 30 30 34
25 Student 25 50 50 70 57
37
The table 4.1 above is the first test result about regular and irregular verb.
From the first test the writer got total score 916 with the average 36.64.
Table 4.2
Students’ Score of Second Test Result
Score
No. Student Part A Part B Part C
(A+B+C)/3
1 Student 1 60 40 30 44
2 Student 2 20 10 30 20
3 Student 3 50 50 40 47
4 Student 4 60 60 60 60
5 Student 5 50 30 30 37
6 Student 6 60 30 30 40
7 Student 7 60 40 60 54
8 Student 8 60 70 50 60
9 Student 9 60 20 60 47
10 Student 10 60 20 60 47
11 Student 11 30 10 30 24
12 Student 12 30 20 30 27
13 Student 13 30 10 40 27
14 Student 14 20 20 40 27
15 Student 15 40 50 40 44
16 Student 16 40 30 30 34
17 Student 17 40 10 50 34
18 Student 18 50 40 70 54
19 Student 19 50 30 70 50
38
20 Student 20 40 50 50 47
21 Student 21 40 60 30 44
22 Student 22 50 50 40 47
23 Student 23 40 30 30 34
24 Student 24 40 30 30 34
25 Student 25 50 60 70 60
Total score 1043
Average 41.72
The table 4.2 above is the students‟ score from the second test about
regular and irregular verb. From the second test, the total score of students are
increasing became 1043 with the average 41.72 from 36.64. Then, the incorrect
answer would be explained more and also would be presented in the percentage in
the data analysis.
2
Patricia A. Duff, op. cit., p. 128
39
However, the writer got 88% students are less motivation in learning English
because only 12 % students who like English from the result of questionnaire.
Besides, 52% students thought Indonesian and English verbs have the similar
pattern. In fact, Indonesian and English have different pattern of verbs. Then, 40%
students thought that regular and irregular verbs are similar. It may lead
overgeneralization in applying regular and irregular verbs.
Many studentsadmitted that they did some errors in doing some exercise about
simple past tense and also regular and irregular verbs. Students‟ motivation in
learning English gave influence to their activities in the English lesson. It also can
be seen from only 28% students who usually bring dictionary to the class. Some
of those factors may be lead students do some errors in mastering regular and
irregular verbs.
B. Data Interpretation
In the data interpretation, the writer use procedure of error by Muriel Saville
which has been explained clearly in the preceding chapter and some of those
procedures have been done such as collecting data by gave tests to the students
and identifying students errors by circling students‟ answer sheet. Next, the other
procedures would be described clearly as follows:
1. Description of Errors
In describing the errors, the writer classified the types of errors based on the
Surface Taxonomy Categories using theory of James that classified the errors into
five parts.They are omission, addition, misformation/misselection, misordering
and blends. The aim of this step is to know whether these errors involve in
omission, addition, misformation/misselection, misordering or blend.
Based on the identified data from the student‟s answer sheet in using regular
and irregular verbs, the errors are falls into three types. They are omission,
addition and mis-selection or mis-formation, and the writer did not find error of
mis-ordering and blends in the student answer sheet. This classification will be
presented below.
40
a. Omission
Some students made errors in using regular and irregular verbs by omit some
crucial component in forming past form of verbs. Many of them made this error
because they did not write the verb correctly. Some of them omit several letters of
the verb such as –e, -d, -ed, for example borrowd (borrowed), slam (slammed),
studi(studied) etc. The errors are presented in the following table:
Table 4.3
The Description Error of Omission
Item’s
Error Identification Error Correction
Number
The students studi those lessons last The students studied those
22.
week. (Student: 8) lessons last week.
23.
Last holiday, I and my family Last holiday, I and my family
picnicd in Cibodas. (Student: 23) picnicked in Cibodas.
She lved in Bandung for two years, She lived in Bandung for two
26. but now she lives in Jakarta. years, but now she lives in
(Student: 17) Jakarta.
From the table above, most students were omitting a letter which must exist
within a morpheme. From the table above, the students omitted –n of the past
form of “find” that should be “found”. The students also omitted –m which must
exist in the “slammed” as the past form of “slam”. They also omitted –e in the
verb “borrowed” and –d in the verb “died”. Next, they omitted –k which must
exist in the “picnicked”, and –p in the “stopped”.
b. Addition
These errors occur if the students add some letters or elements which are not
suitable to the rule of the past form of regular and irregular verbs. Many students
did not use the right rule in changing the verbs into past form. From the data,
some of them did not understand well how to transform the verb into the past
form in regular and irregular verbs. They also seem confused in using –d or –ed to
the verbs. The Errors are illustrated as follows:
43
Table 4.4
The Description Error of Addition
Item’s
Error Identification Error Correction
Number
Last night, the baby crieed in his Last night, the baby cried in
15.
room. (Student: 19) his room.
44
Fauzi Bowo lead Jakarta last year. Fauzi Bowo led Jakarta last
16.
(Students: 1, 2, 3, 25) year.
Rita brought a new car three days Rita bought a new car three
29.
ago. (Students: 5, 6, 9, 10) days ago.
In this research, the writer found that the most error is in formulating the
regular verbs. For examples:
* Last night, the baby crieed in his room.
* Andy‟s grandfather dieed when he was 85 years old.
* Andy‟s grandfather dieded when he was 85 years old.
Error correction
a) Last night, the baby cried in his room.
b) Andy‟s grandfather died when he was 85 years old.
The examples above showed that students failed added certain item which
should not exist in their answer. Besides false in formulating regular verbs, the
students also committed errors by adding unnecessary element which is not
applied in the target language, such as in the following examples:
* I mett my old friend in the restaurant yesterday.
* Zamzami satd in the chair because he was tired.
Thus, the suggested corrections are:
c) I met my old friend in the restaurant yesterday.
d) Zamzami sat in the chair because he was tired.
46
Table 4.5
The Description Error of Mis-selection/ Mis-formation
Item’s
Error Identification Error Correction
Number
Then I went for another slide, but I Then I went for another slide,
frezed too because I saw what he has but I froze too because I saw
49
seen. It was a long snake and it was what he has seen. It was a
heading for me. (Students: 3, 11, 12) long snake and it was heading
for me.
The driver steped the bus very The driver stopped the bus
25. quickly five minutes ago. (Students: very quickly five minutes
5, 6) ago.
From the table of error description above, it could be seen that there are
many errors from student‟s answer sheet. The students committed the errors in
the substance level concerned on the spelling, graphology, punctuation and so
forth. The writer found that some students omitted, added some letters and mis-
selected/ mis-formation the past form of the verb.
57
P = x 100%
Explanation: P = Percentage
f = frequency of each error type (frequency of wrong answer)
n = sum of the errors
From the formula above, the writer make a percentage of the errors on the
table below:
Table 4.6
Frequency of Error in Past Tense of Regular and Irregular Verbs
Mis-ordering
Misselecion/
of Error Percentage
Omission
Addition
Blends
of items
of Each
Number
1. 1 0 3 0 0 4 0.89%
2. 0 0 10 0 0 10 2.23%
3. 8 0 15 0 0 23 5.13%
4. 0 0 18 0 0 18 4.02%
5. 0 5 2 0 0 13 2.90%
6. 0 0 5 0 0 5 1.12%
7. 0 0 25 0 0 25 5.58%
8. 1 0 1 0 0 2 0.45%
58
9. 0 0 13 0 0 13 2.90%
10. 4 0 21 0 0 25 5.58%
11. 12 0 5 0 0 17 3.79%
12. 0 1 12 0 0 13 2.90%
13. 0 0 18 0 0 18 4.02%
14. 5 0 7 0 0 12 2.67%
15. 0 1 17 0 0 18 4.02%
16. 0 5 18 0 0 23 5.13%
17. 9 3 4 0 0 16 3.57%
18. 0 8 15 0 0 23 5.13%
19. 4 7 4 0 0 15 3.35%
20. 0 10 2 0 0 12 2.67%
21. 0 0 23 0 0 23 5.13%
22. 1 1 12 0 0 14 3.12%
23. 15 0 10 0 0 25 5.58%
24. 0 0 3 0 0 3 0.67%
25. 21 0 2 0 0 23 5.13%
26. 1 0 5 0 0 6 1.33%
27. 0 0 20 0 0 20 4.46%
28. 2 0 6 0 0 8 1.78%
29. 0 4 12 0 0 16 3.57%
30. 0 1 4 0 0 5 1.12%
From the table above, the number of errors that made by 25 students in
YPN Bojong Gede are 449 incorrect answer with different number of each types.
In this case, the students did 84 omission, 46 additions, and 319 mis-selection/
mis-formation in using regular and irregular verbs.
The writer did not find the error of misorder and blends in the students
answer. From the table above, error of mis-formation/mis-formation is the most
common occur in the students‟ answer sheets with319 errors.
After the writer calculated all students‟ error, she would like to analyze the
errors in each Regular and Irregular Verbs. Then, she changed the result into
percentage that can be seen in the table below:
Table 4.7
Frequency of Error in Past Tense of Regular Verbs
Frequency of Error
Total
Frequency
misformation
misordering
Misselecion/
Number
Omission
of Error Percentage
Addition
Blends
of item
of Each
Number
Part A
4.50%
2. 0 0 10 0 0 10
8.11%
4. 0 0 18 0 0 18
5.86%
5. 1 1 11 0 0 13
0.90%
8. 1 0 1 0 0 2
11.26%
10. 4 0 21 0 0 25
Part B
7.66%
1. 12 0 5 0 0 17
5.41%
4. 5 0 7 0 0 12
60
8.11%
5. 0 1 17 0 0 18
7.21%
7. 9 3 4 0 0 16
6.76%
9. 4 7 5 0 0 15
Part C
6.31%
2. 1 1 12 0 0 14
11.26%
3. 15 0 10 0 0 25
10.36%
5. 21 0 2 0 0 23
2.70%
6. 1 0 5 0 0 6
3.60%
8. 2 0 6 0 0 8
The table above shows the students‟ error in mastering past tense of
Regular verb. The part consists of 15 regular verb questions. From the table, there
are 75 errors of omission, 13 error of addition, and 133 error of mis-selection or
mis-formation.
The lowest error frequency in the regular verbs in the question number 8
in the part A, it is 0.90% that made by 2 students. For the highest error percentage
in regular verb is in the question number 10 in the part A & 3 in the part C, with
100% percentage of error answer.
Next, the writer would like to present the percentage of error in irregular
verbs as the following table:
61
Table 4.8
Frequency of Error in Past Tense of Irregular Verbs
Frequency of Error
Total
misformation
misordering
Misselecion/
Frequency
Omission
Number
Addition
Blends
of Error of Percentage
of item
Each
Number
Part A
1.77%
1. 1 0 3 0 0 4
10.18%
3. 8 0 15 0 0 23
2.21%
6. 0 0 5 0 0 5
11.06%
7. 0 0 25 0 0 25
5.75%
9. 0 0 13 0 0 13
Part B
5.75%
2. 0 1 12 0 0 13
7.96%
3. 0 0 18 0 0 18
10.18%
6. 0 5 18 0 0 23
10.18%
8. 0 8 15 0 0 23
5.31%
10. 0 10 2 0 0 12
Part C
10.18%
1. 0 0 23 0 0 23
1.33%
4. 0 0 3 0 0 3
8.85%
7. 0 0 20 0 0 20
7.08%
9. 0 4 12 0 0 16
2.21%
10. 0 1 4 0 0 5
The table above shows the different frequency in each types of error. They
are 9 errors of omission, 33 error of addition, and also 186 error of mis-selection
or mis-formation the irregular verb in the past tense.
The writer got the number 7 in the part A is the highest frequency of
students‟ error. It is 100% of error in the part A. it means all student cannot
answer the question number 7 in the part A with the correct answer. For the
lowest error percentage is in the number 4 in the part C with 3 students who made
errors. The percentage of error in the number 4 in the part C is (1.33%).
Next, the writer would like to describe the students‟ errors in mastering
Regular and Irregular Verbs. As the result in the table 4.6, the students do some
errors in using Regular and Irregular Verbs such as omission, addition, and
misselection/ misformation. In this case, the writer did not find error of
misordering and blends.
Furthermore, to make it easier to read, the writer presents it in the following
table below:
Table 4.9
The Frequency of Each Error Type
From the table above, it could be seen that there are many errors from
students‟ answer sheet. Error of mis-selection/mis-formation is the highest
number of all with 319 errors or 71.05%. Then, error of omission is 18.70% or 84
number of errors. The lowest percentage is error of addition with 10.25% or 46
errors.
2. Explanation of Errors
In this step, the writer interpreted the sources of error after doing
observation, giving questioner and making a percentage of students‟ error to the
students. The writer used the source of error by Hubbard et al. They are mother-
tongue interference, overgeneralization, and errors encouraged by teaching
material or method.3
From the students‟ answer sheet, there are 36% errors are caused by mother-
tongue interference, 46% errors are caused by overgeneralization, and 18% errors
encouraged by teaching material and method. The writer made percentage of
sources of error in using regular and irregular as follow:
mother tongue
18% interference
36%
overgeneralization
46%
error encouraged by
teaching material and
method
3
Peter Hubbard et al., A Training course for TEFL, (New York: Oxford University Press,
1983), p. 140
64
a. Mother-tongue interference
This source of error is caused by the different sounds system
(phonology) and the grammar of the first language which lead to a
„foreign‟ pronunciation, faulty grammatical patterns and occasionally to
the wrong choice of vocabulary.4
Many Indonesian students do some errors in learning regular and
irregular verbs, because in Indonesian there are no regular and irregular
verbs. From students‟ answer sheet, there are some errors that may
caused by foreign language pronunciation, faulty grammatical patterns,
and also wrong choose the vocabulary.
From the data, the writer got 36 % errors are caused by mother
tongue interference from 449 total errors. According to Brown, an error
is the result of transfer from the native language. Before the system of
the system of the second language is familiar, the native language is the
only previous linguistic system upon which the learner can draw.5
From the observation, the writer saw that the teacher used
Indonesian language in delivering the material. Besides, the English
teacher explained the material generally and the teacher only gave few
examples of each regular and irregular verb.
From the result of questionnaire, there are 52 % of 25 students
thought that Indonesian has the similar verb form/ pattern with English.
This percentage reflected students do some errors are caused by mother-
tongue interference, because the Indonesian language has no verbs
transformation when used in the different time.
Therefore, the students did false concept hypothesis, because they
did not familiar to the system of foreign language (English Language)
and they still influenced by the native linguistics system (Indonesian
language).
4
Peter Hubbard et al., A Training Course for TEFL, (New York: Oxford University Press,
1983), p. 140
5
H. Douglas Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, (New York: Pearson
Education, 2006), p. 263
65
The examples bellow are the errors which caused by the foreign
language pronunciation as the first aspect of mother-tongue interference
based on the Hubbard‟s theory:
I locked at Chris and he made a rustling sound of wind in the
bushes. (Student: 2)
Last night, the baby try in his room. (Students: 11, 12)
I meed my old friend in the restaurant yesterday. (Students: 1, 3,
14)
Andy‟s grandfather day when he was 85 years old. (Students: 4, 7)
I reed this novel five days ago. (Student: 8)
Rita bay a new car three days ago. (Students: 1, 3)
b. Overgeneralization
This source of error occurs when a learner applies a grammar rule
to forms that do not take it.6 In this research, overgeneralization is the
dominant error. There is 46 % error which is caused by
overgeneralization.
From the observation, the writer saw that the English teacher only
gave few examples of regular and irregular verbs. So, the students did not
get more examples in forming regular and irregular verbs in the past form.
Most of errors of this study are caused by overgeneralization, especially in
irregular verbs that the change of the verbs should be remember by them.
Few examples of irregular verbs that given by the teacher lead the students
simplified the change of irregular verbs by adding –d and –ed.
6
Ron Cowan, The teacher‟s grammar of English (a cource book and reference guide), (New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 44
67
From the result of questionnaire, the writer also get data that 40%
of students thought both regular and irregular verbs have similar form or
pattern. So, it may lead false hypothesis for them which made some errors
in applying the regular and irregular verbs in the past form. The writer also
get data from the questionnaire that 56% of students admit that they did
not memorize more than 10 verbs of regular and irregular verbs.
According to Brown, learners have begun to acquire parts of the
new language system, but generalization within the target language is
manifested.7 Many students did some errors in transforming the irregular
verbs by adding –d or –ed. They simplified the way in forming the past
form of irregular verbs. For example:
I maked a rainbow cake yesterday. (students 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
22, 23, 24, 25)
Mr. Agus teached us about the narrative text last week. (students
7, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25)
Fauzi Bowo leaded Jakarta last year. (students 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24)
I readed this novel five days ago. (Students 10, 16, 17, 18, 23, 24)
My brother Chris and I went walking on the beach one sunny day,
and we finded a little cubby out of overgrown bushes. (Students:
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25)
First, Christ tried it out and he slid down and soon comed back up
saying that it was safe, and that it was great fun. (Students: 16, 20,
23, 25)
Then I went for another slide, but I frezed too because I saw what
he has seen. It was a long snake and it was heading for me.
(Students: 3, 11, 12)
Then I went for another slide, but I freezed too because I saw what
he has seen. It was a long snake and it was heading for me.
7
Brown, op. cit., p. 264
68
(Students: 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25)
I looked at Chris and he maked a rustling sound of wind in the
bushes. (Students: 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25)
I maked a rainbow cake yesterday. (Students: 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 22, 23, 24, 25)
Mr. Agus teached us about the narrative text last week. (Students:
7, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25)
Fauzi Bowo leaded Jakarta last year. (Students: 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25)
I meeted my old friend in the restaurant yesterday. (Students: 16,
18, 19, 23, 24)
All tickets for the concert were selled very quickly. (Students: 13,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 25)
I goed to bed early because I was tired. (Student: 2)
Last night, David drived his car very fast. (Students: 1, 2, 3, 4, 7,
11, 12, 13, 115, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24)
Zamzami sitd in the chair because he was tired. (Student: 2)
Zamzami sited in the chair because he was tired. (Students: 16, 23,
24)
8
Peter Hubbard et al., A Training Course for TEFL, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983),
p.142
9
Brown, op.cit., p. 265
70
From the example above, some students omitted some letters in the
regular verb such as omitted –m in the “slammed”, -k in the “picnicked”,
-p in the “stopped” and –e in the “borrowed” and “happened”. The other
errors occur because the students added some unnecessary element. For
example:
Last night, the baby crieed in his room. (Student: 19)
Andy‟s grandfather dieed when he was 85 years old. (Student: 23)
The students studyied those lessons last week. (Students: 21)
First, Christ tryedit out and he slid down and soon came back up
saying that it was safe, and that it was great fun. (Students: 5, 6, 7,
9, 10, 13, 14, 23, 24)
Last night, the baby cryed in his room. (Students: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9,
10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 23, 24)
The examples above show that many students did not understand
well in forming the past verbs of cry, die, study, try, etc. In the student‟s
answer sheet, they added some unnecessary element that should be omitted
in those verbs. for example they added –e for “crieed” and “dieed”, and –
y in the “studyied”. They also did not change –y in some verbs that should
be –i such as “tryed” and “cryed” that the right answers are “tried” and
“cried”.
71
4. Evaluation of Errors
In the evaluation of error, the writer tried to analyze the effect of the error
based on the communicative effect taxonomy by Dulay et al. It divided into global
and local errors. Global error is the errors that affect overall sentence
organization, and it can hinder the message of the communication. Local error is
the errors that do not hinder communication significantly.10
From the data, the percentage error of mis-selection/ mis-formation which
made by students of SMP YPN Bojong Gede is the highest of all. It can be
considered more serious than others because they could hinder the message of the
communication. From the answer sheet, many students mis-select the vocabulary
in transforming the verbs. It may cause by mother-tongue interference, because in
Indonesian language there are no verbs transformation in making sentences. Here
are some examples of global errors taken from students‟ answer sheet in using
regular and irregular verbs:
4. 10 Examples of Global Error
Rita brought a new car three Rita bought a new car three
days ago. (Students: 5, 6, 9, 10) days ago.
1.
Rita bun a new car three days
ago. (Student: 13)
10
Heidy Dulayet al., Language Two,(New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 191
72
Last night, David drank his car Last night, David drove his
10.
very fast. (Student: 8) car very fast.
73
From the table above, it can be seen that many students transfer the verbs
into another words. For example, there was a student use “bun” as the past form
of “buy” to complete the sentence “Rita .........(buy) a new car three days ago”. In
the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 3rd Edition, “bun” is woman‟s
hairstyle where the hair is brought together into a round shape at the back of the
head. So, the right past form of buy is bought.
Another example is student filling the word “day” to the sentence
“Andy‟s grandfather .......... (die) when he was 85 years old”. The verb “die” and
the word “day” almost similar in pronunciation, but it have different meaning and
the right answer is died. Next, student used the word “barrow” that should be
borrowed in completing the sentence “Dava .......... (borrow) my pen yesterday”.
Actually, the meaning of “barrow” is a vehicle moved by a person which
especially fruits and vegetables are sold at the side of a road.
Those examples shows that mis-select the wordsin a sentence can hinder
the message to the listener or reader. However, the other errors that caused by
overgeneralization and errors encouraged by teaching material or method are less
serious, because the message still can be understood even thought there are some
errors in spelling. for example:
Last night, the baby crieed in his Last night, the baby cried in
6.
room. (Student: 19) his room.
The table above shows some local errors which made by the students in
using regular and irregular verbs. Many of them did error in graphology like
incorrect spelling, but the sentences still can be understood. For example, students
used “wen” for the past of “go”. The student omitted one letter (-t) that should be
“went” to fill the sentence “In the holidays a few years ago we .......... (go) to
Hawks Nest”.
75
The other incorrect verbs which made by students are the verb “borrowd”
for “borrowed”, “stoped” for “stopped”, “mett” for “met”, “studyied” for
“studied”, “tryed” for “tried”, “cryd” for “cried”, “madee” for “made”,
“picniced” for “picnicked”, and “diied” for “died”. All of them are incorrect,
but those incorrect verbs did not hinder the message of the sentences to the
listener. They have problem when they used in the written text, but in the
conversation it still can be understood by the listener.
CHAPTER V
A. Conclusion
The differences between Indonesian and English in using verbs in the
sentences encourage the writer to conduct this research. This research has been
carried out to recognize the errors that were made by second grade students of
SMP YPN Bojong Gede in using regular and irregular verbs in the past form.
The writer did the research in some procedures of error analysis by Muriel
Saville began with collecting data, identifying errors, describing errors, explaining
errors and evaluating errors. To collect the data, she used some techniques such as
observation, questionnaire and test. However, she only used test as the primary
data. She classified the test based on surface taxonomy strategy to know the types
of students’ errors in using regular and irregular verbs. In addition, she adapted
theory of Hubbard et al to classify the source of errors, such as mother- tongue
interference, overgeneralization, and errors encouraged by teaching material or
method.
According to the description in the previous chapter, the writer found that
the students committed the errors in three categories; they are omission, addition,
and misselection or misformation. Based on the data, from 449 totals of errors,
there are 46 errors or 10.25% fell into addition categories. Next, there are 84
errors or 18.70% error of omission. Then, there are 319 errors or 71.05% error of
misformation or misselection categories. Therefore, it can be concluded that the
highest percentage of errors produced by student is misselection or misformation
errors.
Based on the high percentage of the errors, it can also concluded that the
existence of errors caused some factors, such as mother-tongue interference,
overgeneralization and encouraged by teaching material or method. The writer
also found that the most sources of errors is overgeneralization, where the
students used the same pattern in transform regular and irregular verbs into past
form by added –d or –ed.
76
77
B. Suggestion
Even though error is an inevitable part of learning process, it still needs
much effort to seek the proper way in teaching learning process in order to reduce
students’ error occurrence in using regular and irregular verbs. The writer would
like to suggest as follows:
1. The teacher must increase students’ motivation in learning English.
2. The teacher must provide more examples and exercises to improve
students’ mastery in using regular and irregular verbs in the Simple Past;
3. Students must pay attention to the rules or forms of regular and irregular
verbs when it used in the Simple Past tense; and
4. Students must do more exercises in using regular and irregular verbs.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Amberg, Julie S. and Vause, Deborah J.. American English (History, Structure,
and Usage), New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Cowan, Ron. The Teacher’s Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference
Guide, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Duff, Patricia A. Case Study Research in Applied linguistics, New York: Taylor &
Francis Group, 2008.
Dulay, Heidi., et. al., Language Two, New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Fernald, James C., English Grammar Simplified, New York: Barnes & Noble
Books, 1979.
Hall, Eugene J., Grammar for Use, New York: Vluntad Publishers, 1992.
78
79
Hubbard, Peter, et.al., A Training Courses for TEFL, New York: Oxford
University Press, 1983.
James, Carl. Error in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis,
New York: Wesley Longman Inc., 1998.
Kreidler, Cahrles W.. Introducing English Semantic, New York: British Library,
1998.
Langan, John, English Skills (Seven Addition), New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2001.
A. Teacher Activities
80
Not all students involved
in the discussion, many
Teacher involves all
9. √ of them were sleeping,
students in the discussion
drawing, and talking to
their friend
The teacher concluded
Giving conclusion at the
10. √ the material at the end of
end of the study
the study
B. Students Activities
81
Appendix 2a: Research Questionnaire Form
KUESIONER PENELITIAN
Penjelasan :
Penelitian ini untuk kepentingan ilmiah. Oleh karena itu, kami mohon
bantuan untuk mengisi kuesioner ini dengan sejujurnya. Jawaban anda
merupakan partisipasi anda bagi kami, maka jawablah seluruh pertanyaan sesuai
dengan kondisi yang sebenarnya dan penuh rasa tanggung jawab.
Petunjuk pengisian :
Berilah tanda check (√) pada kolom yang tersedia dan jawaban yang
paling sesuai dengan kondisi dan persepsi anda.
NO PERTANYAAN YA TIDAK
1. Apakah anda senang dengan pelajaran
bahasa Inggris?
2. 2. Ketika guru mengajarkan bahasa Inggris di
kelas, apakah anda memperhatikannya?
3. 3. Apakah materi “Simple Past Tense” sudah
diajarkan di kelas oleh guru anda?
4. 4. Apakah guru anda memberikan latihan
setelah mempelajari “Simple Past Tense”?
5. 5. Apakah anda melakukan kesalahan dalam
mengerjakan latihan yang berkaitan dengan
“Simple Past Tense”?
6. 6. Apakah guru anda juga menjelaskan
perubahan Verb (regular and irregular)
dalam “Simple Past Tense”?
82
7. 7. Menurut anda, apakah penggunaan kata kerja
(Verb) dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa
Inggris itu sama?
8. 8. Apakah perubahan dalam Regular &
Irregular Verbs dalam bentuk past itu sama?
9. 9. Ketika mengajar, apakah guru anda
memberikan beberapa contoh perubahan
Verb baik itu Regular ataupun Irregular?
10. 10. Pada setiap jam pelajaran Bahasa Inggris,
Apakah anda selalu membawa kamus?
11. 11. Ketika mengerjakan latihan mengenai
“Simple Past Tense”, apakah anda mencari
perubahan Verb dalam bentuk past di dalam
kamus?
12. 12. Apakah anda pernah menghafal perubahan
V1-V2-V3?
13. 13. Apakah anda telah menghafal lebih dari 10
Regular & Irregular Verbs?
14. 14. Ketika mempelajari Regular & Irregular
Verbs, apakah anda sering melakukan
kesalahan?
15. 15. Apakah guru anda selalu memberikan
feedback dari latihan-latihan yang telah
diberikan?
83
Appendix 2b: The Percentage of Students’ Questionnaire
84