Total Quality Management Assignment

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTION(1a)
ELUCIDATE DALE’S COPPER FOUR
DISCRETE STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION
OF QUALITY IDEAS
ANSWER
QUALITY INSPECTION: This is concern
with the inspection and testing of the output
from the transformation process. A dedicated
quality inspector examines the output of
workers whether they are of saleable quality or
if they should be rejected, reworked or
downgraded for sale as second-grade or
scrapped. Unless the inspection is systematic
and rigorous, there is a high risk of faulty goods
reaching the customer.
QUALITY CONTROL: Quality control is
concern with defect detection and correction. It
is defined as the operational technics and
activities that are used to fulfill requirements for
quality. Quality control process are mostly
inspection and other activities that involve
monitoring to ensure that defect (or potential
defects) are spotted.
QUALITY ASSURANCE: Quality assurance

introduces a comprehensive quality
management system based on a manual which
sets out in detail how the entire operation should
be managed. The quality of input is assured by
buying only from suppliers who themselves
practice quality assurance.
Quality assurance includes the following
activities
a.New design control, aimed at getting it right
first.
b. Specification which must be clear and
ambiguous.
c.Motivation of all concerned.
d. Inspection and testing
e.Education and training of suppliers’ staff
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT:

Total quality management seeks to switch
the emphasis from merely applying tools
and techniques to changing attitudes so that
quality becomes part of the belief and values
of everyone in the organization. Total
quality sees quality as a source of
competitive advantage. It is built on the
belief that quality need to be defined from
the customers’ point of view and its pursuit
will deliver improvement in corporates
performance.
QUESTION(1ai)
ENUMERATE THREE (3) MERITS AND
DEMERITES OF SOURCE INSPECTION
WHERE THE PURCHASER EITHER HAS
RESIDENT INSPECTORS TO VISIT THE
VENDOR AT REGULAR INTERVALS
ANSWER
MERITS
a. Reduction in the time for rejection, return,
reworking, and redeliver.
b. Inspectors become experts in dealing
with the suppliers’ products.
c.The suppliers’ specialized inspection and
test equipment can be utilized.
DEMERITES
a. Source inspection is usually costly than
incoming inspection.
b. The supplier’s responsibility for
meeting quality may be reduced i.e.,
responsibility is transferred to the
purchaser rather than retained by the
supplier.
c. Source inspection by the resident
inspectors may have inherent conflict of
interest and source inspection by third
party independent inspectors. This is
typically done on a sampling basis by
personnel who visit the vendor on a
rotation basis and have little or no true
understanding of the product.
QUESTION(1aii)
OUTLINE IN CHRONOLOGICAL
ORDER THE EVOLUTION OF
QUALITY MANAGEMENT PHASES
ANSWER
The theory and practice of quality has
evolved over this period from simple
“quality inspection’ whereby products
were checked for defects at the end of a
production process to “quality control”
whereby quality is concerned with defect
detection and correction to “quality
assurance” where quality moves the
concept of quality beyond measurement
and feedback control towards a more
proactive approach aimed at preventing
quality problems occurring in the first
place to “ total quality management”
(TQM) in which the issue of quality is
placed at the heart of all the organization’s
activities. Each stage builds on the
previous one, incorporating its ideas as it
expands the contents of quality. These four
stages are not totally distinguishable from
one another, but should be viewed as a
continuum. Dale and copper (1992)
identify these four discrete stages in the
evolution of quality ideas.
QUESTION (1b)
DISCUSS FIVE (5) ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS OF TOTAL QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
ANSWER
a.The philosophical element of total
quality management stress the operation
of the company using quality as the
integrating element.
b. The generic tools consist of various
statistical process control (SPC) methods
that are used for problem solving and
continuous improvement by quality
teams. Quality function deployment is
typically used by managers to drive the
voice of the customer into the
organization.
c. Tools of the Quality Control department
consists of statistical quality control
(SQC) methods such as sampling plans,
process capability and Taguchi methods.
d. It is a result of integrity and ethics
of the organization without trust cannot
be built within the work of Total Quality
Management.
e. Trust allows decision making at
appropriate levels in the organization,
foster individual risk-taking for
continuous improvement and helps to
ensure that measurements focus on
improvement of process and are not used
to contend people. Trust is essential to
ensure customer satisfaction. So, trust
builds the cooperate environment
essential for Total Quality Management.
QUESTION (1bi)
ELLABORATE FIVE PRINCIPLES OF
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
ANSWER
a. Customer’s requirement must be met
the first time, every time.
b. There must be agreed requirements,
for both internal and external
customers.
c. Everybody must be involved, from all
levels and across all functions.
d. Top management and participation
and commitment is must.
e. A culture of continuous improvement
must be established.
QUESTION (1bii)
STATE AND EXPLAIN FIVE (5)
BARRIERS OF TOTAL QUALITY
MANAGEMENT INTEGRATION
ANSWER
a. Lack of commitment from top
management- avoiding training for
self and employees, meetings
b. Lack of employee involvement-
particularly at managerial level,
supportive attitude, trust
c. Lack of teamwork- Co-operation
and co-ordination within workers.
d. Inability to change
organizational culture.
e. Supplier control- in terms of
materials, cost, quality, delivery etc.

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QUALITY ASSURANCE: Quality assurance

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT:

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