Project Report

PROJECT REPORT
OF
BIOLOGY
ON
HUMAN EMBRYONAL
DEVELOPMENT
Submitted for the partial fulfilment of requirement for
the completion of class XII by Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE)
(Session- 2022-23)
Submitted BY
ANURAG DUTT SHUKLA
Roll No. : 06
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MRS. SHALLY KATARIA
PGT-BIOLOGY
Tagore Academy Public School,Faridabad
Submitted To
Tagore Academy Public School
Sec-3,Faridabad
Haryana, 121004
Certificate
This is to certify that review and compilation work of

the project report entitled HUMAN EMBRYONAL
DEVELOPMENT is the independent work done by
ANURAG DUTT SHUKLA admission number.12468 of
XII D and is submitted to the department of biology ,
TAGORE ACADEMY PUBLIC SCHOOL, FARIDABAD
under my supervision and guidance during the
session 2022-2023.
I wish him all success in future endeavors.
Signature Signature
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Acknowledgement
I would like the opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to

all those people without whom this project could have never been
completed.First and foremost I would like to thank my parents for their
inexhaustible source of inspiration.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Mrs. Manorma Arora, director,

Tagore Academy Public School ,Faridabad for her constant guidance
and providing a very nice platform to learn.
I would like to thank Mr. Onkar Singh ,Principal ,Tagore Academy Public
School ,Faridabad for her constant encouragement and moral support ,
without which I would have never able to give my best.
I would also like to thank Mrs. Manju Vashistha, Vice Principal, Tagore
Academy Public School, Faridabad for her efforts in providing a well
equipped and efficient environment to learn.
I would also like to thank Mrs. Shally Kataria, PGT Biology , Tagore
Academy Public School, Faridabad for her keen interest in the work and
every useful practical knowledge and for their kind supervision.
Their guidance and supervision was helpful in bringing this work to
conclusion.
ANURAG DUTT SHUKLA
INDEX
S.NO TOPICS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 FERTILISATION
3 CLEAVAGE
4 BLASTULATION
5 IMPLANTATION
6 GASTRULATION
7 FOETAL
DEVELOPMENT
8 Diagram
9 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The human embryonic development
process is also known as human
embryogenesis. This process shows
embryo formation or development
generally takes place. This process
generally gets initiated by cell division
and cellular differentiation of the embryo
at the primary stage of development of the
embryo.
It is a series of steps where following
process occur:-
1. FERTILISATION
2. CLEAVAGE
3. BLASTULATION
4. IMPLANTATION
5. GASTRULATION etc.
FERTILISATION
During copulation (coitus) semen is
released by the penis into the vagina
(insemination). The motile sperms
swim rapidly, pass through the
cervix,enter into the uterus and
finally reach the junction of the
isthmus and ampulla (ampullary-
isthmic junction) of the fallopian
tube.The ovum released by the ovary
is also transported to the ampullary-
isthmic junction where fertilisation
takes place. Fertilisation can only
occur if the ovum and sperms are
transported simultaneously to the
ampullary isthmic junction. This is
the reason why not all copulations
lead to fertilisation and pregnancy.
The process of fusion of a sperm with
an ovum is called fertilisation. During
fertilisation, a sperm comes in
contact with the zona pellucida layer
of the ovum and induces changes in
the membrane that block the entry of
additional sperms. Thus, it ensures
that only one sperm can fertilise an
ovum. The secretions of the
acrosome help the sperm enter into
the cytoplasm of the ovum.
Cleavage
Takes place during passage of zygote
through the fallopian tube to uterus.It is
the mitotic cell division in zygote with
process of cleavage.
PROCESS OF CLEAVAGE:
The first cleavage furrow appears at
animal-vegetal axis (meridional).
2nd division is also meridional but at right
angles to the first one forming four
blastomeres.
3rd division is equatorial, resulting in
eight blastomeres.
4th furrow is again meridional forming a
16 cell stage called morula.
5th furrow is equatorial though this may
differ in different animals.
The synchrony of division is maintained
upto 64 cell stage.
Blastulation
Rearrangement of blastomeres forms
blastula (blastodermic vesicle) with
blastocoels.
At this stage the zona pellucida
disintegrates and rapid growth of embryo
begins.
The blastocoel signifies :
The site where ancestral embryos used to
lodge nutrients as yolk.
Space used to acquire more and more
fluid with increasing dimensions of the
embryo. This results in the expansion of
the outer layer of the blastodermic vesicle
(also called blastocyst) as a thicker layer.
After one week of fertilisation, blastocyst
gets implanted in the uterine wall.
Peripheral cells of the morula form
trophoblast or trophectoderm which
draws food for the embryo from the
uterine wall. This has only trophic and
protective function and forms foetal
membranes and part of the placenta and
has no role in the formation of embryos.
Inner cell mass forms the body o f the
embryo, initially distinct as outer epiblast
and inner hypoblast. The trophoblastic
cells above the epiblast are called cells of
Rauber.
Now, the blastula develops trophoblastic
villi and gets attached to the endometrium
of uterus.
The uterine wall at this time undergoes
profound changes to form decidua,
distinct as :
Decidua basalis – between embryo and
uterine serosa.
Decidua capsularis – between embryo and
lumen of uterus.
Decidua parietalis – remaining part of
deciduas.
Implantation
Implantation is the attachment of the
blastocyst to the uterine wall. It occurs
after 7 days of fertilisation. The portion of
the blastocyst where the inner cell mass
is located lies against the endometrium of
the uterus. The blastocyst sinks into a pit
formed in the endometrium and gets
completely buried in the endometrium.
The embedded blastocyst forms a villi to

get nourishment.
The cells of the inner cell mass

differentiate into two layers :
A layer of small, cuboidal cells known as

the hypoblast layer and a layer of high
columnar cells, the epiblast layer .
Both the hypoblast and epiblast form a flat

disc called the embryonic disc. The
trophoblast cells divide and differentiate
into two layers -an inner layer of
mononucleated cells, the cytotrophoblast
and An outer, multinucleated zone without
distinct cell boundaries, the
syncytiotrophoblast or syncytium. At the
same time a small cavity appears
between the epiblast and trophoblast.
This cavity enlarge to become the
amniotic cavity.
Gastrulation
The sequence of forming respective
germinal layers is different from frog, the
order is as follows:
Formation of Endoderm
With increasing size of the inner cell mass
and blastodermic vesicle a group of cells
detach (delamination) from here and push
into the blastocoel, get arranged along the
inner wall of blastocoel, divide rapidly and
form a complete inner layer of endoderm.
Now the erstwhile blastocoel becomes

the lumen of archenteron. This
differentiates into two parts – one within
the body of the embryo, forming a gut and
the other projects out as distal yolk sac.
After shifting of endodermal cells the rest

of the inner cell mass forms embryonic
disc.
Formation of Mesoderm.
At the caudal margin of the embryonic

disc the cells divide rapidly to become
thick mass. Subsequently, these cells
start migrating in the area behind
endoderm to form mesoderm.
Formation of Ectoderm
After the formation of mesoderm the

remaining cells of the embryonic disc
proliferate and get arranged in a layer
outside the mesoderm to form ectoderm.
Foetal development
Foetal membranes or extra embryonic
membranes are formed of embryonic
tissue (trophoblast) that lies outside the
embryo.
These membranes are found in amniotes

(reptiles, birds and mammals).
The developing foetus soon becomes
enclosed by four foetal membranes,
amnion, chorion, allantois and yolk sac.
Amnion and chorion are formed by the

fusion of the amniotic folds arising from
the two ends of the foetus whereas
allantois is produced from embryonic
hindgut.
1. Amnion is formed of mesoderm on the

outside and ectoderm inside. It has no
blood vessels. Space between amnion and
foetus is called amniotic cavity and it
contains amniotic fluid. Amnion protects
the foetus from mechanical shock.
2. Chorion is formed of ectoderm

externally and mesoderm inside.
Alongwith the allantois it participates in
the formation of placenta. Space between
amnion and chorion is externally
embryonic coelom. It completely
surrounds the embryo and protects it by
providing nourishment and removing
waste.
3. Allantois consists of mesoderm on the

outside, and endoderm internally. It
extends to fuse with chorion and forms a
structure rich in blood vessels called the
allanto-chorion which gives rise to foetal
part of the placenta. It helps in
respiration, nutrition and excretion.
4. Yolk sac is a membranous sac

attached to an embryo near allantois;
having yolk in egg laying animals. In
mammals the yolk sac functions as the
site of blood cell formation until about the
6th week, when the liver takes over this
role. Thereafter the yolk sac starts to
shrink.
Placenta is an organic connection

between the foetus and uterine wall.It is
contributed by both foetal and maternal
tissue.It act as a barrier between the
foetus and the mother
Although there is no blending of the two

blood supplies, the placenta acts as an
ultrafilter; soluble inorganic and organic
materials, nutrients, hormones, antibodies
against diphtheria, smallpox, scarlet
fever, measles, etc. can pass from the
mother to the foetus.
It helps in exchange of gases between

mother and foetus and elimination of
nitrogenous discharge and other waste of
foetus.
DIAGRAM
IMPLANTATION
GASTRULATION
FOETAL DEVELOPMENT
CONCLUSION
Embryonic development is also called

embryogenesis. It is a series of steps
where multiple processes occur, such as
ovulation, fertilisation, cleavage,
blastulation, implantation, gastrulation,
etc. It is a complex process where
fertilised eggs start developing into an
embryo. It takes about 4 days to develop a
human embryo after an egg is fertilised. It
takes about 12-14 hours to divide actively.
Which later eventually undergoes
development and gives rise to a foetus in
a human form.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This project file is made by taking
reference from class XII BIOLOGY NCERT
BOOK.
The help of following site is also taken:

https://unacademy.com

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PROJECT REPORT

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

This is to certify that review and compilation work of

I wish him all success in future endeavors.

I would like the opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to

I would like to extend my gratitude to Mrs. Manorma Arora, director,

The embedded blastocyst forms a villi to

The cells of the inner cell mass

A layer of small, cuboidal cells known as

Both the hypoblast and epiblast form a flat

Now the erstwhile blastocoel becomes

After shifting of endodermal cells the rest

At the caudal margin of the embryonic

After the formation of mesoderm the

These membranes are found in amniotes

Amnion and chorion are formed by the

1. Amnion is formed of mesoderm on the

2. Chorion is formed of ectoderm

3. Allantois consists of mesoderm on the

4. Yolk sac is a membranous sac

Placenta is an organic connection

Although there is no blending of the two

It helps in exchange of gases between

Embryonic development is also called

The help of following site is also taken:

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