Project Report
Project Report
Project Report
OF
BIOLOGY
ON
HUMAN EMBRYONAL
DEVELOPMENT
Submitted for the partial fulfilment of requirement for
the completion of class XII by Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE)
(Session- 2022-23)
Submitted BY
ANURAG DUTT SHUKLA
Roll No. : 06
Signature Signature
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Mr. Onkar Singh ,Principal ,Tagore Academy Public
School ,Faridabad for her constant encouragement and moral support ,
without which I would have never able to give my best.
I would also like to thank Mrs. Manju Vashistha, Vice Principal, Tagore
Academy Public School, Faridabad for her efforts in providing a well
equipped and efficient environment to learn.
I would also like to thank Mrs. Shally Kataria, PGT Biology , Tagore
Academy Public School, Faridabad for her keen interest in the work and
every useful practical knowledge and for their kind supervision.
Their guidance and supervision was helpful in bringing this work to
conclusion.
ANURAG DUTT SHUKLA
INDEX
S.NO TOPICS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 FERTILISATION
3 CLEAVAGE
4 BLASTULATION
5 IMPLANTATION
6 GASTRULATION
7 FOETAL
DEVELOPMENT
8 Diagram
9 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The human embryonic development
process is also known as human
embryogenesis. This process shows
embryo formation or development
generally takes place. This process
generally gets initiated by cell division
and cellular differentiation of the embryo
at the primary stage of development of the
embryo.
It is a series of steps where following
process occur:-
1. FERTILISATION
2. CLEAVAGE
3. BLASTULATION
4. IMPLANTATION
5. GASTRULATION etc.
FERTILISATION
During copulation (coitus) semen is
released by the penis into the vagina
(insemination). The motile sperms
swim rapidly, pass through the
cervix,enter into the uterus and
finally reach the junction of the
isthmus and ampulla (ampullary-
isthmic junction) of the fallopian
tube.The ovum released by the ovary
is also transported to the ampullary-
isthmic junction where fertilisation
takes place. Fertilisation can only
occur if the ovum and sperms are
transported simultaneously to the
ampullary isthmic junction. This is
the reason why not all copulations
lead to fertilisation and pregnancy.
The process of fusion of a sperm with
an ovum is called fertilisation. During
fertilisation, a sperm comes in
contact with the zona pellucida layer
of the ovum and induces changes in
the membrane that block the entry of
additional sperms. Thus, it ensures
that only one sperm can fertilise an
ovum. The secretions of the
acrosome help the sperm enter into
the cytoplasm of the ovum.
Cleavage
Takes place during passage of zygote
through the fallopian tube to uterus.It is
the mitotic cell division in zygote with
process of cleavage.
PROCESS OF CLEAVAGE:
The first cleavage furrow appears at
animal-vegetal axis (meridional).
2nd division is also meridional but at right
angles to the first one forming four
blastomeres.
3rd division is equatorial, resulting in
eight blastomeres.
4th furrow is again meridional forming a
16 cell stage called morula.
5th furrow is equatorial though this may
differ in different animals.
The synchrony of division is maintained
upto 64 cell stage.
Blastulation
Rearrangement of blastomeres forms
blastula (blastodermic vesicle) with
blastocoels.
At this stage the zona pellucida
disintegrates and rapid growth of embryo
begins.
The blastocoel signifies :
The site where ancestral embryos used to
lodge nutrients as yolk.
Space used to acquire more and more
fluid with increasing dimensions of the
embryo. This results in the expansion of
the outer layer of the blastodermic vesicle
(also called blastocyst) as a thicker layer.
After one week of fertilisation, blastocyst
gets implanted in the uterine wall.
Peripheral cells of the morula form
trophoblast or trophectoderm which
draws food for the embryo from the
uterine wall. This has only trophic and
protective function and forms foetal
membranes and part of the placenta and
has no role in the formation of embryos.
Inner cell mass forms the body o f the
embryo, initially distinct as outer epiblast
and inner hypoblast. The trophoblastic
cells above the epiblast are called cells of
Rauber.
Now, the blastula develops trophoblastic
villi and gets attached to the endometrium
of uterus.
The uterine wall at this time undergoes
profound changes to form decidua,
distinct as :
Decidua basalis – between embryo and
uterine serosa.
Decidua capsularis – between embryo and
lumen of uterus.
Decidua parietalis – remaining part of
deciduas.
Implantation
Implantation is the attachment of the
blastocyst to the uterine wall. It occurs
after 7 days of fertilisation. The portion of
the blastocyst where the inner cell mass
is located lies against the endometrium of
the uterus. The blastocyst sinks into a pit
formed in the endometrium and gets
completely buried in the endometrium.
Gastrulation
The sequence of forming respective
germinal layers is different from frog, the
order is as follows:
Formation of Endoderm
With increasing size of the inner cell mass
and blastodermic vesicle a group of cells
detach (delamination) from here and push
into the blastocoel, get arranged along the
inner wall of blastocoel, divide rapidly and
form a complete inner layer of endoderm.
Formation of Mesoderm.
Foetal development
Foetal membranes or extra embryonic
membranes are formed of embryonic
tissue (trophoblast) that lies outside the
embryo.
GASTRULATION
FOETAL DEVELOPMENT
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This project file is made by taking
reference from class XII BIOLOGY NCERT
BOOK.