Distance Protection Performance Analysis

Современные направления развития систем релейной защиты и автоматики энергосистем
01 – 05 июня 2015 г., Сочи
S.4-2. Distance Protection Performance Analysis
Abdelsalam Omar
General Electricity Company
Libya
Keywords—distance protection, magnetizing inrush, power swing, dynamic model of protection relays, simulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
T RADITIONAL analysis of protection system performance involves comparing phases (currents,

voltages ,impedances , etc ) against theoretical characteristics of the relay. In the case of a distance
protection, a complex R/X plane impedance characteristic is normally used for this purpose. This approach is
fairly simple and requires only knowledge of magnitude and phase of currents and voltages. In certain
situations when secondary waveforms are distorted by higher-order or sub-harmonics, however it is possible
to have an effect on the performance of the protection device.
The work presented herein is concerned with the impact of the transformer magnetizing inrush phenomena and
power swing on the performance of the impedance-based protection relay. The study demonstrates how the
relay 7SA511 respond to the distorted waveforms and power system disturbed.
A. Dynamic Relay Modeling
An accurate dynamic model of the relay is essential for detailed study of distance relay response. The
methodology involves creation of the model based on available documentation [1]-[5], followed by an
extensive validation tests in which the performance of the model is compared against the data obtained
from actual devices numerical distance relay 7SA511(20samples/cycle), relay model block diagram is
shown in fig.1, due to transient components as well as time delay caused by filter, the impedance’s calculated
by the relay algorithms do not converge directly to the fault distance even after data window occupies post
fault values. After a fault, resistance and reactance loci calculated by the method described in [1], progress
from an initial point to points corresponding to fault distance. As can be seen from algorithm, three
sequential samples of data [current and voltage] are required for calculation. Thus, the evaluation of R
relay model response during multiple fault which confirm
correct fault type classified and fault direction. Fig7 show the relay model response for fast power swing.
Fig.1Distance Relay model block diagram

01 – 05 июня 2015 г., Сочи
Fig.2. Unfiltered secondary voltage
Fig.3.Voltage waveform filtered by anti-aliasing LPF
Fig.4.the output of digital cosine filter and average filter
Fig.5.Impedance trajectories as seen by relay model for 0°and 90° fault inception angle
01 – 05 июня 2015 г., Сочи
Fig.6.Imedance locus during multiple faults
Fig.7. Impedance trajectories during fast power swing
B. Magnetizing Inrush case study

Magnetizing inrush current occurs in power system when unloaded power transformers are energized.
The current during first few seconds is relatively high and is distorted due to the effects of transformer core
saturation. The case study was built using ATP/EMTP Program in order to simulate the inrush phenomena
under realistic conditions. The system configuration and network parameters used for simulation are
presented in fig.8. The worst case scenario was taken into account; i.e circuit breaker cb1 was closed at
the zero voltage instant and residual flux in the core of transformers of negative nominal value (Φn). The
current peak value obtained was 3827.3A.The simulation result is presented in fig.9.The simulated primary
currents and voltages were subsequently converted into secondary values by means of the specially
developed transducer models ( i.e., CT’s and VT’s based on [6]), secondary values of simulation results
filtered by anti- aliasing low pass filters and average filter as shown in fig.10.and fig.11 respectively. The
investigation was carried out in order to establish the impedance setting at which the relay starts “seeing”
the inrush current within zone3 reach. Fig.12. show the impedance trajectory as seen by relay model during
transformers inrush period. The impedance seen by relay model was within zone3 reach (22.4Ω).
Fig.8.System configuration and data of case study

01 – 05 июня 2015 г., Сочи
Fig.9.current inrush simulation results
Fig.10.current wave form after filtered
Fig.11 RMS Value of inrush current

01 – 05 июня 2015 г., Сочи
Fig.12. Impedance seen by distance relay model during

transformers inrush
C .Slow Power Swing Case Study
The work presented herein is focuses on the impact of changes in the direction of the power flow due
to the line switching. Such disturbance causes generators on the system to accelerate or decelerate to adapt
the new power flow conditions, which in turn leads to slow power swing. The study concerning the
impacts of slow power swing causes by sudden changes in power flow direction on performance of power
swing blocking element setting of distance relay. Collecting an event of actual case slow power swing
occurs in Libya East 220kv Network fig.13, the consequence of power swing, some GT’s losses stability
and trips by Generator and turbine protection. The swings were stay for a period of 2seconds. Oscillations
are characteristic for phase currents and voltages as well are presented typically in fig.14, a typical
impedance trajectories caused by sudden changes in power flow direction due to line switching shown
in fig.15, The result of slow power swing causes the impedances measured by a distance relay to move
away from normal load area into its power swing polygon [PPOL], starting characteristics polygon
[APOP] and a activates power swing blocking element to prevent relay tripping. The case study verified
the validity of the algorithms of relay model and approved the settings of power swing blocking element
of actual relay was satisfied.
Fig.13.System Configuration
Fig.14.phase voltage and current at relay point during system slow power swing
01 – 05 июня 2015 г., Сочи
Fig.15. Impedance Trajectories during slow power swing as

seen by relay model
II. CONCLUSIONS
1- Simulation tests have been performed to demonstrate the operation of actual relay algorithm.
2- The impedances trajectories after fault were depends on fault inception angle, digital filter type and relay
algorithm.
3- During transformers inrush phenomena the distance relays would see as a fault at zone3 reach, this
limit will vary with system configuration, transformers capacity and magnetizing inrush scenario.
4- The relay model was successfully used to test power
swing blocking element of actual relay algorithm.
5- For particular case study, the operating characteristics of power swing blocking element was secure
correctly to detect big sudden changes in power system as well as oscillations, which appear during
emergent system operating condition.
REFERENCES
[1] Arum G. Phadke, James S. “Computer Relaying for Power Systems”, RSP.Ltd August 1994, pp. 118–131.
[2] Chul-Hwan Kim,Mymy-Hee Lee, Raj K.Aggarwal,Allan T.Johns
“Educational use of EMTP models for study of a distance relaying algorithm for protection transmission lines”,IEEETrans
vol.15 No1,April 2000, pp.10.
[3] W.D.Breingan, M.M.Can, T.F.Gallen “ The Laboratory investigation of a digital system for the protection of transmission
lines”, Protective Relaying for Power Systems. Stanley H.Horowitz IEEE Press.copyright1980.
[4] Gerhard Ziegler “ Numerical Distance Protection Principles and Application”, July 1999,pp63-80
[5] E.O.Schweitzer,Daqing Hou“Filtering for Protective Relays”, Schweitzer Engineering,
Laboratory.Inc
Pullmann,Washington,Protective Relaying Conference-
Atlanta,Georgia,1993.
[6] Ralph Folkers “ Determine Current Transformer Suitability using EMTP MODELS”, Schweitzer, Engineering, Laboratory.Inc
Pullmann,Washington USA Copyright SEL 1999
[7] A.Dysko, C.Booth,J.R.Mcdonald,A.Carter, “Protection System Performance Analysis using dynamic modeling methods”.IEEE
Power Engineering Review,May2001,pp.54-55.
[8] Abdelsalam Omar Ahmed Omar, ”Distance Protection Performance Analysis using dynamic modeling methods”,
http//www.scribd.com/doc/91623813104-Pap53,GCC CIGRE,Doha,Nov 2005
[9] Abdelsalam Omar Ahmed Omar, ”Distance Protection Performance
Analysiusingdynamicmodelingmethods”,LAICEE,March2006,Tripoly,L ibya,pp11-23.
[10] Abdelsalam Omar Ahmed Omar “Distance Protection Performance
Analysis using dynamic modeling methods”, http//www.cigre-gcc.org/ Wp-content/…/10/Pap-84pdf( study of the impact of power
swing on Performance of distance relay), gcccigre, Doha Nov2010.
Abdelsalam O.A.Omar receives B.sc degree in Electrical Engineering from faculty of Engineering – Benghazi University 1988. He has
been with General Electricity Company of Libya (GECOL), first as Control and Protection Engineer and then Head of Network fault
analyst office since 2001, and as Manager of Protection Department of East Region since 2010. His work includes protection modeling of
numerical relays. He has authors five short technical paper (AROC-CIGRE2004-Malysia, GCCCIGRE2005-Doha, LAICEE2006, Tripoli,
PEOCO2007-Malaysia

Distance Protection Performance Analysis

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Distance Protection Performance Analysis

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Современные направления развития систем релейной защиты и автоматики энергосистем

01 – 05 июня 2015 г., Сочи

S.4-2. Distance Protection Performance Analysis

T RADITIONAL analysis of protection system performance involves comparing phases (currents,

Fig.1Distance Relay model block diagram

Fig.2. Unfiltered secondary voltage

Fig.3.Voltage waveform filtered by anti-aliasing LPF

Fig.4.the output of digital cosine filter and average filter

Fig.6.Imedance locus during multiple faults

Fig.7. Impedance trajectories during fast power swing

B. Magnetizing Inrush case study

Fig.8.System configuration and data of case study

Fig.9.current inrush simulation results

Fig.10.current wave form after filtered

Fig.11 RMS Value of inrush current

Fig.12. Impedance seen by distance relay model during

Fig.15. Impedance Trajectories during slow power swing as

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