GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

STEM Specialized Subject

Class No.: _____ Date: _________________________

Name: ____________________________________ Module 3 – 3rd Quarter – SY20212022
Grade and Section: __________________________ Teacher: _______________________

I. Title: Genetics

II. Objectives:
After accomplishing this module, you must be able to:
1. explain the different concepts on genetics such as pedigree analysis,
karyotyping, DNA sequence analysis, and mutation
2. recognize the importance of genetic engineering in our society
3. solve and analyze problems on pedigree chart

III. Material/s:
1. Lecture Notes about the Genetics
2. For Reference(s):
• YouTube video for review - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBezq1fFUEA

IV. Time Frame: Week 3– Days 9-12

V. Concept:
GENETICS
Genetics, study of heredity in general and of genes in particular. Genetics forms one of the
central pillars of biology and overlaps with many other areas, such as agriculture, medicine,
and biotechnology.
MENDELIAN LAW OF GENETICS
The basic principles of Gregor Mendel’s model of inheritance have held up for over a
century. They can explain how many different characteristics are inherited, in a wide range
of organisms including human beings.
Some of the key elements of Mendel’s original model were:
1. Heritable traits are determined by heritable factors, now called genes. Genes come
in pairs (that is, are present in two copies in an organism).
2. Genes come in different versions, now called alleles. When an organism has two
different alleles of a gene, one (the dominant allele) will hide the presence of the
other (the recessive allele) and determine appearance.
3. During gamete production, each egg or sperm cell receives just one of the two gene
copies present in the organism, and the copy allocated to each gamete is random
(law of segregation).
4. Genes for different traits are inherited independently of one another (law of
independent assortment).
These rules still form the foundation of our understanding of inheritance—that is, how traits
are passed on and how an organism's genotype (set of alleles) determines its phenotype
(observable features). However, we now know of some exceptions, extensions, and
variations, which must be added to the model in order to fully explain the inheritance patterns
we see around us. (see figure 1)

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 Figure 1 – Mendelian Principles of Genetics

Pedigrees
Pedigrees are used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait throughout a
family. Pedigrees show the presence or absence of a trait as it relates to the relationship
among parents, offspring, and siblings. (see figure 2)

Pedigrees represent family members and relationships using standardized symbols.

By analyzing a pedigree, we can determine genotypes, identify phenotypes, and predict

how a trait will be passed on in the future. The information from a pedigree makes it
possible to determine how certain alleles are inherited: whether they are dominant,
recessive, autosomal, or sex-linked.

To start reading a pedigree:

1. Determine whether the trait is dominant or recessive. If the trait is dominant, one of
the parents must have the trait. Dominant traits will not skip a generation. If the trait
is recessive, neither parent is required to have the trait since they can be
heterozygous.
2. Determine if the chart shows an autosomal or sex-linked (usually X-linked) trait. For
example, in X-linked recessive traits, males are much more commonly affected than
females. In autosomal traits, both males and females are equally likely to be affected
(usually in equal proportions).

Figure 2 – Common Pedigree Symbols

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 Karyotyping
A karyotype is simply a picture of a person’s chromosomes. In order to get this picture,
the chromosomes are isolated, stained, and examined under the microscope. Most often,
this is done using the chromosomes in the white blood cells. A picture of the chromosomes
is taken through the microscope. Then, the picture of the chromosomes is cut up and
rearranged by the chromosome’s size. The chromosomes are lined up from largest to
smallest. A trained cytogeneticist can look for missing or extra pieces of chromosome.

There are 22 numbered pairs of chromosomes called autosomes. The 23rd pair of
chromosomes are the sex chromosomes. They determine an individual’s sex. Females
have two X chromosomes, and males have an X and a Y chromosome. (see figure 3)

Figure 3 – Sample Karyotype of a Human

Mutation
Mutation, an alteration in the genetic material (the genome) of a cell of a living organism
or of a virus that is more or less permanent and that can be transmitted to the cell’s or the
virus’s descendants. (The genomes of organisms are all composed of DNA, whereas viral
genomes can be of DNA or RNA; see heredity: The physical basis of heredity.) Mutation
in the DNA of a body cell of a multicellular organism (somatic mutation) may be transmitted
to descendant cells by DNA replication and hence result in a sector or patch of cells having
abnormal function, an example being cancer. Mutations in egg or sperm cells (germinal
mutations) may result in an individual offspring all of whose cells carry the mutation, which
often confers some serious malfunction, as in the case of a human genetic disease such
as cystic fibrosis. Mutations result either from accidents during the normal chemical
transactions of DNA, often during replication, or from exposure to high-energy
electromagnetic radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light or X-rays) or particle radiation or to highly
reactive chemicals in the environment. Because mutations are random changes, they are
expected to be mostly deleterious, but some may be beneficial in certain environments. In
general, mutation is the main source of genetic variation, which is the raw material for
evolution by natural selection.

Figure 4 – Types of Chromosomal Mutations

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VI. Activity: Let’s try these!
Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each given item.
_____ 1. Alternative forms of genes are called __________.
A. alleles C. chromosomes
B. autosomes D. genomes
_____ 2. Humans have __________ pairs of chromosomes.
A. 12 C. 46
B. 23 D. 48
_____ 3. A permanent change in the genetic structure of a gene is called _________.
A. linkage C. translocation
B. mutation D. trisomy
_____ 4. A karyotype is a complete __________.
A. display of autosomes C. haploid complement display of
chromosomes
B. display of sex hormones D. diploid complement display of
homologous chromosome pairs
_____ 5. Most human traits are determined by __________.
A. a single allele B. multiple alleles C. a single pair of D. nutrition during
genes infancy

VII. Evaluation: Let’s check your understanding! (Quiz No. 3)

Directions. Analyze the given pedigree chart below and answer the given questions.

The dimple gene controls whether a person has dimples or doesn’t have dimples. No
dimples is dominant to dimples.
1. How many family members have dimples? _______________
2-3. What is the genotype of individuals I-3 and I-4? (3) ___________, (4) ___________
4-5. Can either individual II-8 orII-9 be homozygous? (8) __________, (9) ___________

6-8. Explain the family relationship between III-12 and I-2. _____________________________

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9. Which members of the family above are afflicted with Huntington’s Disease?
________________________________________________________________________

10. There are no carriers for Huntington’s Disease - you either have it or you don’t. With this in
mind, is Huntington’s disease caused by a dominant or recessive trait? ___________________

11. How many children did individuals I-1 and I-2 have? _______________________________

12.-13. How many girls did II-1 and II-2 have? _______________________________________
How many have Huntington’s Disease? ____________________________________________

14. How are individual III-2 and II-4 related? _________________________________________

15. The pedigree above shows

the passing on of
colorblindness. What sex can
ONLY be carriers of
colorblindness?

16-18. Is it possible for

individual IV-2 to be a carrier?
__________ Why?

19-21. Why does individual IV-

7 have colorblindness? ________________________________________________________

22-23. Why do all the daughters in generation II carry the colorblind gene? ________________

24-25. Name 2 IV generation colorblind males. ______________________________________

VIII. Reflection – Journal Writing

Based on the given image, write a fact- based
opinion on how COVID- 19 vary among
people and how genetics may have played a
role on the effects of vaccine to people.
(10 points)

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RUBRIC:
Content= ___/4 Clarity= ____/3 Relevance=____/3 TOTAL: _____/10

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