Humanities came from the Latin word “humanus” which means human, cultured and refined

Human is to show characteristics of rationality, benevolence and care

Culture and refined is to show good tastes and manners indicative of good and proper education

Humanities

 Arts and music

 Religious studies
 Philosophy
 Literature
 History

Arts comes from the Aryan root “AR” which means “to join”, or “put together”

It refers to the skillful arrangement or composition of some common but significant qualities of nature such as:

 Sounds
 Colors
 Lines
 Movements
 Words
 Stone
 Woods

3 Functions of Art Forms

 The human need for expression

 The social need for display
 The physical needs for functional objects

Art as viewed by philosophy

Philosophy explains almost all the aspects of human existence

Aesthetics philosophical study of beauty and taste

PLATO

 Ancient Greece
 Known for his famous work “the dialogues”
 Student of Socrates
 He loved and hated arts at the same time
 Was a good literary stylist and great story teller

2 Ideas of Arts

 Art is imitation
 Art is dangerous

ARISTOTLE

 Ancient Greece
 Student of Plato
 First distinguished “what is good and what is beautiful”
  His emphasis was on poetry

IMMANUEL KANT

 German enlightenment philosopher

 Beauty is a question of form and color is not important

Artists a person who exhibits exceptional skills in the visual or performing arts

Artisans person who is in skilled trade that involves making things by hand

Art forms

 Painting
 Sculpture
 Architecture
 Music
 Dance
 Literature
 Theater

Subject of art refers to what the network represents

 Persons
 Object
 Scene
 Event

Representational or Objective Arts – the artworks that have subjects

Examples:

 Mona Lisa / Artist: Leonardo da Vinci

 The Morning of the Fisherman / Artist: Valentina Kostadinova

Non-Representational or Non-Objective Arts – the artworks that do not have subjects

Sources of subject

 Nature
 People
 History
 Legends
 Religion
 Mythology
 Dreams and Fantasy
 Technology

Ways of representing the subject:

Naturalism – in Greek (hellinistic) art, Gods and heroes, looked and behaved like human beings

Realism – portraying the subject as it is. It is the most popular way of presenting the art subjects

Abstraction – abstract means “to move away” or “to separate from”; moves away from reality, from presenting the
subject as it really is
Forms of Abstraction – distortion, elongation, mangling, and cubism

Distortion – arranged that its proportions differ significantly from reality

Elongation – the subject is stretched vertically and/or some parts lengthened to give the impression of thinness

Examples:

 Portrait of Luna Czechowsk / Artist: Amedeo Modigliani

 The Shot / Artist: Ernie Barnes

Mangling – common in (sculpture, theater, and film); artists show subjects as cut, lacerated, mutilated or hacked with
repeated blows

Cubism – abstract form is presented through the use of figures

Symbolism – defined as a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or quality

Fauvism

 Began in France
 Literally means wild beasts
 Painted pictures of comfort, joy, and pleasure
 They used bright colors

Dadaism

 Dada is French for hobbyhorse

 Art movement that doesn’t
 Follow traditions and principles
 Shows the wickedness of the society

Futurism

 Began in Italy
 Wants their work to capture the speed and force of the modern industrial society
Surrealism

 Invented word for superrealism

 Began in Paris in 1924 by Andre Breton
 Show man’s inner mind and how he may perceive the outside world
 Artworks shows violence and cruel

Expressionism

 Occurred during the 1st decade of the 20th century in Germany

 Depicts the emotions aroused by objects and events
 Involves chaos, sadness, tragedy and defeat
Example:

 The old guitarist / Artist: Pablo Picasso

Kinds of Artist

Visual Artists - These include painters, sculptors, and the architects. They are also composed of filmmakers and graphic
artists

Creative Artists - More adept at writing words and arranging musical notes to entice the imagination and evoke
emotions. These artists include writers, poets, playwright, novelists and composers

Performing Artists - Expressed art through execution in front of an audience. Artists are (dancers, singers, stage
performers, actors, and musicians) hone their skills through rehearsals and trainings

The Medium - refers to the materials that an artist uses to communicate his ideas, feelings, and emotions

Arts can further be classified into the following based on their medium:

Visual Arts – Art form = sight

- Its medium are those materials that can be seen and occupy space.
a. Graphic or 2 dimensional art
b. Plastic or 3 dimensional art

Auditory or Fine Arts – the medium of this art are those that viewers can hear and expressed in time; music and
literature

Combined Arts – also called “Ephemeral Arts”. Those that the viewers can see and hear which consider both time and
space: Dances, Drama and Cinema

The Process of Art Production

The Medium: What medium to use?

His choice of medium and the process that he uses should be guided by the standards of a responsible artist. Artist
choice of medium is influenced by: (1) Availability of material; (2) Nature and characteristics of the materials

The Technique - A good artist makes a medium work to produce effects that other artists cannot attain by any other
means. Artists differ from each other in the technique that they use for the same medium

Curation – Latin word ‘curare’ which means to take care. Process that involves managing, overseeing, and assembling or
putting together a presentation or exhibit for some type of historical or artistic collection

Curator – Person who decides on what objects to select to be part of a collection for exhibit

Different Media of Visual Arts

A. Graphic or Two-Dimensional Art

Drawing

The Different Media for Drawing

Pencil - Made from Graphite which comes in different hardness from soft to hard or thicknesses from thick to needle-
like. The higher the B number the softer the lead and the darker the tone it can create (2B, 4B, and 6B)

 Hatching - Series of parallel lines that run in the same direction

 Cross-Hatching - Series of thin parallel lines and crisscrossing it with another set of thin parallel lines
 Stippling - Using a sharp point of the pencil to make dot patterns to create depth in drawing
 Blending - Accomplished by using a finger or a paper stump to gradually change the tone from dark to light
Ink - Oldest material in drawing. Allows a great variety of qualities depending on the tools and techniques used

Pastel - Composed of old and dry pigment held together by a gum binder and compressed into sticks

 Stippling - Using pastels of different colors to produce marks

 Feathering - Using the point of the pastel to make parallel strokes creating a feather-like effect
 Scrumbling - Is like layering but using pastel. Pastel is lightly drawn on top of an existing color but still makes the
first layer visible
 Impasto - Technique of thickly applying the pastel by pressing it hard on the paper creating an opaque effect
 Sgrafitto - Applying thick deposit on the support then using a blunt pen, scrapes it to revel the underlying color
and create a design

Charcoal - An organic medium that comes from burnt wood.

 Compressed Charcoal - made from loose charcoal mixed with a binder

 Vine Charcoal - which comes in thin sticks

Paper - Most common surface used in two-dimensional art

Painting - Process of applying paint onto smooth surface like paper, canvass, wood and plaster

The Different Media for Painting

Watercolor - Pigments are mixed with water and applied to paper. Colors are applied in layers = layering

Gouache - Pigment has been mixed with water and added a chalk like material to give it an opaque effect

Oil Paints - Pigments are mixed with oil as its binder. Oil paint tends to rise to the surface and forms film that makes the
color dull

Tempera - Pigment is mixed with egg yolk as a binder. Ideal surface for tempera is wood. Difficult on large areas

Fresco - Pigment is mixed with water and applied on a portion of the wall with wet plaster. Used for mural painting

Mosaic - Are wall or floor decorations made of small tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or glass called
“tesserae”

Collage - Derived from the word ‘coller’ which means to stick. A collage is a technique of making an art work by gluing or
pasting on a firm support

Print Making - Process used for making reproductions of graphic work. Allows for the repeated transfer of a master
image from a printing plate

Relief Printing – Raised; Oldest method. Cutting away certain parts of the surface, usually a block of wood, and leaving
the ‘raised’ parts to produce the image

Intaglio Printing – Depressed. Opposite of relief printing; Instead of using the surface of the plate the lines of the image
are cut or incised into a metal plate

Surface Printing – Flat; Includes all processes in which printing is done from a flat surface. Silkscreen

B. Plastic or Three-Dimensional Art

Sculpture - The word sculpture has originated from the Latin word ‘sculpere’ which means to carve

 Freestanding - Sculpture that can be viewed from all sides

 Relief - These are sculptures in which the figures project from a background
 a. Low Relief (Bas Relief) - The figures are slightly raised/ projected from its background
b. High Relief - •Almost half of the figures project from its background

Kinetic Mobiles - A sculpture that is capable of movement by wind, water or other forms of energy

The Process of Creating Sculptures

Subtractive Process - This process involves removing or cutting away pieces of the material to form the figure. Use of
chisel, hammers, saws, and grinders

Additive Process - The process involves the construction of a figure by putting together bits of the material or by
welding together metal parts to create figures

Process of Substitution also known as casting. This method involves using a mold to produce a 3D figure in another
material

The Different Media for Sculpture

STONE is natural medium. It is hard and relatively permanent. Sculptures made from stone will last for many

Marble is deemed by sculptors as the most beautiful stone for sculpture

WOOD is also a natural medium. Wood is relatively easy to work on. Wood varies in hardness and durability depending
on the kind of tree it came from

Metal the medium is used for sculpture because of its three unique qualities: tensile strength, ductility and malleability

 Stainless Steel - Also known as Inox Steel. It is made from a combination of steel and chromium
 Bronze - Is an alloy of two elements: tin and copper. Reddish in color
 Brass - Is an alloy of copper and zinc that gives is a yellowish golden color

Plaster Is finely ground gypsum mixed with water and poured into a mold. This material dries quickly depending on the
size of the mold

Terra Cotta (Cooked Earth) This is baked clay or clay fired in a kiln at relatively high temperature

Glass This made by heating and cooling a combination of sand and soda lime. Glass may be transparent, translucent or
opaque

Plastic A synthetic medium made from organic polymers. Sculptures using plastic are usually reproductions of the
original work