ART – Art is 

something that stimulates an individual's thoughts, emotions, beliefs, or ideas through the
senses. 
A diverse range of human activity and resulting product, that involves creative or imaginative talent
expressive of technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas.

TYPES OF ART
1. PAINTING
2. SCULPTURE
3. LITERATURE
4. ARCHITECTURE
5. CINEMA
6. MUSIC
7. THEATER

VISUAL ARTS (architecture, ceramics, drawing, filmmaking, painting, photography & Sculpting)
LITERARY ARTS (fiction, drama, poetry, and prose)
PERFORMING ARTS (dance, music & theatre)

PHILOSOPHY OF ART- The study of the nature of art, including concepts such as interpretation,
presentation, expression, and form. It is closely related to aesthetics, the philosophical study of beauty
and taste.
ART APPRECIATION- refers to the exploration and analysis of the art forms that we are exposed to. It can
be highly subjective, depending on an individual’s personal tastes and preferences, or can be done on
the basis of several grounds such as elements of design and mastery displayed in the piece.

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ART

1. Art as a Mimesis (Plato) – According to him, art is an imitation of the real that was an imitation of the
ideal. Art is an imitation of an imitation.
2. Art as Representation (Aristotle) – According to him, the aim of art is not to represent the outward
appearance of things but their inward significance.
3. Art for Art’s Sake (Immanuel Kant) – According to him, art has its own reason for being. It implies that
an art object is best understood as an autonomous creation to be valued only for its success as it
organizes color and line into a formally satisfying and beautiful whole.
4. Art as an Escape – The ceremony of doing or creating art touches the deepest realms of the mind and
the sacred dimension of the artistic creative process. The sacred level of art not only transforms
something into art but also transforms the artist at the very core of his or her being.
5. Art as Functional – Arts serves a function. Art is meant to be used, to enrich lives to be spirituality
potent, to educate, to support or protest existing power structures, to entertain, and so on.

Humanities and Art Appreciation- Humanities is the study of humans in the individual, cultural,
societal, and experiential sense. Humanities generally refer to art, literature, music, architecture, dance,
and theater. Studying humanities helps us to better understand who we are as a people.

Three Functions of Art

Personal
Social
Physical
Subject of Art
Portrait
Still Life
Figurative
Animals
Landscape
Everyday Life
History/Historical

Creativity- it is the act of creating something in the real world

Imagination- it deals with “unreal” thoughts that are free from the confines of reality
Plato- he first developed the idea of art as imitation
Physical Functions- are often to easiest to understand. Works of art that are created to perform some
service.
Personal Functions- a function of art not likely to be the same from person to person. An artist may
create a piece out of a need for self-expression.
Social Functions- an art that go beyond personal intrinsic value to art’s social benefits.
Portrait- the most common subject of art
Still Life- Arrangements of objects as a common subject of art
Landscape- the common subject of art like the natural world
Non-objective- The most common subjects of art include abstractions

Chapter 2
Techniques related to Painting
Encaustic – the medium for the powdered color is hot wax which is painted onto a wood surface with a
brush. It is then smoothed with a metal instrument resembling a spoon, and then blended and set over a
flame to soften and set the colors into the wood.
Fresco Secco - in the dry plaster or "fresco secco" technique, pigments are usually mixed with water,
although other substances might also be used.
Fresco - also known as “Buon Fresco” or True Fresco, which entails painting on freshly spread, moist
plaster. First, layers of plaster are applied to the surface. While the final layer is still wet, the artist
applies the colors, which are earth pigments mixed with water.
Egg Tempera - in this method, the pigment is mixed with egg yolk. It is thinned with water and applied to
a gesso ground (plaster mixed with a binding) on a panel.
Mosaic - The design is created by small pieces of colored glass, stone, or ceramic (called Tesserae),
embedded in wet mortar which has been spread over the surface to be decorated.
Oil Paint - oil paints were thick and hard to control, so they were initially used only for utilitarian
purposes. In the 15th century turpentine was discovered to be an effective thinning agent.
Water Color - powdered pigments are mixed with gum-arabic or a similar substance that will help them
adhere to a surface. The artist then mixes them with water and applies them to a ground, usually paper,
with a soft brush.
Acrylic - are artificial compounds developed in the twentieth century. The binder used includes water,
and the paints can be thinned with water, but once the paints dry, they have a glossy, permanent
surface that resembles the surface created by oils.
Drawing - The materials and methods of drawing are the most basic tools of the artist and the designer.
Work that is intended to be executed in almost any material-- paint, stone, steel, or fabric - may first be
envisioned in a drawing.
Printmaking - A print is anything printed on a surface that is a direct result from the duplication process.
Ordinarily, painting or graphic image done in black ink on white appear and becomes the artist's plate.

Hereunder are some of the GAMABA awardees and their work of art:
1. Darhata Sawabi - a Tausug weaver of Pis Syabit, the traditional cloth tapestry worn as a head cover.
2. Eduardo Mutuc - an artist from Apalit, Pampanga who has dedicated his life to creating religious and
secular art in silver, bronze, and wood.
3. Haja Amina Appi - recognized as master mat weaver among the Sama indigenous community for her
unique designs, straightness of her edging (tabig), and fineness of her sasa and kima-kima.
4. Alonzo Saclag - a Kalinga master of dance and the performing arts who mastered not only the Kalinga
musical instruments but also his dance patterns and movements associated with her peoples' ritual.
5. Federico Caballero - a Sulod Bukidnon epic chanter from Kalinog lloilo who ceaselessly works for the
documentation of the oral literature, particularly the epics of his people.
6. Uwang Ahadas - a Yakan musician who is a master of the kwintangan, kayu, and tuntungan
instruments.
7. Lang Dulay - a T’boli traditional weaver of T’nalak or T’boli cloth made of colorful abaca fabrics.
8. Salinta Monon - a Tagbanua Bagobo traditional weaver of distinct abaca fabrics called inabal.
9. Ginaw Bilog – is a Hanunuo Mangyan poet who is considered as a master of ambahan poetry;
10. Masino Intaray - a prolific and pre-eminent epic chanter and story-teller recognized for his
outstanding mastery of various traditional musical instruments of the Palawan people such as basal,
kulial, and bagit.

Performance art- is an interdisciplinary art form that brings together elements of time, space, bodies,
and audiences. The performance can be live or via media; the performer can be present or absent.

1.) Music- is a form of art whose medium is silence and sound. The word "music" was derived from the
Greek word "mousike” which means the art of the muses.
2. Opera- is a form of performing arts wherein musicians and singers perform a dramatic work that
combines text, which is called the libretto and musical score.
3.) Dance- is a form of performing arts that refers to the art of moving the body rhythmically and usually
in accordance to music.
4. Drama- refers to a mode of fiction represented in a performance. The word "drama" originated from
the Greek word "drao" which means action.
5.) Spoken word- is often used as an entertainment or musical term, referring to works that are
intended to be performed by a single person who will speak by himself naturally.

Transcreation is a term used chiefly by advertising and marketing professionals to refer to the process of
adapting a message from one language to another, while maintaining its intent, style, tone and context.

Elements of Art
1. Line - is a mark made upon a surface. In order to be a line, the mark's length must be longer than its
width.
2. Shapes - are areas of enclosed space that are two-dimensional. Shapes are flat, and can only have
height and width.
3. Space - deals with the illusion of depth on a flat surface. You might overlap shapes to make some look
closer, or make objects in the distance smaller to look like they are farther away.
4. Value - refers to the lightness and darkness of areas in an art work. White is the lightest value, while
black is the darkest.
5. Color - is the most prominent element of design and is one of the most powerful and yet subjective
elements in art.
6. Texture - An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.
7. Form - An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width and
depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder).

Principle of Design- Design differs from art in that it has to have a purpose. It is the overall organizational
visual structure of the formal elements in a work of art. A design is the proper arrangement of the
different art elements in order to produce something beautiful.

Different Principle of design

1. Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture and space.
2. Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the viewer's attention.
3. Proportion is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes, amounts or number) relate well with
each other.
4. Rhythm is created when one or more elements or design are used repeatedly to create a feeling of
organized movement.
5. Harmony is the unity between all parts of the work of art, which creates a sense of completeness.

Reading the Image and the Rule of the Third

1. Basic Semiotic Plane - According to the acclaimed art critic Alice Guillermo, the basic semiotic plane
covers "the elements and the general technical and physical aspects or the work with their semantic
(meaning-conveying potential)."
2. Iconic Plane - According to Guillermo, while the semiotic plane deals with the material elements of
the image, the iconic plane is concerned with its particular aspects and features.
3. Contextual Plane - For Guillermo, "resituating the work in its context will bring out the meaning of the
work in terms of its human and social implications".

The rule of thirds- is a "rule of thumb" or guideline which applies to the process of composing visual
images such as designs, films, paintings, and photograph (Meech, 2007). The guideline proposes that an
image should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by two equally spaced horizontal lines and
two equally spaced vertical lines, and that important compositional elements should be placed along
these lines or their intersections (Peterson, 2003).

Chapter 3
Art history- called art historiography. Historical study of the visual arts, being concerned with
identifying, classifying, describing, evaluating, interpreting, and understanding the art products and
historic development of the fields of painting, sculpture, architecture, the decorative arts, drawing,
printmaking, photography, interior design, etc.
-Mid-19th cent - art history was raised to the status of an academic discipline by the Swiss Jacob
Burckhardt.
-Cave paintings- parietal art. The exact purpose of the Paleolithic cave paintings is not known.
Ancient Civilization- Art Ancient civilization first started in Mesopotamia.
-The Egyptian Art- For more than 2,000 years, Egypt was one of the richest and most civilized lands in
the ancient world.
-Step Pyramid At Saqgara- The first great period of Egyptian civilization, called the Old Kingdom, began
during the rule of King Joser. The advances of the period were due mainly to Imhotep, the king's first
minister. He was a skilled architect, statesman, and scholar.
-The Great Pyramid of Giza also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops is the oldest
and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt.
-The most beautiful of these is the temple of Deir el-Bahari. It was built about 1470 by the famous
Queen Hatshepsut. A series of terraces was surrounded by colonnades and connected by ramps.

The Ancient Greek Art- In around 450 B.C., the Athenian general Pericles tried to consolidate his by using
public money, the dues paid to Athens by its allies in the Delian League coalition, to support the city
state's artists and thinkers. Most of all, Pericles paid artisans to build temples and other public buildings
in the city of Athens.
The Architecture of Classical Greece- The most noteworthy result of Pericles' public-works campaign was
the magnificent Parthenon, a temple in honor of the city's patron goddess Athena. (The Parthenon
Temple).
Sculpture- Not many classical statues or sculptures survive today. (Stone statues broke eastly, and metal
ones were often melted for re-use.)
Pottery- Classical Greek pottery was perhaps the most utilitarian of the era's art forms. People offered
small terra cotta figurines as gifts to gods and goddesses, buried them with the dead and gave them to
their children as toys.

The Roman Arts and Architecture- The Romans wanted their art and architecture to be useful. They
planned their cities and built bridges, aqueducts, public baths, and marketplaces, apartment houses, and
harbors. When a Roman official ordered sculpture for a public square, he wanted it to tell future
generations of the greatness of Rome.

The Ukiyo-e- Ukiyo-e is a genre of Japanese art which flourished from the 17th through 19th centuries.
Its artists produced woodblock prints and paintings of such subjects as female beauties; kabuki actors
and sumo wrestlers; scenes from history and folk tales; travel scenes and landscapes; flora and fauna;
and erotica.

The Renaissance Art- The origins of Renaissance art can be traced to Italy in the late 13th and early 14th
centuries. Italian scholars and artists saw themselves as reawakening to the ideals and achievements of
classical Roman culture.
Renaissance “REBIRT”
Florence in the Renaissance- Much of the art produced during the early Renaissance were
commissioned by the wealthy merchant families of Florence, most notably the Medici.