19EC5612 – Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Laboratory

DIGITAL THERMOMETER USING 8051

Presented by,
Amirul Kabeer J (95072014006)
Bala Subramanian M(95072014010)
Harinath Siva M (95072014025)
Ishant Prabhu A (95072014028)
Jason Israel J (95072014031)

1
Introduction:

The “MICROCONTROLLER BASED THERMOMETER” gives the

surrounding temperature according the environment. At the heart of the circuit is the
ATMEGA32 microcontroller which controls all its functions. A temperature sensor
LM35 is used for sensing the temperature of the environment and the system displays
the temperature on LCD in the range of temperature measured by the sensor. The
other section that converts temperature value to a suitable no. in Celsius scale which is
done by the ADC0804.

List of components Used:

LM35 Temperature sensor

AT89C51 Microcontroller
16*2 LCD Display
ADC0804
Resistor 1k – 3
Capacitor 30pf – 2
Battery 2.56v – 1
Crystal

WORKING:

Here, Temperature is taken from the LM35 temperature sensor. LM35 converts
surrounding temperature into analog voltage (equivalent to temperature). This
analog voltage is provided to ADC0808 for digital conversion.

After digital conversion, the final temperature gets displayed on the LCD
display.

2
LCD (16X2) DISPLAY:

• RS, RW, EN pins are connected to P2.5 to P2.7 of 8051 respectively.

• Data pins (D0 to D7) are connected to P3.0 to P3.7 of 8051 respectively.

LM35 SENSOR:

• VCC pin is connected to 5 v supply.

• VOUT pin is connected to the IN0 channel of ADC 0808.
• On the VOUT pin, we get equivalent voltage with respect to the
surrounding temperature.
• The temperature change is 10 mv/°c.
• GND pin is connected to GND.

ADC 0808:

• VCC pin is connected to 5 v supply.

• VREF(+) pin is connected to a 2.56V supply.
• VREF(-) pin is connected to GND.
• OUT8(LSB) to OUT1(MSB) pins are connected to P1.0(LSB) to
P1.7(MSB) respectively. i.e. OUT8 pin is connected to P1.0 and OUT 7
pin is connected to P1.1 and so on. Likewise, all the pins are connected.
• The START pin is connected to P2.1 of 8051.
• ALE pin is connected to P2.3 of 8051.
• The OE pin is connected to P2.4 of 8051.
• EOC pin is connected to P2.0 of 8051.
• ADDC, ADDB, ADDA pins are connected to P0.7 to P0.5 respectively.
• CLOCK pin is connected to P2.2 of 8051.

Step size of ADC0808:

According to step sequence ADC converts the value.

Here,Step size = [vref(+) - vref(-)] / [2^8];

Here supposed vref(+) is connected to VCC pin of ADC 0808 then step size is
equal to 19.53mv.

3
 Calculation of vref(+) with step size of 10mv:

• 10*10^-3=[vref(+) - 0v]/256
• vref(+)=(10*10^-3)*(256)
• vref(+)=2.56v

(10 mv is taken because the temperature change of LM35 sensor is 10mv/°c)

Steps to interface with ADC0808:

1. Provide a clock signal of frequency (10 kHz up to 640 kHz) on the clock pin
of ADC 0808.I have selected the frequency of 15khz. Make EOC an input pin.
Clear START, ALE, and OE pin of ADC0808.

2. Select the appropriate channel by sending a signal to ADDA, ADDB, ADDC

pin of ADC0808.

If we are taking analog signal from pin IN0 then select channel 0. Whenever we
are giving signals to pin IN0 to IN7, it is necessary to select the appropriate
channel with respect to that pin.

Here I have provided the analog output of the LM35 sensor to pin IN0 of ADC
0808, hence I have selected channel 0 by providing 0 to ADDC, ADDB, ADDA
pin of ADC 0808.

3. Send high to low pulse on the start pin of ADC0808.

4. Send high to low pulse on ALE pin of ADC0808.

5. Wait for EOC (End of conversation) signal to become high to low.

6. Make OE (Output Enable) pin high.

7. Take the data from the port of 8051 where output pins (OUT1 to OUT8) of
ADC 0808 are connected.

Here I have connected output pins of ADC 0808 to Port 1 of 8051. Hence, I
have taken data from Port 1.

4
 8. Clear OE pin.

9. Repeat the steps from step 2 for continuous conversion.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Section Table of ADC0808:

5
PROGRAM:
#include<reg51.h>

#include<string.h>

sbit RS = P2^5;
sbit RW = P2^6;
sbit EN = P2^7;
sbit ale=P2^3;
sbit oe=P2^4;

sbit start=P2^1;

sbit eoc=P2^0;

sbit clk=P2^2;

sbit chc=P0^7; //Address pins for selecting input channels.

sbit chb=P0^6;

sbit cha=P0^5;
void delay(int t);

void lcd_init(void);

void lcd_command(char c);

void lcd_data(char d);

void str(char a[]);

void print( long float p);

long float k;

unsigned long int q,r,x,y,z;

void timer0() interrupt 1 // TIMER 0 interrupt ISR

6
{

clk=~clk;

}
void main() // MAIN PROGRAM

lcd_init(); // lcd initialization

str("!!welcome!!");

lcd_command(0x01); // clear display

str("Temp:");

lcd_command(96); //custom character (°c) display

lcd_data(0x10);

lcd_data(0x07);

lcd_data(0x08);

lcd_data(0x08);

lcd_data(0x08);

lcd_data(0x08);

lcd_data(0x07);

lcd_command(0x8b);

lcd_data(4);

eoc=1; // make eoc an input

7
ale=0;

oe=0;

start=0;

TMOD=0x02; // timer 0 in mode 2

TH0=0xc2; // 15khz

IE=0x82; // set timer 0 interrupt

TR0=1; // start timer 0

while(1)

chc=0; // select channel 0

chb=0;

cha=0;

ale=1; // send high to low pulse on start and ale pin

start=1;

delay(1);

ale=0;

start=0;

while(eoc==1); // wait for conversion

while(eoc==0);

oe=1;

8
k=P1;

lcd_command(0x85);

print(k); // send the digital data to lcd

oe=0;

void str(char a[]) // lcd function to display string

int j;

for(j=0;a[j]!='\0';j++)

lcd_data(a[j]);

void lcd_init(void) // lcd initialization

lcd_command(0x38); //8 bit,2 line,5x8 dots

lcd_command(0x01); // clear display

lcd_command(0x0f); // display on, cursor blinking

lcd_command(0x06); //Entry mode

9
lcd_command(0x0c); //cursor off

lcd_command(0x80); //// force cursor to beginning of first row

void lcd_command(char c) // lcd command function

P3=c;

RS=0;

RW=0; // select command register

EN=1;

delay(5);

EN=0;

delay(5);

void lcd_data(char d) // lcd data function

P3=d;

RS=1; //select data register

RW=0;

EN=1;

delay(5);

10
EN=0;

delay(5);

void delay(int t) // delay function

int j;

for(j=0;j<t*1275;j++);

void print( long float p) // number display function

x=p*10;

if(x>=1000)

q=x/1000;

q=q+48;

y=(x%1000)/100;

y=y+48;

z=((x%1000)%100)/10;

z=z+48;

r=x%10;

11
r=r+48;

lcd_data(q);

lcd_data(y);

lcd_data(z);

lcd_data(46); //ascii value of point

lcd_data(r);

else

q=x/100;

q=q+48;

y=(x%100)/10;

y=y+48;

z=x%10;

z=z+48;

lcd_data(q);

lcd_data(y);

lcd_data(46); //ascii value of point

lcd_data(z);

r=0;

12
lcd_data(r);

}
}

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:

Firstly, I have initialized the LCD by providing the various LCD commands
required for initialization. After that LCD command function and LCD data
function are declared. Delay function is used to provide sufficient delay. The
string function is used to print the string.

In LCD to pass the commands, the command register needs to be selected, and
the enable pin must be provided with a high to low pulse to process those
commands. The command register is selected by providing logic 0 to RS
(Register Select) pin of LCD.

To pass the data to the LCD, the data register needs to be selected, and an
enable pin must be provided with high to low pulse to process that data.

Data register is selected by providing logic 1 to RS (Register Select) pin of lcd.

For generating the clock signal on the clock pin of adc0808, I have used timer 0
interrupt. Here I have provided a clock signal of 15khz. Whenever the TF0 flag
is set, an interrupt gets generated and the controller starts executing the ISR.

After that I have followed the steps mentioned above (steps for ADC 0808
interfacing). The Output is taken from port 1 of 8051 and send to the lcd
display.

BASIC PROCEDURE TO DISPLAY NUMBER ON AN LCD (Explanation of

number display function):

If we want to display any number which is greater than 9 on a lcd then

decompose(break) the number and add 48 to each separated digit of that number
and send the resulting value one by one to the lcd.

13
 Here I have taken four digits number as an example. Suppose I want to display
1352 on lcd.

First basic step is initialization of lcd. Then the next step is to decompose
(break) the number.

Procedure to decompose(break) 4 digits number:

1.First divide the number by 1000.So we get first number.

Ex.1352/1000=1;

2.Divide the number by 1000 and take the remainder of the division. To Divide
that remainder by 100 so that we can get second number.

Ex:(1352%1000)/100= 3;

Note: [ (/) divide operator returns quotient of the division and

(%) modulus operator returns remainder of the division.]

3.Divide the number by 1000 and take the remainder of the division. Divide that
remainder by 100.Again take the remainder of the division and divide it by 10.
So, that we can get third digit of the number.

Ex: ((1352%1000) %100)/10= 5;

4.Divide the number by 10 and take the remainder of the division so that we can
get last digit of the number.

Ex. 1352%10=2;

There are two ways to display characters on an LCD:

1.One is sending character by writing it into single inverted commas

Ex. a = '0';

14
 2.The other way is sending the ASCII value of the character.

Ex. a = 48; (ASCII value of '0')

Here for displaying the number I have used ASCII value of the characters.
ASCII value of '0' to '9' are ranging from 48 to 57 respectively.

Now after decomposing the number, next step is to add 48 to each separated
digit so that we can able to get ASCII value of that digit.

Ex.

1+48=49;( ASCII value of 1)

3+48=51;(ASCII value of 3)

5+48=53;(ASCII value of 5)

2+48=50;(ASCII value of 2)

Send those values to lcd display one by one. So that we will be able to display
complete number 1352.This is the basic procedure to display number on lcd.

By using the above method, I have displayed temperature on an lcd.

Calculation of the value loaded in TH0 register:

I have taken the micro-controller with 11.0592 MHZ frequency. So, I have used
timer 0 in mode 2. So, the calculation is

1.(11.0592 MHZ ) / 12 = 921600 HZ

2.1 / (921600) = 1.08*10^-6
3.I want to generate 15 khz frequency.
4.So required time= 1/(15*10^3) = 6.66*10^-5
5.Count= required time / controller time
6.Count = (6.66*10^-5) / (1.08*10^-6)
7.Count = 61.72=62
8.Value to be loaded in timer 0 register= 256 - 62= 194= c2(hex)
9.So in TH0=0xc2 data get loaded.

15
OUTPUT:

Practical Applications:

✓ MEDICINE: Digital thermometer is used in clinical settings on patients.

✓ HAVC THERMOMETERS: These are rated for HAVC applications
such as duct and flume monitoring.
✓ LABORATORY: Used to monitor lab temperature.
✓ METEROLOGICAL: Used to give air, atmosphere and temperature
reading.

Conclusion:

Utility
• Measure temperature between -50 °C to 155 °C.
• It can sense every .01°C temperature change and display it.
• The unit (°C) can be replaced with °F that can use to measure viral fever.
• It can response immediately after the temperature change.
• It can also provide a digital input to a computer.

Limitations
• This device is costly because of using Microprocessor and LCD display.
• Its size is not so comfortable like others digital thermometer.
• Here we use an external power source.
• It is not convenient to measure a body temperature.
Proposal
• We can use it to measure room temperature of any industry.
• Here we can also measure the humidity of nature and the room.

16
 • By adding a loud speakers we can use it as a fire alarm.
• If the production cost can be reduced that thermometer can be used for
daily purpose of general people.

Thus, the digital thermometer is applicable and can able to use in many applications.

17