Chapter 1 Worksheets

Chapter Resources for Differentiated Instruction
Mapping Earth
Title Page Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Level
Get Ready to Read 1 all students
Quick Vocabulary 3 all students
Student Lab Safety Form 5 all students
Launch Lab 8 27 all students
Content Vocabulary ELL 9 28 all students
Lesson Outline ELL 10 29 all students
MiniLab 12 31 all students
Content Practice A 13 32 AL OL BL
Content Practice B 14 33 AL OL BL
Language Arts Support 34 all students
Math Skills 15 all students
School to Home 16 36 all students
Key Concept Builders 17 37 AL OL BL

Enrichment 21 41 all students
Challenge 22 42 AL OL BL
Lesson Quiz A 24 43 AL OL BL
Lesson Quiz B 25 44 AL OL BL
Skill Practice 23 all students
Lab A 45–47 AL OL BL
Lab B 48–50 AL OL BL
Lab C 51 AL OL BL
Chapter Key Concepts Builder 52 AL OL BL
Chapter Test A 53–55 AL OL BL
Chapter Test B 56–58 AL OL BL
Chapter Test C 59–61 AL OL BL
Answers (with Lesson Outlines) T2–T13
AL Approaching Level OL On Level BL Beyond Level ELL English-Language Learner

Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level.
pages 46, 49 (t)NASA/JPL, (b)NASA/JPL/NIMA
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MAL 15 14 13 12 11 10
To The Teacher
This book contains reproducible pages that support the Student Edition. Descriptions and frequencies
of these resources are listed in the table that follows.
Appropriate
Title Frequency Overview
For
Get Ready Using the Get Ready to Read anticipation guide
to Read: in the Student Edition? This page matches the
1/Chapter anticipation guide in the Student Edition. Students can all students
What do
you think? complete this at the beginning of a chapter and check
their responses at the end.
Need some options to preteach vocabulary and

help students with vocabulary development ? By
Quick folding the Quick Vocabulary sheet in half, students will
1/Chapter have an easy reference tool. Lesson vocabulary, along all students
Vocabulary
with academic vocabulary, review vocabulary, or
multiple-meaning words, are listed and defined. Students
can add other words that they need to remember as well.
Need a standard lab safety form? Each FastFile

Student Lab includes this form that students can complete prior to
1/Chapter each lab. Students indicate that they understand all all students
Safety Form
aspects of the lab. There is a place for the student and
you to sign it.
Want a lab recording page for Student Edition

Launch Lab 1/Lesson Launch Labs ? Each recording page matches the all students
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Student Edition Launch Labs, so students do not need

to use their textbooks in the lab.
Want to help students who need more vocabulary

Content practice? Content Vocabulary pages provide review and
1/Lesson all students
Vocabulary* reinforcement activities. Use these pages to help
students master content terms.
Want an outline of the chapter for a substitute

teacher, for absent students, or for students to
Lesson use for review ? Lesson outlines follow the head and
1/Lesson subhead structure of the Lesson, emphasizing the major all students
Outline*
content objectives. They can be used in many ways. In
addition to those listed above, they can help you
organize teaching notes and accompany student reading.
Want a lab recording page for Student Edition

MiniLab 1/Lesson MiniLabs ? This recording page matches the Student all students
Edition MiniLab, so students do not need to use their
textbooks in the lab.
AL Approaching Level OL On Level BL Beyond Level * ELL English-Language Learner

Mapping Earth iii

Appropriate
For
Need more options for content review? Content
Practice A is designed to help students who have
difficulties learning and understanding the vocabulary
Content and Key Concepts of each lesson:
Practice 1/Lesson
(Leveled) • Form A—helps struggling students grasp lesson AL AL AL
content
• Form B—provides on-level and beyond-level AL OL BL
reinforcement of lesson content
Looking for a way to help students build reading

Language and writing skills in science? Language Arts
Arts 1/Chapter Support pages provide practice using vocabulary, all students
Support language structure clues, and writing skills with science
content.
Want help for students who need to practice

Math Skills 1/Chapter math skills ? This page provides additional practice all students
of the Math Skill in the Student Edition.
Looking for a way to help students with the

School to content ? The School to Home page provides support
1/Lesson all students
Home for a home-learning partner to help a student better
understand the Big Idea of a chapter.
Have students who need more practice with Key

Key Concept Concepts ? Key Concept Builders present the content
4/Lesson in a context different from the Student Edition. These AL AL AL
Builders

pages can be used whenever a student is struggling
with any of the lesson’s Key Concepts.
Looking for ways to help students to broaden their

Enrichment 1/Lesson understanding of lesson concepts ? Use Enrichment all students
pages to further explore information and Key Concepts
introduced in a lesson.
Want to motivate the independent learner ? The

Challenge 1/Lesson Challenge activity extends information in the Student
AL AL BL
Edition and challenges a student’s abilities. The activity
can be completed in class or at home.
Need options to evaluate students after each

lesson? These quizzes are developed around the Key
Lesson Concepts of a lesson:
Quiz 1/Lesson
(Leveled) • Quiz A—provides more guided questions AL
• Quiz B—provides more short-answer and completion AL OL BL
questions

iv Mapping Earth
Appropriate
For
Need a lab recording page for the Skill Practice?
This corresponds to the Skill Practice in the Student
Skill Edition. Write-on lines are included for answers. Tables/
1/Chapter all students
Practice charts/graphs are included for recording observations,
or space is provided for drawing tables/charts/graphs.
Students do not need to use their textbooks in the lab.
Want leveled lab recording pages for the Lab in

the Student Edition? These pages provide leveled
versions of the Student Edition Lab. Write-on lines are
included for answers. Tables/charts/graphs are often
included for recording observations, or space is provided
for creating tables/charts/graphs:
Lab • Version A—This version follows the student edition AL AL AL

1/Chapter
(Leveled) lab but each step of the procedure is broken down
sentence by sentence. Included are check-off boxes
that provide easier processing for struggling learners.
• Version B—This version is the student edition lab. AL OL BL
• Version C—This version is designed to be a challenge AL AL BL
for independent learners. Students must complete
version B before doing version C.
Chapter Key Have students who need more practice with Key
Concepts 1/Chapter Concepts related to the Big Idea? This practice AL AL
AL
Builder page is designed to reinforce chapter content for
struggling students before they take the chapter test.
Need options to assess each student according

to his or her abilities ? These leveled chapter tests
accommodate all students:
Chapter • Version A—provides students with more guided AL AL AL

Test 1/Chapter questions
(Leveled) AL AL
• Version B—more short-answer and completion OL
questions
• Version C—challenges students with more difficult AL AL BL
and open-ended questions
Teacher Want all the answers in one place? These pages

Pages contain the answers for all the practice pages.

Mapping Earth v
Name Date Class
Get Ready to Read
Mapping Earth
What do you think?
Before you read, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these
statements. On the line before each statement, place an A if you agree or a
D if you disagree. As you read this chapter, see if you change your mind
about any of the statements.
Before You After You

Statements
Read Read
1. Maps help determine locations on Earth.
2. All Earth models are spherical.
3. World maps are drawn accurately for every location.
4. Topographic maps show changes in surface elevations.

5. The colors on geologic maps show the colors of the

surface rocks.
6. Satellites are too far from Earth to collect useful

information about Earth’s surface.
What have you learned?

After you read each lesson, return to this worksheet to see if you have
changed your mind about any of the statements related to that lesson.
Place a C after each statement that is correct or an I for those that are incorrect.
Mapping Earth 1
Name Date Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 1 Lesson 2
International Date Line longitude aerial operating or occurring overhead
line 180° east or west of the prime
contour interval elevation difference
meridian
between contour lines that are next
latitude distance, measured in to each other
degrees, north or south of the
contour line topographic map line
equator
that connects points of equal
longitude distance, measured in elevation
degrees, east or west of the prime
cross section shows vertical slice
meridian
through rocks below Earth’s surface
map legend key that explains
elevation height above sea level
symbols on a map
geologic map shows the surface
map scale relates distances on a
geology of an area
map to actual distances
relief difference in elevation between
map view shows Earth’s surface
the highest and lowest point
from above
remote sensing collecting information
prime first in rank
about an area without being there
profile view shows an object as

slope measured steepness of the land
though you were looking at it
from the side topographic map shows detailed
shapes and natural and human-
time zone area on Earth where
made features of Earth’s surface
people use the same time
Mapping Earth 3
Student Lab/Activity Safety Form
Teacher Approval Initials
Date of Approval
Student Name: Date:
Lab/Activity Title:
• Carefully read the entire lab and answer the following questions.
• Return this completed and signed safety form to your teacher to initial before you
begin the lab/activity.
1. Describe what you will be doing during this lab/activity. Ask your teacher any questions
you might have regarding the lab/activity.
2. Will you be working alone, with a partner, or with a group? (Circle one.)
3. What safety precautions should you take while doing this lab/activity?
4. Write any steps in the procedure, additional safety concerns, or lab safety symbols that
you do not understand.
Student Signature
Mapping Earth 5
Lesson 1 | Maps
Student Labs and Activities Page Appropriate For:

Launch Lab 8 all students
Content Vocabulary ELL 9 all students
Lesson Outline ELL 10 all students
MiniLab 12 all students
Content Practice A 13 AL AL AL
Content Practice B 14 AL OL BL
Math Skills 15 all students
School to Home 16 all students
Key Concept Builders 17 AL AL AL
Enrichment 21 all students

Challenge 22 AL AL BL
Skill Practice 23 all students
Assessment
Lesson Quiz A 24 AL AL AL
Lesson Quiz B 25 AL OL BL
Teacher Support
Answers (with Lesson Outlines) T2

Mapping Earth 7
Name Date Class
Launch Lab LESSON 1: 15 minutes
How will you get from here to there?

When you need to get to a place you have never visited, you might use a map to help you
find your way. Maps help people get where they are going without getting lost.
Procedure
1. Suppose it is a new student’s first day 2. Now draw a map in the Data and
at your school. Write directions for the Observations below for the student to
student to get from the science get from the science classroom to the
classroom to the cafeteria. cafeteria.
Data and Observations

Think About This
1. How were the written instructions different from the map?
2. Key Concept How are maps useful?
8 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Content Vocabulary LESSON 1
Maps
Directions: Write the correct term in the boxes to the right of its definition. Then unscramble the letters in the
shaded boxes to spell a ninth term.
International Date Line latitude longitude map legend map scale

map view prime profile view time zone
1. first in rank
2. distance north or south of the equator
3. shows Earth’s surface from above
4. compares map distances to real

distances on Earth
5. a region where people use the same

time
6. explains symbols used on a map
7. shows a side view of an object
8. 180° east or west of the prime meridian
9. The letters in the shaded boxes can be unscrambled to spell ,

which is the distance east or west of the prime meridian.
Mapping Earth 9
Name Date Class
Lesson Outline LESSON 1
Maps
A. Understanding Maps
1. A map is a(n) of Earth’s surface.
2. When a map is drawn in , it appears as though you were
looking down on an area from above Earth’s surface.
3. Cross sections are drawn in . This view shows
a(n) slice through the ground, as though you were
looking at Earth’s interior from the side.
4. A(n) lists all the symbols used on the map.
It also what each symbol means.
5. A(n) determines how large or how small a map
might be.
a. A map scale shows the relationship between on
a map and actual on the ground.
b. A scale can be written in words, as a(n) , or as a
scale bar.
B. Reading Maps

1. An imaginary on Earth’s surface is used to find
locations.
2. North-south grid lines on a globe run from one to
another and encircle Earth.
a. The reference line that passes through Greenwich, England, is
the .
b. The distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian
is .
3. East-west grid lines on a globe are lines of .
a. The reference line halfway between the North and South Poles is
the .
b. Latitude lines form complete, circles, with the
equator being the largest circle.
10 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Lesson Outline continued
C. Plotting Locations
1. Earth is a sphere, which can be divided into degrees.
a. The maximum latitude is one-fourth of the distance around Earth,
or degrees north or south.
b. The maximum longitude is half the distance around Earth,
or degrees east or west.
2. To describe a location, name its latitude and its longitude, giving
its first.
3. Each degree of latitude or longitude is divided into 60 ,
which is further divided into 60 seconds.
4. A(n) is an area between two meridians in which every
part has the same time.
a. Generally, the width of a time zone is 15° .
b. Time changes by when going from one time zone to
another.
c. The line of longitude 180° east or west of the prime meridian is
the .
d. When you cross the International Date Line from

to , it becomes one day later.
D. Map Projections
1. A(n) shows the surface of Earth on a flat surface.
2. A(n) is formed by placing a light at the center of a
globe and projecting the grid pattern on the globe onto a cylinder wrapped around
the globe.
a. These maps are accurate in showing shapes near the .
b. Shapes near the look much larger than they
actually are.
3. A(n) is formed by placing a light at the center of a
globe and projecting the grid pattern on the globe onto a cone wrapped around
the globe.
Mapping Earth 11
Name Date Class
MiniLab LESSON 1: 20 minutes
Can you find latitude and longitude?

Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.
Procedure 90°
80°
70°
1. Which city is located at 20°N,155°W? 60°
50°
2. Which city is located at 40°N,75°W? 40°
30°
3. What is the latitude and longitude of 20°
Seward, Alaska; Memphis, Tennessee; 10°
and Denver, Colorado? Record your
0° Equator 50°
responses below. 180° 60°
170° 70°
160°150° 80°
140° 130° 120° 110° 100° 90°
Hilo, HI Memphis, TN
Seward, AK Philadelphia, PA
Denver, CO

Analyze and Conclude
1. Explain why the latitude is °N and the longitude is °W for questions 1 and 2 above.
2. Estimate What are the latitude and longitude for the city closest to you?
3. Key Concept How do latitude and longitude help people locate cities on a map?
12 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Content Practice A LESSON 1
Maps
Directions: Label these diagrams by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Each term
is used only once.
eastern hemisphere equator lines of latitude lines of longitude

northern hemisphere prime meridian southern hemisphere western hemisphere
1. 2.
90°N
60°N 60°N
30°N 30°N
30°S 30°S
60°S 60°S
90°S
4. 3.
5. 6.
150°W 180° 150°E
120°W 120°E
90°W 90°E
60°W 60°E
30°W 0° 30°E
8. 7.
Mapping Earth 13
Name Date Class
Content Practice B LESSON 1
Maps
Los Angeles, New York, NY

CA
International
Date Line
11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
P.M. A.M. P.M.
Directions: Use the map to answer each question or respond to each statement.
1. Is this map drawn in map view or profile view? Explain your answer.

2. What do the numbers at the bottom of the map mean?
3. What is the difference between the International Date Line and a time zone?
4. Is the map shown above a cylindrical or a conical projection? Explain your answer.
14 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Math Skills LESSON 1
Ratio Scale
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers by division. A map scale is the ratio of the distance
on a map to the actual distance; the ratio establishes the map scale. The map scale may be
written as distance on map : actual distance. For example, 1 cm:10 km means that one
centimeter on the map represents an actual distance of 10 km.
Find the actual distance represented by 3 cm on a map that has the scale 1 cm:10 km.
Step 1 Identify the map scale and write it as a fraction.

1 cm
______
10 km
Step 2 Write an equation to apply the map scale to the measurement.

1 cm
______ 3 cm
= _____
n
10 km
Step 3 Solve for n, which represents the actual distance. Cross-multiply to change the
proportion to an equation. Then solve the equation.
1 × n = 3 × 10
n = 30 km
Practice
1. A map of a city has a scale of 3. The length of a hiking trail measures
1 cm : 2 km. What is the actual distance 2.5 cm on a map. If the map scale is
represented by 3 cm on the map? 1 cm : 2 km, what is the actual length

of the hiking trail?
2. The distance between two forest 4. The distance between the homes of
preserves measures 5 cm on a map. The two friends measures 0.5 cm on a map.
map scale is 1 cm : 6 km. What is the If the map scale is 2 cm : 1 km, what is
actual distance between the forests? the actual distance between their
homes?
Mapping Earth 15
Name Date Class
School to Home LESSON 1
Maps
Did you know?
The maps you use in class might represent large areas. However, maps can represent
small areas as well. You can practice your mapmaking skills by creating maps of
small areas, such as a room in your home.
For this activity, you will need a pencil, paper, a meterstick, and a calculator.
1. Choose the room in your home that you will map. Record the room’s dimensions
below:
Length: meters Width: meters
2. Use the grid below to make your map. The grid has a width of 5 units and a length of
5 units. Figure out how to fit the dimensions of your room onto the grid. What is the
scale you will use for your map? 1 unit = meters.
1 2 3 4 5

B Map Legend
3. Create a legend for your map. You can use a common symbol for similar objects.
For example, all doors can be represented with an X. Put the symbols in the correct
locations on your map.
16 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Key Concept Builder LESSON 1
Maps
Key Concept How can a map help determine a location?
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
1. pattern of lines that intersect A. longitude
2. sphere-shaped model of Earth B. map

C. map view
3. east-west line halfway between the North Pole
and the South Pole D. grid
4. distance, measured in degrees, north or south of E. meridians

the equator F. profile view
5. reference line passing through Greenwich, G. equator
England
H. ratio
6. north-south reference lines that make semicircles I. International Date Line
going halfway around the globe
J. time zone
7. distance, measured in degrees, east or west of the K. globe
prime meridian
L. map scale
8. division of Earth into halves

M. hemispheres
9. model of Earth’s surface N. latitude
10. shows Earth’s surface as though you are looking O. map legend
at it from above
P. prime meridian
11. shows a side view of an object
12. shows how distances on a map relate to actual

distances on Earth
13. type of map scale, such as 1 cm:1 km
14. shows what symbols on a map mean
15. area on Earth’s surface where people use the same

time
16. line of longitude 180° east or west of the prime

meridian
Mapping Earth 17
Name Date Class
Maps
90°
80°
70°
60°
50°
40°
30°
20°
10°
0° Equator 50°
180° 60°
170° 70°
160° 80°
150° 140° 90°
130° 120° 110° 100°

Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question.
1. How do lines of latitude run in relation to the equator?
2. What does each pair of meridians make?
3. Which line of latitude divides the globe in half?
4. Into how many degrees is the globe divided?
5. What is the degree marking for the equator?
6. At which degrees latitude is the North Pole located?
7. How many degrees of east longitude are there?
8. What are longitude and latitude further divided into?
9. Which measurement is always read first—latitude or longitude?
10. How is the following location read: 70°S,25°E?
18 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Maps
Directions: Match each map feature with its purpose. Write the letter or letters of the correct purpose(s) in the
middle column. Some features will have more than one purpose.
Mapmaking Tools Purpose of

Answers
and Features Mapmaking Feature
Map scale 1. A. used to signify where people
reference the same time
Map ratio 2. B. used to find the location of

Anchorage, Alaska
Map legend 3. C. used to know which day it is when

crossing the Pacific Ocean
Time zone 4. D. used to accurately locate reference

points
International Date 5. E. relates distances on a map to the

Line actual distances on Earth
Prime meridian 6. F. used to represent certain features

on Earth’s surface
Equator 7. G. used to find the length of a road
Lines of longitude 8. H. used for changing time one hour at

a time
Lines of latitude 9. I. shows all the symbols used on a

map
Directions: Respond to the statement on the lines provided.
10. Explain what you can learn from looking at a map of the world.
Mapping Earth 19
Name Date Class
Maps
Key Concept Why are there different map projections for representing Earth’s surface?
Greenland
North
America
South
America
Cylindrical Projection Conical Projection
Directions: Use the diagrams to respond to each statement.
Cylindrical and Conical Projections

Map Characteristic Cylindrical Projection Map Conical Projection Map
1. Describe how the map
represents shapes on
Earth.
2. Describe how the grid

system represents lines
of latitude.
3. Describe how the grid

system represents
meridians.

represents continents.

represents the equator.
20 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Enrichment LESSON 1
Map Projections
A projection is a presentation of one map projections. The projection you choose
thing on top of another. For example, depends on how the map will be used.
images on movie film are projected onto a
screen. This projection enlarges the images Mercator Projections
for better viewing and is far more practical In a Mercator projection, all the lines
than trying to show the film itself to a of latitude and longitude are straight and
theater full of people. Likewise, a realistic equally distant from one another. The
model of Earth in the form of a globe is distortions are small at the equator and
impractical in, say, the cockpit of an great at the poles. For example, Greenland
airplane, the bridge of a sailboat, or the in a Mercator projection looks as big as
pocket of an explorer. So we make maps. South America, but it is really about one-
eighth the size of South America.
Distortions
Maps are flattened projections of Earth, Conical Projections
or parts of it. A map projects a three- In a conical projection, lines of longitude
dimensional globe onto a two-dimensional are straight and lines of latitude are curved.
surface. Every map projection distorts or This type of projection is simple to construct
changes certain areas, depending on the but it greatly enlarges features at the edge.
type of projection it is. Here’s a thought Conical projection is often used to map
experiment to show why parts of the globe small parts of the world, such as a single
continent.
are distorted when they are projected onto

a surface—sketch the continents on a
deflated balloon. Then inflate the balloon.
Equal-Area Projections
In an equal-area projection, the lines
Do all the continents still have the same
of latitude are straight and the lines of
shape and proportion as when you sketched
longitude are curved. This type of projection
them? Some areas will be stretched out, and
is good for comparing the actual size of
some will still be small.
continents. Shapes are quite distorted at
Mapmakers must compromise on some
the edges, however.
features to maintain the accuracy of other
features. This is why there are many types of
Applying Critical-Thinking Skills

Directions: Respond to each statement.
1. Contrast maps and globes.

2. Describe the type of map projection that you would choose to measure the distance
between certain landforms on the continent of Asia. Justify your choice.
3. Assess the appropriateness of choosing a Mercator projection to plot a course from
Johannesburg, South Africa, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Mapping Earth 21
Name Date Class
Challenge LESSON 1
Mapping Objects on a Tabletop

Maps can convey a great deal of information in a small area, including notable
landscape features, relative position, and how to travel from point A to point B. They can
also show exact positions of small things in a large, perhaps featureless, area.
Place several objects from the classroom in a random pattern over a large classroom
tabletop. You might use small books, pencils, chalkboard erasers, rulers, computer discs, or
other objects. Determine imaginary lines across the tabletop that bisect the table in half
from top to bottom and from side to side, as shown below. Complete and label a grid
system on the rectangle, using these bisecting lines as starting points in both directions.
Draw each object on the tabletop on your grid system.

Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Describe each object on the tabletop by its name and its coordinate position. Explain
how you could remove all the objects from the tabletop and place them in their
original positions using only their location coordinates.
2. Summarize the advantages of having a grid system that includes four quadrants to
find and pinpoint a location.
3. Compare your coordinate system to the latitude and longitude system that helps us
find locations on Earth.
22 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Skill Practice Compare and Contrast LESSON 1: 25 minutes
How can you fit your entire classroom on

a single sheet of paper?
Mapmakers must measure objects and distances carefully to produce accurate maps.
Without detailed and accurate measurements, maps would not be useful. Most maps are
scaled down. This means that the map and details in it are smaller than what they
represent. Sizes and distances on a scaled map are proportions of the actual values. For
example, if a map has a 1 cm to 1 m scale, 5 cm on the map represents 5 m.
Learn It 2. Select several objects or structures

Looking for similarities between two things lining the classroom, such as windows
is comparing them. When you find or doors. Measure how far each is from
differences between them, you contrast the corners of the wall using a
them. Creating a ratio to scale down the meterstick. Record your data in your
dimensions of a room to make a map Science Journal.
compares the room’s actual dimensions to
3. Your teacher will tell you the
the map’s scale dimensions. The difference
dimensions of the classroom. Choose a
between the map and the room is the units
scale for a map of the room. Use the
of measurement (cm : m).
dimensions and your scale to draw a
Try It scale map of the classroom on a single
1. On a blank piece of graph paper, piece of graph paper.
sketch your classroom as though you 4. Make sure to include all the features
were looking down on it. Do not worry from your sketch. Also include a scale
about accuracy right now. bar, legend, and the total area.
Apply It
5. What scale did you use in your map? Explain why you chose that scale.
6. How is your map similar to a scale map of the Earth? How is it different?
7. Key Concept Would the sketch or the map you made be more useful to help
someone locate an object in the room? Support your reasoning.
Mapping Earth 23
Name Date Class
Lesson Quiz A LESSON 1
Maps
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
1. distance, in degrees, east or west of the prime A. latitude

meridian
B. longitude
2. shows a side view of an object C. map scale
3. shows Earth’s surface as though you are looking D. map view
down on it from above
E. profile view
4. relates distances on a map to actual distances on
Earth
5. distance in degrees north or south of the equator
True or False
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false.
6. A cylindrical projection makes land near the poles seem smaller than it
actually is.

7. If you cross the International Date Line from west to east, it is a day earlier.
8. A map scale explains all the symbols used on any type of map.
9. A conical projection shows the shapes of areas near the equator accurately.
10. Two cities between two meridians that are next to one another are in the same
time zone.
24 Mapping Earth
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Lesson Quiz B LESSON 1
Maps
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence.
Not all terms are used.
gain International Date Line lose map legend

map scale meridians prime meridian time zone
1. Colors and symbols used on a map are shown in the .

2. A(n) relates distance on a map to actual distance on
Earth’s surface.
3. A(n) is an area on Earth’s surface between two
where the time is the same.
4. You a day when traveling east to west across
the .
Short Answer
5. Compare and contrast a profile view and a map view.

6. Compare and contrast latitude and longitude.
7. Compare and contrast conical and cylindrical projections.
Mapping Earth 25
Lesson 2 | Technology and Mapmaking
Student Labs and Activities Page Appropriate For:

Launch Lab 27 all students
Content Vocabulary ELL 28 all students
Lesson Outline ELL 29 all students
MiniLab 31 all students
Content Practice A 32 AL AL AL
Content Practice B 33 AL OL BL
Language Arts Support 34 all students
School to Home 36 all students
Key Concept Builders 37 AL AL AL
Enrichment 41 all students

Challenge 42 AL AL BL
Lab A 45 AL AL AL
Lab B 48 AL OL BL
Lab C 51 AL AL BL
Chapter Key Concepts Builder 52 AL AL AL
Assessment
Lesson Quiz A 43 AL AL AL
Lesson Quiz B 44 AL OL BL

Chapter Test A 53 AL AL AL
Chapter Test B 56 AL OL AL
Chapter Test C 59 AL AL BL
Teacher Support
Answers (with Lesson Outlines) T4

26 Mapping Earth
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Launch Lab LESSON 2: 20 minutes
Will this be an easy hike or a challenging hike?

If you were going for a hike, you would probably want to know whether it would be easy or
hard. Would you have to climb a steep hill, or is the area flat? How could you find this
information?
Procedure
1. Obtain a map with elevation 3. Share with a partner how both hikes
information on it. would be different. How are the
elevations of locations on your map
2. Plan two hikes that cover the same
shown?
distance on the map. Plan one easy hike
over flat terrain and one challenging
hike in which a hill will be climbed.

Think About This

1. What are the benefits of knowing where there are steep and gentle slopes on a map?
2. Key Concept How would you describe elevation information on a map?
Mapping Earth 27
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Content Vocabulary LESSON 2
Technology and Mapmaking

Directions: Use the clues listed below to complete the puzzle. NOTE: There is no empty square in the puzzle
between the words of two-word terms.
1 2
5
6
7

9
10
Clues
Across Down
1. elevation difference between 2. shows the shapes of Earth’s surface
contour lines
3. connects points of equal elevation
4. difference in elevation 5. a measure of steepness
7. a diagram that shows a vertical slice 6. collecting information without coming
8. shows the surface geology of an area into physical contact with an area
9. operating or occurring overhead
10. height above sea level
28 Mapping Earth
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Lesson Outline LESSON 2

A. Types of Maps
1. There are several types of maps, depending on the of
the map.
a. maps show features such as mountains and lakes.
b. maps use shading and shadows to show mountains
and flat areas.
c. A(n) map shows boundaries between countries,
states, and townships.
d. People use maps to find their way from one place
to another.
2. A(n) shows the natural features of Earth’s surface
as well as many of its detailed shapes.
3. The height above sea level of any point on Earth’s surface is the
point’s .
a. is the difference in elevation between the highest
and lowest points in an area.
b. On a topographic map, connect points of equal

elevation.
4. On a topographic map, only the are labeled with the
elevation.
5. The difference in elevation between two contour lines that are next to each other
is the .
a. If contour lines are close together, the of the land
is steep.
b. Information from contour lines can be used to draw an accurate
of the topography of the land.
6. The on a topographic map describes the symbols used
on the map.
Mapping Earth 29
Name Date Class
7. show the surface geology of an area.

a. Different formations on a geologic map are shown by different colors
and .
b. Geologists use a(n) , a type of diagram, to show
a vertical slice through rocks below the surface.
B. Making Maps Today
1. Today, people use computers and data from to make
maps.
2. The is a group of satellites used for navigation.
a. A GPS receiver uses signals from several satellites to calculate
its .
b. GPS is used for by people in airplanes and ships.
3. A(n) stores and analyzes data sent to it, usually by GPS.
a. Mapmakers use this data to create .
b. GIS creates different map of the same location.
4. When you collect information about an area without having physical contact with
it, you use .

a. Much remote-sensing information used to make maps is now supplied
by .
b. One important use of remote sensing is to detect
over time in an area.
5. The series of satellites known as scans Earth’s entire
surface every 16 days. Using this data to study helps
scientists follow climate changes and bird populations.
6. The and satellites have
been used in measuring bulges and valleys below the ocean’s surface.
7. Sound is used to map the ocean floor when sonar
is used from a ship.
30 Mapping Earth
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MiniLab LESSON 2: 20 minutes
Can you construct a topographic profile?

A topographic profile of a line AB helps you identify geological features of a contour map.
Procedure
1. Use a piece of graph paper to set up the intersection of the first contour
your topographic profile graph. Label line. Plot the point on your graph.
the x-axis Distance Between A and B.
3. Plot distance and elevation pairs for each
Label the y-axis Elevation (m).
contour line where it intersects line AB.
2. Measure the length of line AB on the 4. Connect the points on your graph and
contour map above. Use a ruler to
observe the topographic profile.
measure the distance from point A to

1. Analyze At what distance from point A is the highest point on line AB? The lowest?
2. Identify where the topography is the steepest along line AB. Explain how you know this.
3. Predict how a contour map and topographic profile would be useful as you design a
skateboard park.
4. Key Concept Describe three topographic features depicted in your topographic

profile.
Mapping Earth 31
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Content Practice A LESSON 2

Directions: Complete this concept map by choosing terms from the word bank and writing them in the
correct spaces.
changes colors combines computer data

creating maps detailed information elevation
navigation satellites slope
surface geology symbols
Geologic Map Topographic Map GPS

What does a geologic What do contour lines What does GPS use to
map show? show on this type of mark location?
9. map? 3.
1.
What are two uses for
GPS?
What are used to show
2. 4.
rock formations on this
type of map?
10. 5.

11.
Technology
and Mapmaking
GIS Remote Sensing

What does GIS do? What can a map made
by remote sensing show
8. about Earth’s surface?
6.
What can be seen by

comparing remote
sensing images?
7.
32 Mapping Earth
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Content Practice B LESSON 2

Directions: Put a check mark under the type of map where each map feature is present. Some features are present
in more than one type of map.
Topographic Geologic Political

Map Feature Road Map GIS
Map Map Map
1. surface shapes
2. contour lines to
show elevation
3. symbol showing
an urban area
4. boundaries between
countries
5. the age of rock in
an area
6. highways
7. colors to show rock

formations
8. mountains
9. the high point on

a mountain
10. cities and villages
11. symbol showing

vegetation
12. symbols to show
rock formations
13. lakes and rivers
14. soil type
15. the location of

earthquake faults
16. gravel roads
Mapping Earth 33
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Language Arts Support LESSON 2
Writing Activity: Main Idea

Learning the Skill
A good paragraph is more than a series of sentences. It contains several parts that work
together to make a point and to present information clearly.
When you write, make sure each paragraph focuses on one main idea. State this main idea
in a topic sentence that lets readers know the subject of the paragraph. Build your
paragraph around this sentence with facts, details, and examples. All the supporting ideas
should relate to the main idea.
Follow these steps to write a good paragraph:
• Identify the main idea.
• Write the topic sentence.
• Support the topic sentence with facts. Facts are statements that can be proved true.
Facts support a main idea by providing solid backup.
• Add details and examples—specific items that explain and expand on the main idea.
Applying the Skill

Directions: Read the following sentences from a paragraph about topographic maps. Answer each question or
respond to each statement below on the lines provided.
A. For example, a cliff would be represented by many contour lines drawn close together.

B. A map that shows a vertical slice of Earth is called a cross section.
C. Contour lines on the map show differences in elevation.
D. Topographic maps are used to show the shape of Earth’s surface.
E. When contour lines are close together, it indicates that the slope of the land is steep.
1. Which sentence does not belong in the paragraph?

2. Which sentence contains the main idea?
3. To form a paragraph with a topic sentence followed by supporting statements,

put the sentences above in order.
34 Mapping Earth
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Language Arts Support LESSON 2
Writing Activity: Applying the Skill

Directions: For each topic sentence listed below, write two supporting sentences. Remember that these sentences
can present facts, details, or examples that expand on the main idea.
Topic Sentence
Supporting Sentences
(Main Idea)
Maps are marked 1.

with latitude and
longitude.
2.
Contour lines 3.
are drawn on
topographic maps
to join points of
equal elevation.
4.
Geologic maps are 5.

used to understand
the geology of an
area.
6.
Mapping Earth 35
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School to Home LESSON 2

Directions: Use your textbook to complete each activity.
1. Fill in the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast topographic and geologic
maps. Include two characteristics that apply to topographic maps only, two
characteristics that apply to geologic maps only, and at least one characteristic that
topographic and geologic maps have in common.
Topographic Maps Both Geologic Maps
2. In the space below, draw a diagram that shows the following four parts of a remote-
sensing system: energy source, target, sensor, receiving station. Use an arrow to show
how energy moves between these four components.
36 Mapping Earth
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Key Concept What can a topographic map tell you about the shape of Earth’s surface?
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false.
1. Topographic maps are maps that show the boundaries between states,
countries, and other political territories.
2. Topography refers to the shape of Earth’s surface.
3. Elevation is the steepness of land.
4. The difference in elevation between the highest and the lowest points in an
area is relief.
5. Lines that connect points of land at the same elevation are contour lines.
6. Contour lines can be seen on Earth’s surface.

7. The difference between contours that are next to each other is the contour
interval.
8. Slope is the height above sea level.
9. A topographic profile map shows the shape of Earth’s surface as viewed

from above.
Mapping Earth 37
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Key Concept What can a topographic map tell you about the shape of Earth’s surface?
Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.
Map Features Question Answer

What is the purpose of 1.
contour lines on a map?
How is relief determined? 2.
What do the small loop and 3.

dot on the top of a
topographic map indicate?
What do the V-shaped 4.
contours pointing downhill
indicate?
What does the narrow bottom 5.
of a V-shaped contour
pointing uphill indicate?

What do contour lines spaced 6.
far apart indicate?
What do contour lines spaced 7.

close together indicate?
What do brown contour lines 8.

indicate?
What do blue contour lines 9.

indicate?
What does green on a 10.

What does pink on a 11.

38 Mapping Earth
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Key Concept What can you learn from geologic maps about the rocks near Earth’s surface?
Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.
Map Feature Question Answer

What three features are part 1.
of surface geology?
What is a geologic 2.
formation?
What do the different colors 3.

on geologic maps indicate?
What are two things you can 4.

learn about rock from a
geologic map?
Where are periods of rock 5.

formation noted on a
geologic map?
What is a geologic cross 6.

section?
What can be learned from 7.

studying a geologic cross
section?
How is information gathered 8.

to create a geologic cross
section?
Mapping Earth 39
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Key Concept How can modern technology be used in mapmaking?
Directions: Answer each question in the space provided. Use complete sentences.
1. How does Global Positioning System (GPS) work?
2. What are four ways in which GPS is currently used?
3. What does information gathered by geographic information systems (GIS) allow

mapmakers to do?
4. What is remote sensing?

5. What can scientists study by using remote sensing?
Directions: Use your answers to the above questions to write a paragraph explaining remote sensing and
identifying how it can be used to help people.
6.
40 Mapping Earth
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Enrichment LESSON 2
The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectral Analysis

Earth’s surface is constantly changing as signature, some images reveal information
a result of natural forces such as erosion, about the land that cannot be seen by the
floods, and fires. Cultural forces also unaided eye. These images are formed by
change Earth’s surface, through dams, bands in the electromagnetic spectrum that
cities, agriculture, and other human are outside the visible spectrum of light.
constructions. Often these changes come Because every physical thing on Earth has a
rapidly and unexpectedly. Hurricane unique spectral signature, digital images
Katrina made sudden changes to the deltas from space can be detailed enough to
near New Orleans and changed the maps of discriminate objects, vegetation, elevations,
the area. and people.
Images of Earth Spectral Analysis

Aerial photography has played an Generally, gamma rays, X-rays, and
important role in the science of mapping. ultraviolet rays with wavelengths less than
It can capture detailed images from close to 0.3 μm (micrometer, or one-millionth of a
Earth. Traditional photography captures meter) are unavailable for remote sensing.
images that fall within the visible The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum,
spectrum. Unlike traditional photos of the from photographic ultraviolet waves
land, satellite imagery is digital and through microwaves, is available for
multispectral. Satellites can capture images spectral analysis and digital imaging.
We are learning that a great deal of our
from as far as 600 km above Earth, so they

have a broader view than aerial world is visible to us only through remote-
photography. sensing technology and spectral analysis.
Mapping is only one application of this
Spectral Signatures technology. We can now see into space and
Because satellites capture images and analyze features of the universe that we
digitize them according to their spectral could only guess at before.
Applying Critical-Thinking Skills

Directions: Respond to each statement.
1. Summarize how a digital image of the land below a satellite orbiting 600 km above
Earth can discriminate between a natural pine forest and an adjacent apple orchard.
2. Invent an application of spectral analysis and digital imaging in an area of science
other than mapping and astronomy. Justify your reasoning.
Mapping Earth 41
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Challenge LESSON 2
Pixilated Images
A satellite image is made up of thousands of tiny dots referred to as pixels. To see
individual pixels, use a computer to enlarge a digital photo. Enlarge it as many times as it
takes to see the individual pixels. You will see that each pixel is uniform in color and
brightness.
Draw a pixilated image in the grid below. Find a simple object, such as a piece of fruit or
a vase. The object should have a simple but irregular shape. Draw an outline of the object
on the grid. Then with colored pencils, fill in each square that is completely inside the
outline. If a square is more than half inside the outline, fill it in completely. If it is more
than half outside the outline, leave the square empty.
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Describe your pixel picture in terms of realism and whether you could recognize the
image as it is.
2. Predict how your pixel drawing would change if the grid or pixel size were smaller.
42 Mapping Earth
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Lesson Quiz A LESSON 2

Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. would NOT show the shape of a volcano.

A. A topographic map
B. An aerial photograph
C. A geologic cross section
2. A steep slope can be indicated by

A. an index contour.
B. a large contour interval.
C. very close contour lines.
3. are NOT shown on a geologic map.

A. Faults
B. Rock formations
C. Color of the rocks
4. Which item would be most useful in an unfamiliar city?

A. a GPS unit
B. a Jason-1 image
C. a digital map based on GIS data
True or False
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F is the statement is false.
5. A topographic map shows the differences in elevation of an area.
6. At least two GPS signals are needed to determine a location.
7. A contour line connects points in an area that are at different elevations.
8. Digital maps based on GIS data are made by layering different types of data.
9. Remote-sensing techniques might be used to monitor forest fires.
10. Landsat is a group of satellites that collect data about the ocean floor.
Mapping Earth 43
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Lesson Quiz B LESSON 2

Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question, write the letter of correct answer.
1. Which item would NOT be useful for completing a geography project on the
rock and mineral resources of your state?
A. a GIS database
B. a GPS handheld unit
C. a geologic map of the state
D. Landsat images of the state
2. Which item would be most useful in studying coral reefs around the world?
A. geologic maps
B. Jason-1 images
C. Landsat images
D. topographic maps
3. Which item is NOT shown on a topographic map?

A. faults
B. relief
C. vegetation
D. contour lines

Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase that correctly completes each sentence.
4. A profile view of rocks beneath the surface is a(n) .

5. At least receivers are needed for a GPS unit to accurately
calculate location.
6. A(n) connects points of equal elevation in an area.
7. A flat area on a topographic map is shown by contour lines that
are .
8. techniques might be used to monitor the number of
trees that are being cut down in a forest.
9. Hikers might use a(n) and a(n)
to navigate an unfamiliar area.
44 Mapping Earth
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Lab A 40 minutes
Seeing Double?
The satellite pictures in this lab are called stereo photographs. Look closely. At first, the
photos in each set might appear the same. However, there are small differences between the
pictures in each set. These differences will allow your eyes to change the 2-D images into 3-D
views. Let’s see if your eyes can see in 3-D so you can study these features of Earth’s surface.
Before beginning this lab, look at the stereo photographs on your textbook pages to see these
images in color. You will need to use these color images to complete the lab procedure.
Question
How can stereo photographs be used to study Earth’s surface features?
Materials
metric ruler
Procedure
Directions: Check the boxes below as you complete each step of the procedure.
1. Look at the first set of pictures in your textbook. Find the thin, gray lines.
These thin, gray lines are rivers.
2. Now find the black shaped features near the center of the photos.
These are lakes.
3. Much of the white and gray area in the pictures is one landform.
4. Now study the second set of pictures in your textbook. The bright blue areas
on the pictures are lakes.
5. The brown and reddish-brown areas on this set of pictures are rocks and soil.
6. Find the different green areas on this set of pictures. These are trees and other
vegetation.
Mapping Earth 45
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Lab A continued
7. View each landscape in 3-D. To do this, slightly cross your eyes while you look at the
two white dots above the images. A third white dot will appear between the two
dots.
At this point, you should see a 3-D view of the landscape. Study the landscape.
Then repeat this procedure for the other set of pictures.
Forest-covered land
Lake water
Volcanic ash and debris

Playa (shallow water)
Playa (deep water)
Sinkhole (very deep
water)
Vegetation
Basalt rock
Salt deposits
46 Mapping Earth
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Lab A continued

Remember to use scientific
8. Explain What features changed when you viewed methods.
the photos in 3-D? Make Observations
Ask a Question
Why or why not? Form a Hypothesis
Test your Hypothesis
9. Measure The scale for the bottom pictures on the Communicate Results
previous page is about 1 cm = 2.39 km. In the left-
hand image, what is the actual distance of the
western edge of the largest lake to the eastern tip of
the large mesa at the eastern edge?
10. The Big Idea What types of models are satellite pictures, and why are they
sometimes used to study Earth’s features?
Communicate Your Results

Write several sentences to describe the features of each landscape.
Lab Tips
• Cross your eyes only slightly to help form the 3-D view.
• Relax! Sometimes when you try too hard to see in 3-D, your eyes will not be able to
form the optical illusion.
Mapping Earth 47
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Lab B 40 minutes
Seeing Double?
The satellite images in this lab are called stereo photographs. At first glance, the photos in
each set might appear the same. However, if you look very closely, you should see slight
differences between the pictures in each set. These differences will allow your eyes to
change the 2-D images into 3-D views of the land. Let’s see if your eyes can create these 3-D
optical illusions so you can study these features of Earth’s surface. Before beginning this lab,
look at the stereo photographs in your textbook to see these images in color. You will need
to use these color images to complete the lab procedure.
Question
How can stereo photographs be used to study Earth’s surface features?
Materials
metric ruler
Procedure
Directions: Check the boxes below as you complete each step of the procedure.
1. Look at the first set of images in your textbook. Find the thin, gray lines running
through some of the white areas. These thin, gray lines are rivers.

2. Now find the black shaped features near the center of the photos. These are lakes.
3. Much of the white and gray area in the photos is one landform.
4. Now study the second set of images in your textbook. The bright-blue areas on the
images are lakes.
5. The brown and reddish-brown areas on this set of images are rocks and soil.
6. Now locate the different green areas on this set of images. These are trees and other
vegetation.
48 Mapping Earth
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Lab B continued
Test Your Hypothesis

7. View each landscape in 3-D. To do this, slightly cross your eyes while looking at the
two white dots above the images. A third white dot will appear between the two dots.
At this point, you should see a 3-D view of the landscape. Study the landscape. Then
repeat this procedure for the other set of images.
Forest-covered land
Lake water
Volcanic ash and debris
Playa (shallow water)

Playa (deep water)

Sinkhole (very deep
water)
Vegetation
Basalt rock
Salt deposits

8. Explain What features changed when you viewed the photos in 3-D?
Mapping Earth 49
Name Date Class
Lab B continued
9. Measure The scale for the image is 1 cm = 2.39 km. In

the left-hand image, what is the actual distance from Remember to use scientific
methods.
the western edge of the largest lake to the eastern tip of
the large mesa at the eastern edge? Make Observations
Ask a Question
Form a Hypothesis
11. The Big Idea What types of models are satellite
images, and why are they sometimes used to study Test your Hypothesis
Earth’s features?
Communicate Results
Communicate Your Results

Write several sentences to describe the general topography of each landscape.

Extension
Which landscape is best for your favorite outdoor activity? Justify your answer.
Lab Tips
• Cross your eyes only slightly to help form the 3-D view.
• Relax! Sometimes when you try too hard to see in 3-D, your eyes will not be able to
form the optical illusion.
50 Mapping Earth
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Lab C
Topographic Maps
Directions: Use the information and data from Lab Seeing Double? to perform this lab.
A topographic map shows the detailed shapes of Earth’s surface, along with its natural
features. It helps give you a picture of what the landscape looks like without seeing it. Draw
a possible topographic map based on one of the satellite images in the Lab Seeing Double?
Make sure your map contains the following features by checking off the list as you add
them to your map:
Contour lines Legend
Symbol marking the highest point Index contours
Elevation of highest point
(You will have to estimate.)
Please note that you must complete Lab B before beginning Lab C.
Mapping Earth 51
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Chapter Key Concepts Builder
Mapping Earth
End-of-Chapter Practice
Directions: Work with a partner to show how Earth’s surface features are measured and modeled. Here are the
steps you will need to take to complete this activity:
• Make a list of the types of maps described in the chapter on mapping Earth. Then list
places where you could locate examples of each type of map.
Types of maps described: Where to locate examples of each map type:
• Then,
Decide on a map you and your Brainstorm problems you might List the materials you and your
partner would like to use to have in creating the model. partner will need to create the
create a model of the surface model.
depicted by the map.

List strategies for overcoming
Decide what the model will these problems.
depict.
• Create the model.
Share the map with your class. Explain the following:

• the purpose of the model
• how the model was created
• the value of information presented by the model
• why you and your partner chose to create this particular model
• problems you encountered and strategies you used to overcome the problems
52 Mapping Earth
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Chapter Test A
Mapping Earth
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which map features are used to find locations?

A. map legends
B. contour interval lines
C. latitude and longitude lines
2. Which mapping option best represents the shapes of areas near the equator?
A. a conical projection
B. a topographic profile
C. a cylindrical projection
3. Which mapping option shows differences in elevation of the land?

A. a geologic map
B. a topographic map
C. a conical projection
4. How are remote sensing data commonly used?

A. to predict surface geology
B. to monitor changes in the land
C. to change contour intervals on a map
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is
used only once.
cross section geologic map map legend

map scale slope time zone
5. An area of Earth where the time is the same is a .

6. A relates distances on a map to actual distances on Earth’s
surface.
7. A is a representation that shows faults, rock types, and rock
ages.
8. All the symbols used on a map make up the .
9. A map profile of rocks below the ground is a .
10. is a measure of the steepness of the ground.
Mapping Earth 53
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Chapter Test A continued
Interpreting a Map
Directions: Use the map and a term from the word bank to correctly complete each sentence. Each term is used
only once.
equator latitude longitude map scale poles
75˚
60˚ c
45˚ b
30˚
15˚
0˚ a
e
15˚ d
30˚
45˚
60˚ 3,000 km

165˚ 150˚ 135˚ 120˚ 105˚ 90˚ 75˚ 60˚ 45˚ 30˚ 15˚ 0˚ 15˚ 30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 75˚ 90˚ 105˚ 120˚ 135˚ 150˚ 165˚
W E
11. Name The map feature in the lower-left corner is the .

12. Compare Points a and e are located on the .
13. Locate The of point d is 90°E.
14. Evaluate This type of projection distorts the size of areas near
the .
15. Contrast Point c has the highest .
Short Answer
16. Contrast a map view and a profile view.
54 Mapping Earth
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Chapter Test A continued
17. Describe how the Global Positioning System, or GPS, is used to determine a location.
Concept Application
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. Use complete sentences.
18. The map scale on a particular geologic map is 1 cm = 3.5 km. Calculate the actual
distance between two points if they are 4 cm apart on the map. Show your work.
19. Evaluate You are doing a project about your state. You must make a map that shows
roads, parks, and general elevation. What type of map should you use? Explain your
choice.
20. Interpret You are planning a hike. A topographic map of the area has contour lines
that are very close together. What kind of hike can you expect? How do you know?
21. List two ways in which remote sensing might have been used when Hurricane Ike
struck and destroyed much of Galveston, Texas, in 2008.
Mapping Earth 55
Name Date Class
Chapter Test B
Mapping Earth
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which maps could be used to determine exact locations on Earth?

A. topographic maps
B. current geologic maps
C. any maps made with remote-sensing data
D. maps with lines of latitude and longitude on them
2. A shows the structure of rocks beneath Earth’s surface.

A. map legend
B. topographic profile
C. geologic cross section
D. digital map based on GIS data
3. Which would provide the most detailed view of an area?

A. a conical projection
B. a cylindrical projection
C. a map with a scale of 1:25,000
D. a map with a scale of 1:100,000
Completion

Directions: On each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence.
4. Contour lines on a(n) map show the relief of an area.

5. A(n) exaggerates the shapes of areas near Earth’s poles.
6. is the collection of data that does not involve physical
contact.
7. A(n) map would show the extent of a particular sandstone
formation.
8. On a topographic map, an area with a steep would have
closely spaced contour lines.
9. The prime meridian is the reference point on which are

based.
10. A(n) view of an area is often referred to as a bird’s-eye view.
11. The age of rocks on a geologic map is determined using the
map .
56 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Chapter Test B continued
Interpreting a Map
Directions: Use the map to answer each question or respond to each statement.
75˚
60˚ c
45˚ b
30˚
15˚
0˚ a
e
15˚ d
30˚
45˚
60˚ 3,000 km
165˚ 150˚ 135˚ 120˚ 105˚ 90˚ 75˚ 60˚ 45˚ 30˚ 15˚ 0˚ 15˚ 30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 75˚ 90˚ 105˚ 120˚ 135˚ 150˚ 165˚
W E
12. Locate Point a is located along the , or
latitude.
13. Identify The latitude and longitude of point d are .
14. Contrast On this type of map, the shape of land near the equator is
, whereas the shape of the land near the poles
is .
15. Identify Point is at the highest latitude, and
point is at the farthest longitude.
16. Use a Map Scale The approximate distance between points a and b is
km.
17. Infer Which point on the map could be studied by TOPEX/Jason-1 or Sea Beam?
Explain your choice.
Mapping Earth 57
Name Date Class
Chapter Test B continued
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines or in the space provided.
18. List the sources of data collected for GIS systems and explain how the resulting maps
are made.
19. Make and label a sketch that explains how the GPS system works.

Concept Application
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
20. Decide You are planning to hike in an unknown area. Which option would provide a
better idea of what was in store for you—a map view or a profile view of the area? Explain.
21. When Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, a large part of the mountain was destroyed.
Infer which type of map of the area would show more of the affects of this event—
topographic or geologic. Explain.
58 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Chapter Test C
Mapping Earth
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which map would you use to most accurately pinpoint your location if you
were at 0° latitude and 0° longitude?
A. a time zone map
B. a current geologic map
C. a cylindrical map projection
D. a topographic map with a small contour interval
2. Why are different types of map projections used to represent the same part
of Earth?
A. Mapmakers cannot agree on a uniform scale.
B. Different projections have different advantages.
C. The data on geologic maps can change very quickly.
D. Remote-sensing data are not available for much of Earth.
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase that correctly completes each sentence.
3. A(n) would be the best way to show differences in

elevation in a remote area.
4. The relief of a mountainous area would best be shown in a(n)

view.
5. , , and
are shown on geologic maps.
6. Geologic maps are used to make cross sections, which
show .
7. On a topographic map, a mountain with a gentle slope would be represented by
contour lines that are .
8. A map view of an area shows .
9. The on a topographic map would include the contour
interval of the map.
10. The is the reference point for time zones.
Mapping Earth 59
Name Date Class
Chapter Test C continued
Interpreting a Map
Directions: Use the map to respond to each statement.
75˚
60˚ c
45˚ b
30˚
15˚
0˚ a
e
15˚ d
30˚
45˚
60˚ 3,000 km
165˚ 150˚ 135˚ 120˚ 105˚ 90˚ 75˚ 60˚ 45˚ 30˚ 15˚ 0˚ 15˚ 30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 75˚ 90˚ 105˚ 120˚ 135˚ 150˚ 165˚
W E

11. Infer what type of map projection is shown.
12. Explain how this type of map projection portrays different parts of Earth.
13. Identify the latitude and longitude of each of the five points on the map.
14. Determine the distance, in kilometers, between points c and e.
15. Infer whether any of the points are in the same time zone. Explain your answer.
60 Mapping Earth
Name Date Class
Chapter Test C continued
Short Answer
Direction: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
16. Explain how remote sensing has improved mapmaking. Then list two possible uses of
remote sensing that were not described in the chapter.
17. Explain how the GPS system works and why at least three receivers are needed to
locate a position.
18. Explain how you might use GIS to make a detailed map of your neighborhood,
including the different types of layers that would be represented on the map.
Concept Application
Direction: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. Use complete sentences.
19. An oil company plans to place an oil-drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico. Infer which
type of remote-sensing tools might help them decide where to place the rig.
20. Two maps exist of the same area. Map A has a scale of 1:100,000. Map B has a scale
of 1:25,000. Assess which map shows less detail. Explain your answer.
21. Many faults exist deep beneath Earth’s surface. Suppose a major earthquake occurred
along one of these faults. Evaluate whether such an event would require a revision of
a topographic map and a geologic map of the area. Explain your answer.
Mapping Earth 61
Answers
Mapping Earth
Lesson Outlines for Teaching
Teacher Pages
T1
T6
T2
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 1: Maps
A. Understanding Maps
1. A map is a(n) model of Earth’s surface.
2. When a map is drawn in map view, it appears as though you were looking down on
an area from above Earth’s surface.
3. Cross sections are drawn in profile view. This view shows a(n) vertical slice through
the ground as though you were looking at Earth’s interior from the side.
4. A(n) map legend lists all the symbols used on the map. It also explains what each
symbol means.
5. A(n) map scale determines how large or how small a map might be.
a. A map scale shows the relationship between distance on a map and actual
distance on the ground.
b. A scale can be written in words, as a(n) ratio, or as a scale bar.
B. Reading Maps
1. An imaginary grid on Earth’s surface is used to find locations.
2. North-south grid lines on a globe run from one pole to another and encircle Earth.
a. The reference line that passes through Greenwich, England, is the prime
meridian.
b. The distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian is longitude.

3. East-west grid lines on a globe are lines of latitude.
a. The reference line halfway between the North and South Poles is the equator.
b. Latitude lines form complete, parallel circles, with the equator being the largest
circle.
C. Plotting Locations
1. Earth is a sphere, which can be divided into 360 degrees.
a. The maximum latitude is one-fourth of the distance around Earth, or 90 degrees
north or south.
b. The maximum longitude is half the distance around Earth, or 180 degrees east or
west.
2. To describe a location, name its latitude and its longitude, giving its latitude first.
3. Each degree of latitude or longitude is divided into 60 minutes, each of which is
further divided into 60 seconds.
T2 Mapping Earth
4. A(n) time zone in an area between two meridians in which every part has the same
time.
a. Generally, the width of a time zone is 15° longitude.
b. Time changes by one hour when going from one time zone to another.
c. The line of longitude 180° east or west of the prime meridian is the International
Date Line.
d. When you cross the International Date Line from east to west, it becomes one
day later.
D. Map Projections
1. A(n) projection shows the surface of Earth on a flat surface.
2. A(n) cylindrical projection is formed by placing a light at the center of a globe and
projecting the grid pattern on the globe onto a cylinder wrapped around the globe.
a. These maps are accurate in showing shapes near the equator.
b. Shapes near the poles look much larger than they actually are.
3. A(n) conical projection is formed by placing a light at the center of a globe and
projecting the grid pattern on the globe onto a cone wrapped around the globe.
Discussion Question
Describe the general location of a person who is standing at 20°N and 90°W.
The person is slightly north of the equator and halfway between the prime meridian and
the International Date Line, to the west of the prime meridian.
Mapping Earth T3
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 2: Technology and Mapmaking
A. Types of Maps
1. There are several types of maps, depending on the purpose of the map.
a. Physical maps show features such as mountains and lakes.
b. Relief maps use shading and shadows to show mountains and flat areas.
c. A(n) political map shows boundaries between countries, states, and townships.
d. People use road maps to find their way from one place to another.
2. A(n) topographic map shows the natural features of Earth’s surface as well as many
of its detailed shapes.
3. The height above sea level of any point on Earth’s surface is the point’s elevation.
a. Relief is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points in an
area.
b. On a topographic map, contour lines connect points of equal elevation.
4. On a topographic map, only the index contours are labeled with the elevation.
5. The difference in elevation between two contour lines that are next to each other is
the contour interval.
a. If contour lines are close together, the slope of the land is steep.
b. Information from contour lines can be used to draw an accurate profile of the
topography of the land.

6. The legend on a topographic map describes the symbols used on the map.
7. Geologic maps show the surface geology of an area.
a. Different formations on a geologic map are shown by different colors and
symbols.
b. Geologists use a(n) cross section, a type of diagram, to show a vertical slice
through rocks below the surface.
B. Making Maps Today
1. Today, people use computers and data from satellites to make maps.
2. The Global Positioning System is a group of satellites used for navigation.
a. A GPS receiver uses signals from several satellites to calculate its location.
b. GPS is used for navigation by people in airplanes and ships.
3. A(n) geographic information system stores and analyzes data sent to it, usually by GPS.
a. Mapmakers use this data to create digital maps.
b. GIS creates different map layers of the same location.
T4 Mapping Earth
4. When you collect information about an area without having physical contact with
it, you use remote sensing.
a. Much remote-sensing information used to make maps is now supplied by
satellites.
b. One important use of remote sensing is to detect change over time in an area.
5. The series of satellites known as Landsat scans Earth’s entire surface every 16 days.
Using this data to study wetlands helps scientists follow climate changes and bird
populations.
6. The TOPEX and Jason-1 satellites have been used in measuring bulges and valleys
below the ocean’s surface.
7. Sound is used to map the ocean floor when Sea Beam sonar is used from a ship.
Discussion Question
If you wanted to use a field map to study an area, when would you use a topographic map
and when would you use a geologic map?
You would use a topographic map if you wanted information about the shape and size of
features on Earth’s surface. You would use a geologic map if you wanted information about
the materials that comprise the area.
Mapping Earth T5
Answers
What do you think? (page 1) 3. Latitude and longitude are intersecting
1. Agree reference points that are used to describe any
location on Earth.
2. Disagree; maps model Earth in two
dimensions. Content Practice A (page 13)
3. Disagree; each type of map projection has 1. northern hemisphere
some area of distortion. 2. lines of latitude
4. Agree 3. equator
5. Disagree; standard colors are randomly 4. southern hemisphere
assigned to differentiate among the ages of
5. western hemisphere
rock on geologic time.
6. lines of longitude
6. Disagree; satellite images can have high
resolution down to 1 m or less. 7. eastern hemisphere
8. prime meridian
Lesson 1 Content Practice B (page 14)
Launch Lab (page 8) 1. Possible answer: This map is drawn in map
1. Possible answers: The instructions depend on view because it looks as though I am looking
written language. If the student cannot read down on it from above Earth’s surface.
English, he or she will not be able to use the 2. Possible answer: The numbers indicate hour
written directions. Images on a map would be differences and show how time changes
easier to use. Visual learners would prefer a moving from west to east.
map; auditory learners might prefer a written
or spoken instruction guide. Kinesthetic 3. Possible answer: The International Date Line
learners might follow the route with a finger is the meridian that marks 180°, or halfway
on the map. around the world. A time zone is an area of
Earth’s surface between two meridians where
2. Possible answer: Maps are useful because they people use the same time.
can help a person find his or her way in an
unfamiliar place. 4. Possible answer: The map is a cylindrical
projection because the meridians are vertical
Content Vocabulary (page 9) and equal distances apart, instead of farther
1. prime apart at the equator and closer at higher
latitudes (conical map).

2. latitude
3. map view Math Skills (page 15)
4. map scale 1. 6 km
5. time zone 2. 30 km
6. map legend 3. 5 km
7. profile view 4. 0.25 km
8. International Date Line School to Home (page 16)

9. longitude 1. Answers will vary but should include the length
and width measurements of a room in meters.
MiniLab (page 12) 2. Answers will vary. Maps should accurately
Procedure steps: 1. Hilo, HI; 2. Philadelphia, PA; 3. depict a room in the student’s home. The map
Seward 60°N,150°W, Memphis 35°N,90°W, Denver scale should be calculated based on the size of
40°N,105 W the room.
1. Latitude and longitude are measured in 3. Answers will vary. Students should identify
degrees because Earth is a sphere and can symbols used in their maps to represent
be divided into 360 degrees. N means common objects.
the hemisphere north of the equator, and
W is the hemisphere west of the prime Key Concept Builder (page 17)
meridian. 1. D
2. Students’ answers will vary with their choice 2. K
of city. Answers should accurately describe the
3. G
location of a nearby city, using the correct
notation. 4. N
5. P
T6 Mapping Earth
Answers continued
6. E 3. From Johannesburg to Rio is across the
7. A Atlantic Ocean within 30°S of the equator.
There is little distortion along the equator in
8. M a Mercator projection, so that choice would
9. B be the most appropriate choice.
10. C Challenge (page 22)
11. F 1. Possible answer: pencil, G4, where the position
12. L G4 is unique on the grid
13. H 2. Students should show an understanding of a

coordinate grid system and should be able to
14. O transfer this concept to other endeavors such
15. J as Cartesian coordinate systems.
16. I 3. Possible answer: Using labels, you can
pinpoint a unique location, as in latitude
Key Concept Builder (page 18) and longitude. However, our grid does not
1. parallel contain smaller subunits such as degrees
2. a complete circle and minutes.
3. equator Skill Practice (page 23)

4. 360 degrees 6. Students should have a scale that is between
1:10 and 1:50. Explanations for choice of
5. 0 degrees
scale should indicate that the particular scale
6. 90 degrees north latitude allowed them to draw the whole room on one
7. 180 degrees piece of paper.
8. minutes and seconds 7. Similarities include the need to omit many

details of the place. Differences include size
9. latitude and scale of the place being modeled and the
10. seventy degrees south latitude and twenty-five difference in the degree of possible detail.
degrees east longitude 8. Students should explain that the more
Key Concept Builder (page 19) accurate map would allow them to give
directions in more detail and would help
1. E, G
them have more confidence that the person
2. E, G would find the object.

3. F, I
Lesson Quiz A (page 24)
4. A, H Matching
5. C 1. B
6. D 2. E
7. D 3. D
8. B, D 4. C
9. B, D 5. A
10. Possible answer: From looking at a map of True or False
the world, I can tell where places and features 6. F
exist in relation to the equator, the poles, and 7. F
each other.
8. F
Key Concept Builder (page 20) 9. T
For the completed table, see page T12.
10. T
Enrichment (page 21)
1. Globes are three-dimensional, and there are Lesson Quiz B (page 25)
few distortions. Maps are two-dimensional, Completion
and all maps have distortions of some kind. 1. map legend
2. Possible answer: To obtain the greatest 2. map scale
accuracy within a single continent, especially 3. time zone; meridians
in the center of the projection, choose a
4. gain; International Date Line
conical map.
Mapping Earth T7
Answers continued
Short Answer Content Practice A (page 32)
5. Both are models of Earth’s surface. A map view 1. elevation
shows the area as seen from above, whereas a
profile view is an area as seen from the side. 2. slope
6. Both are imaginary lines on a map that are 3. satellites

used to determine or pinpoint locations on a 4–5. (in either order) navigation, creating maps
map or globe. Both distances are measured in
6. detailed information
degrees. Latitude is the distance north or south
of the equator. Longitude is the distance east or 7. changes
west of the prime meridian. 8. combines computer data
7. Both are used to transfer features from a globe 9. surface geology
onto a map. Cylindrical projections produce
10–11. (in either order) colors, symbols
maps that show shapes near the equator
accurately and cause shapes nearer the poles to Content Practice B (page 33)
be distorted. Conical projections show shapes For completed table, see page T12.
accurately where lines of latitude intersect the
cone used to make the projection. Language Arts Support (page 34)
1. B
Lesson 2 2. D
Launch Lab (page 27) 3. D, C, E, A
NOTE: Lab handouts are available on page T13.
Language Arts Support (page 35)
1. Possible answers: One can find the easiest way
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
to travel through an area. One can determine
the best areas to build roads or houses. 1. The lines of latitude and longitude can be
used to plot a location on Earth.
2. Any way of showing three-dimensional
characteristics on a two-dimensional surface is 2. For example, the location of New Orleans is
acceptable. Answers might include shading, approximately 30 degrees north of the equator
lines, colors, or a combination of these. and 90 degrees west of the prime meridian.
Content Vocabulary (page 28) 3. The spacing of the contour lines reflects the
slope of the land.
1. contour interval
4. For example, if the contour lines are widely

2. topographic map spaced, the slope is gradual.
3. contour line 5. They might show the types and ages of the
4. relief rocks.
5. slope 6. Several colors are used to distinguish different
6. remote sensing rock formations.
7. cross section School to Home (page 36)
8. geologic map 1. Possible answers: topographic maps only—
have contour lines; show relief; show
9. aerial
vegetation, bodies of water, roads, public and
10. elevation private buildings
MiniLab (page 31) geologic maps only—give information about
1. approximately 175 m; approximately 240 m rock types and their ages and show contacts
and position of faults
2. The steepest grade along line AB is to the
right side of the peak on the hill on the right both types of maps—have legends and
between 170–200 m. This is where contour represent specific areas
lines are closest together. 2. Student diagrams should show energy moving
3. Answers will vary. A contour map and from an energy source, such as the Sun or
topographic profile would be helpful to plan a electromagnetic radiation, to a target on Earth
skateboard park so that the builder could (object or area) and then up to a sensor on a
make sure that high points in the area would satellite and back to a receiving station on Earth.
be useful as ramps or places to start.
Key Concept Builder (page 37)
4. Possible answer: There are two hills with a 1. F
valley between them.
2. T
T8 Mapping Earth
Answers continued
3. F images for collecting and processing
4. T information about an area. Information on
changes in the land are monitored through
5. T remote sensing. This information helps in
6. F planning for future use of an area, assessing
damage after a natural disaster, monitoring
7. T
wetlands and coral reefs, monitoring
8. F hurricanes, and learning about the seafloor.
9. F
Enrichment (page 41)
Key Concept Builder (page 38) 1. Pine forests and apple orchards have unique
1. to show the elevation of the land spectral signatures. They also are arranged
differently on land. Natural pine forests are
2. by the difference in elevation between the
random and obviously uncultivated, but apple
highest and lowest point in an area
orchards tend to be arranged in rows and
3. the high point on the mountain squares.
4. ridges 2. Possible answer: Spectral analysis is used in
5. a stream valley or drainage criminal forensics to identify materials and
evidence that is left at the scene of a crime.
6. a gradual slope Medical diagnostics use it to identify and
7. a steep slope image diseased tissue.
8. land contours Challenge (page 42)
9. contours underwater 1. Possible answer: The image is not very
10. vegetation realistic. The edges are rough, parts of the
image are missing, and the colors are spotty
11. dense housing and don’t blend together.
Key Concept Builder (page 39) 2. If the grid were smaller (more pixels), the
1. rock types, their ages, and the locations of faults image would be smoother, the colors would
blend, and the image would be easier to
2. a volume of a particular kind of rock
recognize.
3. different geologic formations
Lesson Quiz A (page 43)
4. the type of rock and when it was formed
Matching
5. in the map legend 1. C
6. a diagram showing a vertical slice through 2. C
Earth’s surface
3. C
7. what rocks are like underground
4. A
8. by drilling for samples, studying earthquake
waves, or looking at cliffs True or False
5. T
Key Concept Builder (page 40) 6. F
1. A group of satellites relay signals from Earth. The
signals are used to calculate the distance to the 7. F
satellites, which reveals the location on land. 8. T
2. Possible answers (any four): military uses, 9. T
navigation, wildlife tracking, earthquake 10. F
detection, hiking, biking, land surveying
3. GIS allows mapmakers to analyze and Lesson Quiz B (page 44)
organize data and then create digital maps. Multiple Choice
1. B
4. Remote sensing is the process of collecting
information about an area without coming 2. B
into contact with it. 3. A
5. Possible answer: Scientists can study changes Completion
that have occurred on Earth’s surface. 4. cross section
6. Possible answer: Remote sensing is a 5. three
mapmaking technique that uses satellite
Mapping Earth T9
Answers continued
6. contour line 7. geologic map
7. far apart 8. map legend
8. Remote-sensing 9. cross section
9. GPS unit; topographic map 10. slope
Labs A and B (pages 45, 48) Chapter Test A (page 54)
8. Answers will vary. The top images on the page Interpreting a Map
are of a mountain, specifically a volcano with 11. map scale
a crater. Several rivers flow down from the 12. equator
volcano and drain into lakes. The bottom
images on the page show several flat 13. longitude
landforms, water features, and rivers. 14. poles
9. The scale distance is 4.4 cm, so the actual 15. latitude
distance is 10.5 km.
Short Answer
10. Satellite images are flat, two-dimensional 16. A map view shows an area as viewed from
models of Earth’s surface. They are sometimes above. A profile view shows an area as viewed
used to study areas that might be inaccessible from the side.
or dangerous to study on foot. Satellite images
are also used to study changes in Earth’s Chapter Test A (page 55)
surface features. 17. Global Positioning System satellites orbit
Earth and send signals to receivers on Earth. A
Communicate Your Results Possible answer: The first
receiver uses at least three signals to calculate
set of images shows a mountain (a volcano with a
its location.
central crater). Rivers flow down the flanks of this
mountain and drain into the lakes. The second set Concept Application
of images shows a highly eroded terrain containing 18. 3.5 km/1 cm × 4 cm = 14 km
several plateaus and smaller mesas. In the southern 19. Students should infer that to show various
part of the landscape, rivers have carved several types of data, a map based on GIS data should
large valleys that are lined with vegetation. be used. Such maps combine layers of data so
B. Extension To extend this investigation, have the lower layers of information on the map
students write a brief, creative newspaper article can be analyzed.
about their chosen landscape that highlights its best 20. The hike will likely be strenuous. Contour
features in relation to their favorite outdoor activity.

lines that are close together indicate a steep
Encourage students to give their articles creative topography.
headlines. Ask volunteers to share their articles with
21. Answers will vary but might include a
the class.
statement indicating that remote-sensing
Lab C (page 51) images allowed officials to see the type of
Students’ maps should include the following: contour damage caused by the hurricane, to determine
lines, index contours, a legend, a symbol to mark the where the damage made the city unsafe, and
highest point on the map, and an estimated elevation to help organize rescue efforts.
of the highest point on the map. Chapter Test B (page 56)
Chapter Key Concepts Builder (page 52) Multiple Choice
Students should work cooperatively to complete the 1. D
activity. Student pairs should show an understanding 2. C
of the value of the map they chose to create, and
3. C
they should explain the process they used to create
the map. Completion
4. topographic
Chapter Test A (page 53)
5. cylindrical projection
Multiple Choice
1. C 6. Remote-sensing
2. C 7. geologic
3. B 8. slope
9. time zones
4. B
10. map
Completion
5. time zone 11. legend or key
6. map scale
T10 Mapping Earth

Answers continued
Chapter Test B (page 57) 9. map legend or key
Interpreting a Map 10. International Date Line
12. equator; 0°
Chapter Test C (page 60)
13. 15°S, 90°E
Interpreting a Map
14. fairly accurate; enlarged 11. cylindrical projection
15. c; c 12. A cylindrical projection accurately shows
16. 9,530 km shapes near the equator but distorts areas near
the poles.
17. Point d could be studied through use of TOPEX/
Jason-1 satellites or the Sea Beam sonar device 13. Point a (0°,75°W), Point b (45°N,120°W), Point c
because these remote-sensing devices have been (60°N,150°E), Point d (15°S,90°E), Point e (0°,0°)
used to study the ocean floor. 14. approximately 24,000 km
Chapter Test B (page 58) 15. The width of a time zone is 15° longitude.
Short Answer Although time zones don’t strictly follow
18. Data in geographic information systems, or lines of longitude, none of the points on the
GIS, include data collected by satellites, from map are in the same time zone.
aerial photographs, and from scanners. Maps Chapter Test C (page 61)
based on GIS data are made by compiling layers
Short Answer
of different types of data onto one map.
16. Remote sensing has made data collection and
19. Students’ drawings should include one or more mapmaking much faster than either of these
GPS satellites in orbit above Earth and one or processes had been in the past. Also, remote
more Earth-based receivers. Students’ responses sensing allows almost immediate updates to
should also include that GPS satellites send existing maps or databases. Uses for remote
signals to Earth, where a minimum of three sensing include monitoring forest fires, water
receivers process the information to provide a quality, volcanic eruptions and the damage
location. they cause, urban sprawl, changes in the
Concept Application ozone layer, severe storms, floods, and
20. Accept either answer as long as students wildlife management, among others.
are able to justify their choices. A map view 17. GPS satellites orbit Earth and send signals
shows the lateral relationships among the to receivers on Earth. The receivers process the
natural features in an area. This view could signals to determine their location on Earth.
be useful in planning the actual ground Signals from three receivers provide two possible
distance to be covered on the hike or the locations, one of which can usually be rejected
parts of an area to be avoided. A profile as an improbable or impossible location.
view shows topography, or vertical changes 18. GIS technology allows the compilation of
in a landscape and would be useful in multiple layers of data to base a single map
determining what to carry on the hike or upon. Data that might be included on a
how to estimate the duration of the hike. neighborhood map include the locations of
21. Topographic maps of the area would no roads, houses, and other buildings; how other
longer be accurate because they show the parts of the land are used; and perhaps natural
shape of the land, including elevation. features such as forests, ponds, streams, or lakes.
Geologic maps of the area, however, would Concept Application
still be fairly accurate, as these maps show 19. TOPEX/Jason-1 and Sea Beam might be used
the geologic formations in an area. to determine rig placement because these
Chapter Test C (page 59) remote-sensing tools use radar and sonar to
determine the topography and depth of
Multiple Choice
features below the ocean’s surface.
1. C
20. The map with a scale of 1:100,000 shows less
2. B
detail because one unit on the map equals
Completion 100,000 units on Earth’s surface as compared
3. topographic to the other map, which shows one unit on
4. profile the map equal to 25,000 units on the surface.
5. (in any order) rock types, rocks ages, faults 21. If the earthquake greatly disrupts rocks near
6. a map profile of rocks below the surface the surface, then a revision of the topographic
and geologic maps might be needed because
7. not too close together some rocks might have significantly shifted
8. the area as viewed from above up or down along the fault.
Mapping Earth T11

Answers continued
Charts and Tables
Key Concept Builder (page 20)
Cylindrical and Conical Projections
Map Characteristic Cylindrical Projection Map Conical Projection Map
1. Describe how the map The shapes near the equator are There is little distortion near the line of
represents shapes on Earth. represented well, but the shapes near latitude where the cone touches the
the poles are enlarged. globe, but there is distortion elsewhere.
2. Describe how the grid system The lines of latitude form right angles The lines of latitude are curved.
represents lines of latitude. with the lines of longitude (rectangles).
3. Describe how the grid system The meridians form right angles with The meridians spread out from the
represents meridians. the lines of latitude (rectangles). North and South Poles.
4. Describe how the map The continents become enlarged The continents are somewhat
represents continents. moving from the equator to the poles. distorted.
5. Describe how the map The equator is shown as a straight line. The equator is shown as a curved
represents the equator. line.
Content Practice B (page 33)
Topographic Geologic Political

Map Feature Road Map GIS
Map Map Map
1. surface shapes ✓ ✓ ✓

2. contour lines to show elevation ✓
3. symbol showing an urban area ✓
4. boundaries between countries ✓ ✓ ✓
5. the age of rock in an area ✓
6. highways ✓ ✓
7. colors to show rock formations ✓
8. mountains ✓ ✓ ✓
9. the high point on a mountain ✓ ✓
10. cities and villages ✓ ✓ ✓
11. symbol showing vegetation ✓
12. symbols to show rock formations ✓
13. lakes and rivers ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
14. soil type ✓ ✓
15. the location of earthquake faults ✓
16. gravel roads ✓ ✓
T12 Mapping Earth

Answers continued
Lesson 2, Launch Lab
Elevation
80–100 m
60–80 m
40–60 m
20–40 m 0 10 km
0–20 m
Mapping Earth T13

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Chapter Resources for Differentiated Instruction

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Launch Lab 8 27 all students

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School to Home 16 36 all students

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Mapping Earth iii

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Get Ready to Read

Before You After You

1. Maps help determine locations on Earth.

2. All Earth models are spherical.

3. World maps are drawn accurately for every location.

4. Topographic maps show changes in surface elevations.

5. The colors on geologic maps show the colors of the

6. Satellites are too far from Earth to collect useful

What have you learned?

profile view shows an object as

Student Name: Date:

Student Labs and Activities Page Appropriate For:

Enrichment 21 all students

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Launch Lab LESSON 1: 15 minutes

How will you get from here to there?

Data and Observations

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2. Key Concept How are maps useful?

Content Vocabulary LESSON 1

International Date Line latitude longitude map legend map scale

2. distance north or south of the equator