8

SPA – MEDIA ARTS

Quarter 1 – Module 1a
Principles of Photography
SPA–Media Arts Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1:a Principles of Photography
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
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impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: JULIET G. ANTOSADA
Editor: JUMAR S. QUIBOT, MARY ROSE G. ACUPANDA
Reviewer: FLORENCE M. PINILI
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Jenith C. Cabajon
Fay C. Luarez, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D. Rosela R. Abiera
Nilita L. Ragay, Ed. D. Maricel S. Rasid
Adolf P. Aguilar, CESE Elmar L. Cabrera

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Office Address: Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tele #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
E-mail Address: [email protected]
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SPA – Media Arts

Quarter 1 – Module 1a
Principles of Photography
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Special Program for Arts – Media Arts 8 Alternative Delivery
Mode (ADM) Module on Principles of Photography !

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Special Program for Arts – Media Arts 8 Alternative Delivery
Mode (ADM) Module on Principles of Photography!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Begin This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
Try This This part includes an activity that aims to
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
Do This This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
Explore In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
Keep this in Mind This section provides a brief discussion of
the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
Apply What You Have Learned This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
Reflect This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson.
Assess What You Have Learned This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activity In this portion, another activity will be given to
you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.
Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the
module.
At the end of this module you will also find:

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References This is a list of all sources used in
developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGES

INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE --------------------------------- ii

For the Facilitator --------------------------------- ii
For the learner --------------------------------- iii

BEGIN --------------------------------- 01
Learning Competency --------------------------------- 01

TRY THIS --------------------------------------------------- 02

DO THIS --------------------------------------------------- 03

EXPLORE --------------------------------------------------- 03

KEEP THIS IN MIND ------------------------------------------ 04

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ------------------------ 15

REFLECT --------------------------------------------------- 17

ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ------------------------ 17

GLOSSARY --------------------------------- 18

ANSWER KEY ------------------------------------------ 19

REFERENCE LIST ------------------------------------------ 19

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LEARNING COMPETENCY:

• Explains the principles, theoretical, historical and aesthetic aspects of

photography.
• Identifies the terminologies, techniques and processes of photography
• Distinguishes the different types of cameras (film and digital), its evolution,
features, and capabilities

Principles of Photography

Good Day!
Welcome to the World of Media Arts. For this module, we will be studying
about principles of photography, its historical background, different kinds of
cameras, as well as the techniques and processes of photography.
So, are you ready? Let us begin.

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. Explain the basic principles of photography and its historical

background
2. Enumerate the different types of cameras and its features
3. Realize the importance of the techniques and processes of
photography

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Matching Type: Match the items described in Column A to the items in Column B.
Write your answers on your Media Arts notebook.

A B
1. These are for people who are not
a) Bridge camera
interested in photography and just
wanted to capture images. b) Fujix DS-1P
2. These are Shockproof and Waterproof
cameras. c) 1993
3. These are high-end types of cameras
used for filming movies or d) Point and Shoot cameras
documentaries.
e) Canon
4. These are known for their miniature
size, capable of fitting into many places f) Digital Cine cameras
where it is tough to mount normal
cameras. g) Nikon F3
5. This is the most popular types of
cameras in the market. All professional h) Action cameras/ GoPro
photographers will have one in their kit.
Cameras
6. This was the first commercially
available DSLR in 1991. i) Rugged Cameras
7. These types of cameras come with a
fixed lens, and most of these cover the j) DSLR Camera
telephoto focal range.
8. This was the first digital camera that k) 1975
aimed towards consumers in 1988.
l) Instant cameras
9. The first recorded digital image was
taken during this year, long before
digital cameras would become
commercially available
10. These are capable of printing photos
just after capturing it.

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Problem-Solution Chart!
List 5 problems that a photographer might encounter while doing a photoshoot. List
solutions in the right column. Do this in your SPA Media Arts notebook.

PROBLEM SOLUTION

Take a look at the three photos below. Simple but the finished output was beautiful!
Answer the questions below using your SPA Media Arts notebook.

1. What can you say about the three

photos on the left?
2. What do you think are the
techniques being used by the
photographer?
3. Do you think it is important to
know the techniques used in
photography?

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 https://www.techradar.com/how-to/photography-video-capture/cameras/77-photography-techniques-tips-and-tricks-for-taking-pictures-of-anything-1320768

What is Photography?

Photography is the art, application and practice of creating

durable images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor,
or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

History of Photography

The first cameras weren’t cameras at all. They were projectors, of a sort. This
concept was mentioned as early as the 5th century BC, when a Chinese philosopher
named 'Mozi' recorded the creation of an image from light rays passing through a
small hole into a dark room. He called this darkened room a “collecting place” or the
“locked treasure room”. This effect was also mentioned by Greek philosopher,
Aristotle, in “Problems”. This natural optical phenomenon later became known as
'camera obscura' (Latin for “dark chamber”) or what we now refer to as a 'pinhole
image'.

Up until the early 1800s,

portable camera obscuras were
primarily used for drawing and
projecting images for entertainment. In
the 1820s, that all changed
dramatically. A French inventor named
Joseph Nicephore Niepce
experimented with a camera obscura
to expose light to a pewter plate
coated with bitumen.
The plate was exposed for
many hours to the light and when the bitumen hardened in the exposed areas, the
unexposed areas could be removed with a solvent. This left a positive image, with

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the light areas being the hardened bitumen and the dark areas being the bare
pewter. To view it, the plate had to be lit and angled to show the contrast between
the light and dark.

Daguerreotype

In 1833, Niepce suddenly died,

leaving all of his notes to Daguerre. As
Daguerre carried on working, he began to
experiment with exposing images onto metal
plates. The result was the creation of
Daguerreotype.

The process employed the use of a

copper plate coated in silver, exposed in
iodine vapour to create a silver iodine
coating, before being exposed to light. After
exposure, the result was a positive image
when lit and viewed. Exposure times were
still impractically long until Daguerre
discovered that a plate with an invisibly faint
or “latent” image from a much shorter
exposure could be “developed” to full visibility with mercury fumes. Then a hot
solution of salt was used to stabilise or “fix” the image by removing the remaining
silver iodide. This resulted in exposure times of only a few minutes, a feat which was
announced to the world in 1839. The Daguerreotype process became the most
commonly used process until another new discovery in the 1850s.

Emulsion Plates

An Englishman named Frederick

Scott Archer and a Frenchman named
Gustave Le Gray are said to have almost
simultaneously invented the collodion
process, or "collodion wet plate
process", in 1851. The plates used an
emulsion process instead of a simple
coating, resulting in a much faster
exposure time of only a few seconds.

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 The collodion plates were required to be coated, sensitized and developed all
within the span of fifteen minutes, necessitating the use of a portable dark room. The
most common emulsion plates were ambrotype, which were made on glass plates,
and tintype, which were made on tin plates.

Dry Plates
The wet emulsion plate process was a
revolutionary discovery. However, the process
was still not ideal because the plates had to be
sensitised, exposed while still wet and
processed immediately after.

Richard Maddox, an English physician

and photomicrographer, noticed that the ether
vapour from the wet plates was beginning to
affect his health. He began searching for an
alternative and in 1871, discovered a new
process which he named the 'dry plate'.

Kodak

An American entrepreneur named George Eastman entered the photography

world in the late 1880s. Smaller, commercial handheld cameras had been springing
up throughout the market but a company named Kodak Eastman produced the one
that was easiest to use.

In 1888, the New Yorker created a

camera that used a cylindrical roll of paper-
based film that contained 100 exposures.
When the last exposure was used, the entire
camera was sent back to Kodak to be
developed. With the slogan, “You press the
button, we do the rest”, Kodak’s camera
greatly accelerated the growth of amateur
photography.

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 War and Photojournalism

In 1939, World War II broke out and

photojournalists had adopted a new style in the
documentation of the war. It was a combination
of wanting more truth in their photographs and
the pressure to "one up" each other for more
attention. Improvements in technology meant that
the posed and staged photographs of prior wars
gave away to a more realistic and rawer look
behind the scenes.

Photographs like Joel Rosenthal’s 'Raising the Flag on Iwo Jimo' captured
real moments in history as they happened. The new advancements in technology
allowed photographers to move about and take photos in action. This came to be
known as true photojournalism. It was a pivotal point in the history of photography
because it illustrated the truth in events and shaped the media for the future.

Instant Film

In 1948, a man named Edwin H. Land and his

company, Polaroid, debuted the first commercial
instant photo camera. It was the model 95 Land
camera. This camera used a secret chemical
process to develop the film inside the camera in less
than a minute.

Although the camera was fairly expensive, the idea of instant photos caught
the eye of the public. By the 1960s, Polaroid had multiple models of instant cameras
out on the market which were extremely popular.

Compact Cameras

In the late 1970s and early 1980s,

compact “point and shoot” cameras were
introduced. These small, lightweight and
smart cameras made photography
available to everyone, even children.
The first “point and shoot”
compact camera, the C35 Jasupin, was
released by Konica in 1977. This
camera had an automatic focusing system. In addition, it could
automatically calculate the necessary shutter speed and aperture, giving a properly
exposed photo with just the press of a shutter button. While professionals and

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serious hobbyists still preferred to use SLR cameras for more control, the compact
camera took over the market for casual use. They quickly became a staple for every
family, being user-friendly and fun to use when taking photographs and capturing
memories.

Digital Cameras

The first recorded digital image was

taken in 1975, long before digital cameras
would become commercially available. A
Kodak engineer named Steven Sasson was
given the task to create a digital image.
Then in 1988, Fuji unveiled the first
digital camera aimed towards consumers, the
Fuji Fujix DS-1P. This 400,000 pixel camera
never made it to market but it had a massive
piece of technology attached to it. The camera had a removable SRAM (static RAM)
memory card developed with Toshiba.
In 1991, Nikon released the Nikon F3, the first commercially available DSLR.
The 1.3 megapixel camera required the photographer to carry an external memory
source on the shoulder with a strap. It was still a bit ahead of its time, along with
several other models other companies had put forward.

Smartphone Cameras
By the mid-90s, mobile phones were
becoming a normal item to carry around,
much like a point and shoot camera so it
was no surprise that in 1997, the first
prototype cellular phone with a camera
debuted. An inventor named Phillipe Kahn
shared the first image taken by a camera
phone: a photo of his newborn child, which
he sent to 2000 people via cellular radio.
The first camera phone to then hit the
market was Kyocera’s VP-210 in Japan. The phone could record 20 still photos and
video at a 2fps rate.
Hot on its heels was the SHARP J-SH04, invented by Phillipe Kahn. Very
soon, Nokia, Sony Ericsson and others would follow and the camera phone
revolution began. Not much later, Apple released the first iPhone in 1997 and we all
know how it's gone from there. The iPhone has since taken over the market,

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changing casual photography, communication, media and ultimately, human
behaviour forever.

Different Types of Cameras for Photography

1. DSLR camera is the short form of Digital

Single Lens Reflex Camera. This is the most
popular types of cameras in the market. All
professional photographers will have one DSLR
camera in their kit. It is actually a combination of a
digital imaging sensor with a single lens reflex
camera. DSLR cameras come with a detachable
lens. So, you can change the camera lens based
on the type of photography. In a DSLR camera, you
can get a direct view of the scene through the
camera’s optical viewfinder.

2. Mirrorless Cameras. If you remove the

optical viewfinder from a DLSR camera, then you
get the mirrorless. So, the optical viewfinder would
be missing from the mirrorless camera. This
removes some amount of weight from the camera
body.

Image falling on the camera sensor can be

seen directly on the viewfinder. This makes
mirrorless cameras lightweight and easy to
handle.

3. Point and Shoot cameras are compact

cameras, useful for people who want to capture
vacation pictures or family pictures. These are for
people who are not interested in photography and
just wanted to capture images.
They come with a fixed lens and variable focal
length. You will not be able to get the telephoto
reach in a point and shoot camera. Hence, it is the
best camera for documentation purpose.

4. Almost, all smartphones come with dual

cameras, one in the front for selfies and one at
the back.
Some smartphones even have dual cameras
at the back, one for portrait shots and the

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 other for regular shots. With the help of software, they can get DSLR like blur
effects on the photos.
This feature makes smartphone cameras more attractive to people who are looking
for the DSLR camera features in a compact size.
5. Bridge camera, as the name suggests lies in
between point and shoot cameras and DSLR cameras.
These types of cameras come with a fixed lens, and
most of the Bridge cameras cover the telephoto focal
range.
So, it is an excellent option to photograph wildlife and
sports, if your budget is low or if you are not interested
in a DSLR or a mirrorless camera.

6. In early days, medium format cameras used

120mm films. In this digital age, the film got replace by
the digital camera sensor with a size similar to the
120mm film. Few manufacturers still produce medium
format film cameras. It comes with a bigger camera
sensor and at a higher price.

So, if you are looking for extremely high-quality

images with a high noise performance then you should
go for the medium format cameras.

7. It all started with film cameras. During

the early days of photography, we use film as
the medium to record images. Later, Film got
replaced by the camera sensor and memory
cards.

The ISO part of the image comes as the

film feature. So, we need to change the film
rolls according to our ISO needs. You can
control the Aperture and Shutter speed from the camera. Now, camera
manufacturers have stopped producing these types of cameras for photography due
to lack of demand.

8. Instant cameras are capable of printing

photos just after capturing it. It was Polaroid
Corporation who introduced this type of cameras in
the market. Hence, these cameras are also known
as Polaroid cameras.

The earlier generation of Instant cameras used

films, and it got replaced by paper prints. There are
many different models from Polaroid, and other
Instant camera manufactures. Kodak and Fujifilm
are the other known manufacturers of Instant

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 cameras.

9. Digital Cine cameras are high-end types of

cameras used for filming movies or documentaries.
They come with interchangeable lens options. Film
professionals make use of cine cameras. They are
used mainly for video recording, and all the models
are capable of supporting resolutions of 4k and
more.

10. Action cameras/ GoPro Cameras

are known for their miniature size, capable of
fitting into many places where it is tough to
mount normal cameras.
You can use an action camera to capture
images, record videos and do time-lapse
photography. They come with various
mounting options. You can mount it on
helmet, wrist, body, on vehicles or on
clothing.

11. 360-degree types of cameras are getting popular these

days. They are capable of taking 360-degree photos. Even some
smartphones are capable of doing this job in their extended
panorama feature.
You can take a single 360-degree photo with a single click by using
a dedicated 360-degree camera. So, you can buy one only if you
are really interested in 360-degree photos.

12. Rugged Cameras are Shockproof and

Waterproof cameras. Specification wise it is
more or less similar to point and shoot digital
cameras.

Here, the difference is in the build

quality. Rugged cameras are all-weather and
all-terrain cameras targeted towards
adventurers. So, even if you drop the camera
from a height or into water. It will be able to
withstand the fall to an extent.

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 So, if you are an adventurer or an explorer, then this camera is for you.
Olympus Tough TG-6, Ricoh WG-6, and Fujifilm FinePix XP140 are some of the
popular models in this type of cameras.
Top 10 Digital Photography Tips

Whether you are a beginner or more experienced with photography, here are
some of our favorite tips that will help you improve your photography!

1. Use the Rule of Thirds This rule

helps you take eye-catching pictures by
using one of the most effective rules of
composition. To use the rule of thirds,
imagine four lines, two lying horizontally
across the image and two vertical
creating nine even squares.

Some images will look best with

the focal point in the center square, but
placing the subject off-center at one of
the intersecting points of the imaginary lines will often create a more aesthetically
composed photograph.

2. Avoid Camera Shake Camera shake or blur is something that can plague any
photographer and here are some ways to
avoid it. First, you need to learn how to hold
your camera correctly; use both hands, one
around the body and one around the lens and
hold the camera close to your body for
support.

Also, for handheld shooting, make sure

that you are using a shutter speed that is
appropriate for your lens’ focal length. Use a
tripod or monopod whenever possible.

3. Learn to use the Exposure Triangle To

get your photos looking their best, you
need to master the three basics: Aperture,
Shutter Speed and ISO. You also need to
understand the relationships between
these three controls. When you adjust one
of them, you would usually have to
consider at least one of the others, to get
the desired results.

Using Auto Mode takes care of

these controls, but you pay the price of not getting your photos to look the way you
wanted them, and often disappointing.

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4. Use a Polarizing Filter If you can only
buy one filter for your lens, make it a
polarizer. The recommended type of
polarizer is circular because these allow
your camera to use TTL (through the lens)
metering such as auto exposure.

This filter helps reduce reflections

from water as well as metal and glass; it
improves the colors of the sky and foliage
and will help give your photos the WOW factor. It will do all that while protecting your
lens. There’s no reason why you can’t leave it on for all of your photography.

5. Create a Sense of Depth When photographing landscapes, it helps to create

a sense of depth, in other words, make the viewer feel like they are there. Use a
wide-angle lens for a panoramic view and a
small aperture of f/16 or smaller to keep the
foreground and background sharp.

Placing an object or person in the

foreground helps give a sense of scale and
emphasizes how far away the distance is.
Use a tripod if possible, as a small aperture
usually requires a slower shutter speed.

6. Use Simple Backgrounds The

simple approach is usually the best in
digital photography, and you have to
decide what needs to be in the shot,
while not including anything that is a
distraction.

If possible, choose a plain

background – in other words, neutral
colors and simple patterns. You want
the eye to be drawn to the focal point
of the image rather than a patch of
color or an odd building in the
background. This is especially vital in a shot where the model is placed off center.

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 7. Don’t Use Flash Indoors
Flash can look harsh and unnatural
especially for indoor portraits. Therefore,
there are various ways you can take an
image indoors without resorting to flash.
First, push the ISO up – usually ISO
800 to 1600 will make a big difference for
the shutter speed you can choose. Use the
widest aperture possible – this way more
light will reach the sensor, and you will
have a nice blurred background. Using a tripod or an I.S. (Image Stabilization) lens is
also a great way to avoid blur. If you absolutely must use flash, then use a flash with
a head you can rotate, and point the light to the ceiling on an angle.

8. Choose the Right ISO The ISO setting

determines how sensitive your camera is
to light and also how fine the grain of your
image. The ISO we choose depends on
the situation – when it’s dark we need to
push the ISO up to a higher number, say
anything from 400 – 3200 as this will make
the camera more sensitive to light, and
then we can avoid blurring.

On sunny days we can choose ISO

100 or the Auto setting as we have more
light to work with.

9. Pan to Create Motion If you want to

capture a subject in motion, then use
the panning technique. To do this,
choose a shutter speed around two
steps lower than necessary – so for
1/250, we’d choose 1/60.
Keep your camera on the subject
with your finger half way down on the
shutter to lock the focus and when
ready, take the photo, remembering to follow them as they move. Use a tripod or
monopod if possible to avoid camera shake and get clear movement lines.

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10. Experiment with Shutter Speed
Don’t be afraid to play with the
shutter speed to create some
interesting effects. When taking a
night time shot, use a tripod and try
shooting with the shutter speed set at
4 seconds. You will see that the
movement of the object is captured
along with some light trails.

Creative Photography!
Instructions:
1. Using any of your available cameras at home, make someone take a picture of
you.
2. Print your picture in a photo paper and paste it in your SPA Media Arts notebook.
3. Answer the following questions:
a. What kind of camera did you use?
b. Which of the tips discussed in this module did you practice? Discuss each.

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Creative Photography Rubric:

CRITERIA 2 (Poor) 3 (Moderate) 4 (Good) 5 (Excellent)

Most technical
Poorly Technique
Technical Qualities aspects are
executed, may be erratic
(Exposure, burning, successful; Excellent print
little regard with little
and dodging, focus, materials quality
for print sense of
contrast, light, etc.) generally well
quality challenge
handled
Composition
In contrast to
(Eye movement,
work that
space usage,
receives a
organization, etc.
Composition score of 1, Composition is Excellent.
strong point of
is poor, little there is at generally Composition is
emphasis, uses line,
consideration least some purposeful purposeful
shape, color,
sense of
pattern, etc. to
decision
strengthen
making
composition)
The level of Shows a sense
work may be of invasiveness
Content Shows a sense
Solutions inconsistent, or imagination,
(Fulfills the of effort and
tend to be but the work is a sense of style
assignment, shows some decision
trite strong enough or engagement
intent) making
to offset its with
weakness experimentation
Shows obvious
There is evidence of
Work shows a
successful thinking, it may
Communicative real sense of
There is little, engagement address fairly
Properties effort, but
if any, with some complex visual
(Visual impact, problems are
evidence of aspects of or conceptual
emotional reaction, not
thinking communication ideas, the image
mood, etc.) successfully
through is presented in
resolved
technique an effective way
to communicate

17
Do the following activity in your SPA Media Arts notebook.

It is important that… I agree that… I learned that….

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

Direction: Identify each of the following statements. Write your answers in your SPA
Media Arts notebook.

1. This was the first commercially available DSLR in 1991.

2. These are capable of printing photos just after capturing it.
3. These are for people who are not interested in photography and just wanted
to capture images.
4. If you can only buy one filter for your lens, make it a ______.
5. This is the most popular types of cameras in the market. All professional
photographers will have one in their kit.
6. These are high-end types of cameras used for filming movies or
documentaries.
7. This rule helps you take eye-catching pictures by using one of the most
effective rules of composition.
8. These are known for their miniature size, capable of fitting into many places
where it is tough to mount normal cameras.
9. These types of cameras come with a fixed lens, and most of these cover the
telephoto focal range.
10. ________ can look harsh and unnatural especially for indoor portraits.
11. This was the first digital camera that aimed towards consumers in 1988.

18
12. The first recorded digital image was taken during this year, long before digital
cameras would become commercially available.
13. If possible, choose a ______ background – in other words, neutral colors and
simple patterns.
14. It determines how sensitive your camera is to light and also how fine the grain
of your image.
15. These are Shockproof and Waterproof cameras.

Glossary
The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:
Aperture a hole or an opening through which light travels.
Exposure the amount of light per unit area reaching a frame of
photographic film or the surface of an electronic image sensor,
as determined by shutter speed, lens aperture, etc.
Instant happening or done without delay
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) — an
organization that sets international standards for all different
kinds of measurements. But, when in reference to your camera,
the ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light.
Lens an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a
camera body and mechanism to make images of objects either
on photographic film or on other media capable of storing an
image chemically or electronically.
Monopod also called a unipod, is a single staff or pole used to help
support cameras, binoculars, rifles or other precision
instruments in the field.
Panoramic a technique of photography, using specialized equipment or
software, that captures images with horizontally elongated fields
of view. It is sometimes known as wide format photography.
Polarizer a photographic filter that is typically used in front of a camera
lens in order to reduce reflections, reduce atmospheric haze and
increase color saturation in images.
Shutter Speed or exposure time is the length of time when the film or digital
sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when a
camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph.
Tripod used to stabilize and elevate a camera, a flash unit, or other
photographic equipment. All photographic tripods have three
legs and a mounting head to couple with a camera.

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References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography
https://photographylife.com/what-is-photography
https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/buying-guides/the-best-camera
https://iceland-photo-tours.com/articles/landscape-and-nature-photography/a-brief-
history-of-photography
https://www.photographyaxis.com/photography-articles/different-types-of-cameras/

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