6 Steel As A Building Material

STEEL AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
ALLOY
• STEEL IRON+ CARBON
• BASED ON CARBON CONTENT, CAST IRON STEEL WROUGHT IRON

(2% - 4%) (>0.25% - 1.5%) (0.15%)
• IF CARBON IS IN EXCESS OF 1.5%,IT DOES NOT COMBINE WITH IRON AND IS AVAILABLE AS FREE
GRAPHITE.SO IN A COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS IF THERE ARE NO FREE GRAPHITES IT IS SAID
TO BE “STEEL”.
• STEEL BECOMES HARDER AND TOUGHER AS ITS CARBON CONTENT INCREASES AND AT THE
SATURATION LIMIT OF 1.5% IT COMBINES WITH IRON AND IS NO LONGER IN ITS FREE STATE.
• CAST IRON ONLY TAKE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES AND ITS USE IS LIMITED TO COMPRESSIVE
MEMBERS. WROUGHT IRON ONLY RESIST TENSILE STRESSES.
• COLUMNS OF EARLY SKY SCRAPERS WERE OF CAST IRON AND BEAMS OF WROUGHT IRON.
MANUFACTURE OF STEEL
BESSEMER PROCESS
• SIR.HENRY BESSEMER INVENTED HIS CONVERTOR IN 1857 AND THE OPEN HEARTH
CONVERTOR PRODUCED BETTER QUALITY STEEL TO TAKE UP HIGHER WORKING STRESSES.
• PIG IRON WITH ANY TYPE OF IMPURITIES CAN BE USED
• CONVERTOR HAS GOT TWO DIFFERENT LINING ACIDIC :CLAY/QUARTZ

(THIS PROCESS IS USED WHEN IRON ORES
HAVE VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF SULPHUR OR
PHOSPHOROUS IN THEM)
BASIC :LIME OR MAGNESIA.
• THE CONVERTOR IS A BARREL WITH A WIDE BOTTOM AND A NARROW TOP INTO WHICH THE
MOLTEN PIG IRON FROM BLAST FURNACE IS LOADED ON TO.
• IT HAS A ROTATING OR TILTING ARM ARRANGEMENT ON ITS SIDES.TUYERES OR OPENINGS ARE

PROVIDED AT THE BOTTOM TO ALLOW FOR AIR TO BE FORCED IN ONCE THE BARREL IS LOADED
• HOT AIR IS PUSHED IN,WHICH PASSES THROUGH THE MOLTEN PIG IRON AND THIS SHOWS OFF IN
THE FORM OF A FLAME AT THE TOP.
• FLAME IS ACCOMPANIED BY A LOAD ROARING SOUND AND ALL THE IMPURITES OF PIG IRON ARE
OXIDISED.
• WHEN FLAME REDUCES IN INTENSITY THE TOP IS SHUT OFF AND FERRO MANGANESE OR
SPIEGE LEISEN [COMPOSITION OF IRON CONTAINING 15 TO 30% MANGANESE AND 4 TO 6 % CARBON] IS ADDED TO
MAKE THE DESIRED QUALITY OF STEEL.
• BLAST OF AIR IS PASSED THROUGH THE CHAMBER AGAIN AND THE MOLTEN METAL IS POURED IN
MOULDS FOR SOLIDIFICATION CALLED ‘INGOTS’ WHICH ON FURTHER TREATMENT GIVES US
COMMERCIAL STEEL.
OPEN HEARTH PROCESS
• THIS IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS THE ‘SIEMENS MARTIN’ PROCESS AS IT WAS INVENTED BY
SIEMENS OF GERMANY AROUND 1862 AND MARTIN MADE SOME IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
PROCESS.
• THE PROCESS CAN BE ACIDIC OR BASIC. THIS IS A COMMONLY USED PROCESS
• THE HEARTH IS FILLED WITH MOLTEN PIG IRON.MIXTURE OF PREHEATED AIR AND COAL GAS IS
ALLOWED TO PASS OVER THE HEARTH.
• THE MIXTURE CATCHES FIRE AND BECAUSE OF THE SHAPE OF THE ROOF,
IT ATTACKS THE MOLTEN METAL.
• THIS PRODUCES INTENSE HEAT AND THE IMPURITIES OF METAL ARE OXIDISED.
• THE MOLTEN METAL IS POURED INTO MOULDS TO FORM ‘INGOTS’ AND LATER TREATED TO
REMOVE IMPURITIES OF METAL TO THE DESIRED EXTENT,SUITABLE MATERIAL SUCH AS FERRO
MANGANESE ,SPIEGE LEISEN IS ADDED TO MAKE STEEL OF REQUIRED QUALITY.
• SLAG WHICH IS A RESIDUAL INGREDIENT OBTAINED IN THIS PROCESS CONTAINS PHOSPHORUS

WHICH CAN BE USED AS A GOOD FERTILIZER.
•
• A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF SCRAP IS UTILIZED IN THIS PROCESS AND THE SCRAP CAN BE
CONVERTED INTO USEFUL STEEL .
• STEEL MANUFACTURED IN THIS PROCESS IS HOMOGENOUS IN NATURE.

MARKET FORMS
ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS ARE AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING SHAPES IN THE MARKET
1] ANGLE SECTION 13] THERMO MECHANICALLY TREATED BARS
2]CHANNEL SECTION 14] COLD TWISTED DEFORMED BARS
3]CORRUGATED SHEETS 15] WELDED WIRE FABRIC
4]EXPANDED METAL
5] T - SECTIONS
6] I - SECTIONS
7] PLATES
8] RIBBED BARS
9]ROUND BARS
10] SQUARE BARS
11] FLAT BARS
12] RIBBED MILD STEEL BARS

ANGLE SECTIONS
ANGLE SECTIONS MAY BE OF EQUAL LEGS OR UNEQUAL LEGS
EQUAL ANGLE SIZES CAN VARY FROM 20mm X 20mm X 3mm TO 200 mm x 200 mm X 25mm
UNEQUAL ANGLE SIZES VARYING FROM 30mm x20mmx3mm TO 200mm x 150mm x 25mm
ANGLE SECTIONS ARE EXTENSIVELY USED
IN STRUCTURAL STEELWORK ESPECIALLY
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STEEL ROOF
TRUSSES AND FILLER JOINT FLOORS.
CORRUGATED SHEET
• THESE ARE FORMED BY PASSING STEEL SHEETS
THROUGH GROOVES WHICH BEND AND PRESS
THE SHEETS AND CORRUGATIONS ARE FORMED.
• THEY ARE THEN GALVANISED .
• USED FOR ROOF COVERING.
CHANNEL SECTION
• THE CHANNEL SECTIONS CONSISTS OF A WEB AND TWO EQUAL FLANGES. A

CHANNEL SECTION IS DESIGNATED BY THE HEIGHT OF THE WEB AND WIDTH OF
THE FLANGE.
• THE BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS HAS CLASSIFIED CHANNEL SECTIONS AS
JUNIOR,LIGHT AND MEDIUM CHANNEL AND ACCORDINGLY THEY ARE DESIGNATED
AS ISJC,ISLC AND ISMC RESPECTIVELY
• THE CHANNELS ARE WIDELY USED AS THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF STEEL
FRAMED STRUCTURE.
I SECTIONS
• THE BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS HAS CLASSIFIED BEAMS AS

JUNIOR,LIGHT,MEDIUM,WIDE FLANGE AND HEAVY AND ARE DESIGNATED
AS ISJB,ISLB,ISMB,ISWB,AND ISHB RESPECTIVELY.
• POPULARLY KNOWN AS ROLLED STEEL JOISTS OR BEAMS .IT CONSISTS

OF TWO FLANGES CONNECTED BY A WEB.
• THE ROLLED STEEL JOISTS ARE ECONOMICAL IN MATERIAL AND ARE

SUITABLE FOR FLOOR BEAMS,LINTELS ,COLUMNS ETC.
• THE ECONOMY IN MATERIAL IS ACHIEVED BY CONCENTRATING THE

MATERIAL IN TWO FLANGES WHERE BENDING STRESSES ARE
MAXIMUM.
• A beam is defined as a structural member subjected to transverse loads.
• The term joist is use for beams of light sections. Joist support floor construction; they
do not support other beams. The term subsidiary beam or secondary beam is also
used for the beams supporting floor construction.
• Main beams are the supporting joists for subsidiary beams. These are called floor
beams in buildings. The term girder is most commonly used in buildings. Any major
beam in a structure is known as a girder.
• In the roof trusses, horizontal beams spanning between the two adjacent trusses are
known as purlins. The beams resting on the purlins are known as common rafter or
simply rafters.
• The beams at the outside wall of a building, supporting its share of the floor and also
wall upto the floor above it are known as spandrel beams.
• The beams framed to two beams at right angles to it and usually supporting joists on
one side of it; used at openings such as stair wells are known as headers. The
beams supporting the headers are termed as trimmers. The beams supporting the
stair steps are called as stringers.
T SECTIONS
• THE SHAPE OF THIS SECTION IS SAME AS THE LETTER ‘ T’ AND IT

CONSISTS OF A WEB AND A FLANGE.
• IT IS DESIGNATED BY OVERALL DIMENSIONS AND THICKNESS.
• SPECIAL T SECTIONS WITH UNEQUAL SIDES,BULB AT THE BOTTOM

• OF THE WEB ARE ALSO AVAILABLE.
• THESE SECTIONS ARE WIDELY USED AS MEMBERS OF STEEL ROOF
• TRUSSES AND TO FORM BUILT UP SECTIONS.
• IN ADDITION ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS ARE AVAILABLE IN

• MISCELLANEOUS SECTIONS SUCH AS ACUTE AND OBTUSE ANGLE
• SECTIONS,RAIL SECTIONS,TROUGH SECTIONS AND ‘ Z ‘ SECTIONS.
• THESE MISCELLANEOUS SECTIONS ARE USED TO A LIMITED EXTENT
• IN THE STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK.
EXPANDED METAL
• THIS FORM OF STEEL IS AVAILABLE
IN DIFFERENT SHAPES AND SIZES. A
PLAIN EXPANDED METAL IS
PREPARED FROM SHEETS OF MILD
STEEL WHICH ARE MACHINE CUT
AND DRAWN OUT OR EXPANDED. A
DIAMOND MESH APPEARANCE IS
THUS FORMED THROUGH THE
WHOLE AREA OF SUCH SHEETS.
• THE EXPANDED METAL IS WIDELY
USED FOR REINFORCING CONCRETE
IN FOUNDATIONS
ROADS,FLOORS,BRIDGES.IT IS ALSO
USED AS LATHING MATERIAL AND AS
PARTITION .
FLAT BARS
•THESE BARS ARE AVAILABLE IN
• WIDTHS OF 10 TO 400 MM AND
• THICKNESS OF 3 MM TO 40MM.
• WIDELY USED FOR GRILLWORK FOR
• WINDOWS AND GATES.
PLATES
THE PLATE SECTIONS OF STEEL VARY
IN THICKNESS FROM 5mmTO 50 mm.
THEY ARE MAINLY USED FOR THE
FOLLOWING PURPOSES IN STRUCTURAL
STEEL WORK.
a] TO CONNECT STEEL BEAMS FOR
EXTENTION OF THE LENGTH
b] TO SERVE AS TENSIONAL MEMEBERS
OF STEEL ROOF TRUSS.
c] TO FORM BUILT UP SECTION OF
STEEL.
BARS
ROUND AND SQUARE SIZE AND

DIAMETER FROM 5MM TO 250 MM.
MAINLY USED FOR GRILL WORK.
ROUND BARS ARE USED AS

REINFORCEMENT FOR CONC WORKS.
THANK
YOU

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6 Steel As A Building Material

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STEEL AS A BUILDING MATERIAL

• BASED ON CARBON CONTENT, CAST IRON STEEL WROUGHT IRON

• PIG IRON WITH ANY TYPE OF IMPURITIES CAN BE USED

• CONVERTOR HAS GOT TWO DIFFERENT LINING ACIDIC :CLAY/QUARTZ

BASIC :LIME OR MAGNESIA.

• IT HAS A ROTATING OR TILTING ARM ARRANGEMENT ON ITS SIDES.TUYERES OR OPENINGS ARE

• THE PROCESS CAN BE ACIDIC OR BASIC. THIS IS A COMMONLY USED PROCESS

• SLAG WHICH IS A RESIDUAL INGREDIENT OBTAINED IN THIS PROCESS CONTAINS PHOSPHORUS

• STEEL MANUFACTURED IN THIS PROCESS IS HOMOGENOUS IN NATURE.

1] ANGLE SECTION 13] THERMO MECHANICALLY TREATED BARS

2]CHANNEL SECTION 14] COLD TWISTED DEFORMED BARS

3]CORRUGATED SHEETS 15] WELDED WIRE FABRIC

10] SQUARE BARS

11] FLAT BARS

12] RIBBED MILD STEEL BARS

• THE CHANNEL SECTIONS CONSISTS OF A WEB AND TWO EQUAL FLANGES. A

• THE BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS HAS CLASSIFIED BEAMS AS

• POPULARLY KNOWN AS ROLLED STEEL JOISTS OR BEAMS .IT CONSISTS

• THE ROLLED STEEL JOISTS ARE ECONOMICAL IN MATERIAL AND ARE

• THE ECONOMY IN MATERIAL IS ACHIEVED BY CONCENTRATING THE

• THE SHAPE OF THIS SECTION IS SAME AS THE LETTER ‘ T’ AND IT

• SPECIAL T SECTIONS WITH UNEQUAL SIDES,BULB AT THE BOTTOM

• IN ADDITION ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS ARE AVAILABLE IN

ROUND AND SQUARE SIZE AND

ROUND BARS ARE USED AS

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