Square Rubble and Ashlar Masonry

STONE MASONRY –
SQUARE RUBBLE AND ASHLAR MASONRY
Presented by
Ar.P.Harihara Sudhan
Architect
CLASSIFICATION OF STONES:
• IGNEOUS ROCKS: Formed by the agency of heat. The molten

material subsequently become solidified.
• Example: GRANITE,BASALT
• SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: Formed by the agency of water. Broken
particles of igneous rocks, conveyed and deposited by streams,
accumulated to form a thick strata, which are hardened by high
pressure.
• Example: LIMESTONES,SAND STONES
• METAMORPHIC ROCKS: Embraced igneous or sedimentary
rocks changed from their original form (Metamorphosed) by
heat or pressure or both
• Example: MARBLE,QUARTZITE
CHARACTERISTICS OF STONES:
• APPEARANCE : Color, Texture and Pattern

• WEIGHT: Stone’s strength and durability depends on its weight.
• DURABILITY: Durability is primarily due to Compactness and
Homogeneity
• STRENGTH: Ability to withstand wear and tears of severe weather
and earthquakes.
• HARDNESS: Compactness enables the stones to resist damage
from scratching or chipping.
• POROSITY: More absorption or high porosity of water results in
expansion and crack. Less porosity results in strong and
sustainable structure.
• RESISTANCE: Stone is highly resistance to Fire and electricity.
PROPERTIES OF STONES:
• STRUCTURE: The structure of the stone may be stratified (layered) or

unstratified. Stratified stones should be easily dressed and suitable for
super structure. Unstratified stones are hard and difficult to dress.
They are preferred for the foundation works.
• DENSITY: Denser stones are stronger. Light weight stones are weak.
Hence stones with specific gravity less than 2.4 are considered
unsuitable for buildings.
• HARDNESS: Coefficient of hardness is to be found by conducting test
on standard specimen in Dory’s testing machine. For building works
stones with coefficient of hardness less than 14 should not be used. For
road works coefficient of hardness should be at least 17.
• EASE OF DRESSING: Cost of dressing contributes to cost of stone
masonry to a great extent. Dressing is easy in stones with lesser
strength.
PROPERTIES OF STONES:
STRENGTH: Indian standard code recommends, a minimum

crushing strength of 3.5 N/mm2 for any building block.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STONE MASONRY:
• STONEMASONRY SHOULD BE DESIGN TO TAKE

THE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES AND
NOT TENSILE STRESSES.
• THE STONE SHOULD BE DRESSED PROPERLY AS PER THE
REQUIREMENTS.
• THE PRESSURE WHICH IS ACTING ON THE STONES
SHOULD BE IN THE VERTICAL PLANE.
SEASONING:
• THE STONES OBTAINED FROM QUARRY CONTAIN
MOISTURE IN THE PORES.
• THE STRENGTH OF THE STONE IMPROVES IF THIS
MOISTURE IS REMOVED BEFORE USING THE STONE.
• THE PROCESS OF REMOVING MOISTURE FROM PORES IS
CALLED SEASONING.
• THE BEST WAY OF SEASONING IS TO ALLOW IT TO THE
ACTION OF NATURE FOR 6 TO 12 MONTHS.
• WELL SEASONED STONES ARE USED FOR MASONRY WORKS
DRESSING:
THE PROCESS OF GIVING A PROPER SIZE, SHAPE AND FINISH TO
THE ROUGHLY BROKEN STONES AS OBTAINED FROM THE QUARRY.
THIS PROCESS IS DONE MANUALLY OR MECHANICALLY.
TRADITIONAL TYPES OF DRESSING:
Boasted dressing
Pitched dressing
Scabbling finish
Hammer dressing
Reticulated finish
Chisel drafting Vermiculated finish
Rough tooling Dragged finish
Punched dressing Picked dressing
Picked tooling Polished finish
CLASSIFICATION OF STONE MASONRY:
• 1. RUBBLE MASONRY :
• Consists of block of stones either dressed or
undressed and having wide joints.
• 2. ASHLAR MASONRY :
• Consists of blocks of stones which are
carefully dressed and having narrow joints.
CLASSIFICATION OF STONE MASONRY:
• 1. RUBBLE MASONRY :
• Further classified into,
– A) RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
– i) Uncoursed
– ii) Built to courses
– B) SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
– i) Uncoursed
– ii) Built to course
– Iii)Regular coursed
– C) MISCELLANEOUS
– i) Polygonal walling
– ii)Flint walling
– iii) Lake district masonry
SQUARED RUBBLE
• THE STONES ARE SQUARED AND BROUGHT TO
HAND DRESSED OR MACHINE DRESSED FINISHES
SQUARED RUBBLE : UNCOURSED
• ALSO KNOWN AS SQUARE SNECKED RUBBLE
• THE STONES ARE ALMOST SQUARED AND
AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS SIZES
• THE STONES ARE ARRANGED ON FACE WITH
SEVERAL RANDOM OR IRREGULAR PATTERNS.
SQUARED RUBBLE : UNCOURSED
• TO ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE APPEARANCE
AND STRENGTH DIFFERENT TYPES OF
STONES ARE USED:
• RISER (OR) JUMBER : THESE ARE THE
STONES EXTEND UP THROUGH THE
HORIZONTAL BEDS. THEY CAN BE
SQUARE, OR ALMOST SQUARE, OR UP TO
THREE TIMES AS LONG AS THEY ARE
HIGH.
• LEVELLERS: LEVELLERS ARE THINNER
STONES .THESE FORM THE BULK OF THE
WALL. THEY ARE USUALLY AT LEAST TWICE
AS LONG AND UP TO FIVE TIMES AS LONG
AS THEY ARE HIGH.
• SNECK (OR) CHECK: THESE ARE THE
SMALLER PIECES THAT ENABLE THE
MASON TO MAKE UP THE DIFFERENTIAL
IN HEIGHT BETWEEN THE TOP SURFACES
OF THE LEVELERS AND THE RISERS.
SQUARED RUBBLE : BUILT TO COURSE
• THIS TYPE IS SIMILAR TO
“RANDOM RUBBLE : BUILT TO
COURSE”
• SQUARE SHAPED LARGER
THROUGH STONES ARE PLACED
AT AN INTERVAL AND IN
BETWEEN THEM, QUOINS, JAMB
STONE , BONDERS AND SMALLER
STONES OF SAME HEIGHT ARE
BUILT TO THE HEIGHT OF THE
LARGER STONES (THROUGH
STONE)
• THIS LATTER ARRANGEMENT IS
ALSO KNOWN AS COURSED
HEADER WORK.
SQUARED RUBBLE:REGULAR COURSED
• BUILT IN COURSES OF VARYING
HEIGHT.
• EACH COURSE HAVE STONES WITH
SAME HEIGHT
• STONE THICKNESS VARYING FROM
50MM TO 225MM.
• STONE WIDTH VARYING FROM
150MM TO 225MM ON BED
• THIS WORK NEEDS AVAILABILITY
OF PLENTIFUL AND CONVINIENT
SUPPLY OF HARD STONE OF GOOD
COLOUR AND SATISFACTORY
WEATHERING QUALITY.
SQUARED RUBBLE:REGULAR COURSED
• IT IS A SUPERIOR VARIETY OF
RUBBLE MASONRY.
• STONES USED ARE SQUARED
ON ALL JOINTS AND BEDS AND
LAID IN COURSES
• STONES ARE LAID IN COURSES
OF EQUAL LAYERS.
• JOINTS ARE UNIFORM.
SQUARED RUBBLE REGULAR COURSED
IN REGULAR COURSED WALLING, LARGE SQUARED STONE BLOCKS THAT ARE EITHER
HAMMER-FACED OR PITCH-FACED IS CALLED AS BLOCK IN COURSE. IT IS USUALLY
ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY ENGINEERING WORKS SUCH AS, CONSTRUCTION OF SEA
WALLS, RETAINING WALLS,BRIDGES ETC.
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
• ASHLAR MASONRY CONSISTS OF BLOCKS
OF ACCURATELY DRESSED STONE WITH
FINE BEDS AND END JOINTS.
• THE THICKNESS OF THESES JOINTS ARE
OFTEN ONLY 3MM AND RARELY 5MM
• THE BLOCKS ARE CUT PERFECTLY TRUE
TO THE REQUIRED SHAPE
• THE COURSES ARE NOT NECESSARILY OF
SAME HEIGHT.
• THE HEIGHT OF THE STONE VARIES FROM
250MM TO 300MM.THE LENGTH OF THE
STONE SHOULD NOT EXCEED THREE
TIMES THE HEIGHT. THE DEPTH SHOULD
BE ATLEAST EQUAL TO HALF THE HEIGHT.
ASHLAR MASONRY
• ASHLAR ROUGH TOOLED MASONRY
• ASHLAR FINE TOOLED MASONRY
• ASHLAR ROCK OR QUARRY FACED MASONRY
• ASHLAR CHAMFERED MASONRY
• ASHLAR BLOCK IN COURSE.
ASHLAR ROUGH TOOLED MASONRY
• THE BEDS AND SIDES ARE
FINELY CHISEL-DRESSED.
• FACE IS MADE ROUGH BY
MEANS OF TOOLS
• A STRIP OF 25MM THICK IS
PROVIDED AROUND THE
PERIMETER OF EVERY STONE
EXPOSED FOR VIEW.
• THE THICKNESS OF MORTOR
JOINTS DOES NOT EXCEED 6MM
• ITS ALSO CALLED AS BASTARD
ASHLAR.
ASHLAR FINE TOOLED MASONRY
• THE BEDS ,SIDES AND FACES
ARE FINELY CHISEL DRESSED
• THE STONES ARE ARRANGED IN
PROPER BOND AND THICKNESS
OF THE MORTAR JOINTS DOES
NOT EXCEED 3MM
• THIS CONSTRUCTION GIVES
PERFECTLY SMOOTH
APPEARANCE.
• ITS ALSO COSTLY IN
CONSTRUCTION
ASHLAR ROCK OR QUARRY FACED MASONRY
• SIMILAR TO ASHLAR ROUGH-

TOOLED MASONRY
• A STRIP OF 25MM WIDE IS
PROVIDED AROUND THE PERIMETER
OF THE EVERY STONE EXPOSED.
• REMAINING PORTION OF EXPOSED
STONE LEFT IN THE SAME FORM AS
RECEIVED FROM QUARRY.
• PROJECTIONS IN THE FACE KNOWN
AS BUSHING,WHICH ARE EXCEEDING
80MM ARE REMOVED BY HAMMER.
ASHLAR CHAMFERED MASONRY
• SIMILAR TO ROUGH TOOLED AND

QUARRY FACED MASONRY, A STRIP IS
PROVIDED AROUND THE PERIMETER
OF EVERY STONE.
• BUT IT IS CHAMFERED OR BEVELLED
AT AN ANGLE OF 45 DEGREESBY
MEANS OF CHISEL FOR A DEPTH OF
25MM.
• ANOTHER STRIP OF 12 MM THICK IS
PROVIDED AT THE PERIMETER OF THE
REMAINING EXPOSED FACE OF THE
STONE
• AND THE SURFACE INSIDE THE 12MM
STRIP IS LEFT IN THE SAM FORM AS IT
IS RECEIVED FROM QUARRY.
ASHLAR BLOCK IN COURSE.
• TYPE OF MASONRY INTERMEDIATE

BETWEEN RUBBLE MASONRY AND
ASHLAR MASONRY.
• THE FACES OF THE STONES ARE
GENERALLY HAMMER DRESSED
• MORTAR THICKNESS DOES NOT
EXCEEDS 6MM
• DEPTH OF THE COURSE VARIES FROM
200MM TO 300MM
• THIS TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION USED
IN HEAVY ENGINEERING WORKS
SUCH AS CONSTRUCTION OF SEA
WALLS,RETAING WALLS,BRIDGES ETC.
THANK YOU

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STONE MASONRY –

SQUARE RUBBLE AND ASHLAR MASONRY

• IGNEOUS ROCKS: Formed by the agency of heat. The molten

• APPEARANCE : Color, Texture and Pattern

• STRUCTURE: The structure of the stone may be stratified (layered) or

STRENGTH: Indian standard code recommends, a minimum

• STONEMASONRY SHOULD BE DESIGN TO TAKE

• SIMILAR TO ASHLAR ROUGH-

• SIMILAR TO ROUGH TOOLED AND

• TYPE OF MASONRY INTERMEDIATE

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