Building Construction
Building Construction
Building Construction
me/Civil_engg_competitive_exam)
❖Building construction
❖ Classification of building According National Building code of India,
2005
❖Foundations
• Lowest parts of the structure which are in direct contact with the ground and
which transmit the loads of the structure to the ground are known as
Foundation.
• Types of foundation
A. Shallow foundation
▪ The depth of foundations is generally equal to or less than its width is called
shallow foundation.
6. Grillage footing: This type of footing is used to transmit heavy loads from
steel columns to foundation soils having low bearing capacity
7. Raft Foundation: A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire
area beneath a structure and supports all the columns.
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B. Deep foundation
1. Bearing piles - Penetrate through soft soil and their bottom rest on a hard
stratum.
2. Friction piles - The frictional resistance is equal to load coming on the piles
3. Screw piles -Used for gravely ground sand, mixed gravel ground
II. Timber piles - Small bearing capacity, not suitable for hard soil and
economical
III. Steel piles - With stand impact stresses and resist lateral forces
• Sand piles - Not suitable for loose or wet soils or where is a danger of scour.
Easy to construct and irrespective of water table.
❖Masonry
• Masonry can be classified into the following categories.
1. Stone masonry
2. Brick masonry
4. Reinforced masonry
5. Composite masonry
• Definitions of terms
3. Back: The inner surface of wall not exposed is called back. The material
forming back is known as backing
4. Face: The exterior of the wall exposed to weather is known as face. The
material used in the facing of wall is known as facing
6. Header: It is a brick or stone, which lies with its greatest length at right
angles to the face of the work.
7. Stretcher: It is a brick or a stone which lies with it’s congest side parallel to
the face of the work
8. Bond: The method of arranging bricks so that the individual units are tied
together
9. Spalls: The chips of stones used for filling the interstices in stone masonry
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12.Closer: It is the portion of a brick cut in such a manner that its one long face
remains uncut
14.King closer: It is the portion of brick obtained by cutting off the triangular
piece between the centre of one end and the centre of one side.
15.Bevelled closer: It is the portion of a brick in which the whole length of the
brick is bevelled for maintaining half width at one end and full width at the
other
18.Corbel: It is the extension of one or more course of stone or brick from the
face of a wall to serve as a support for wall plates
20.Coping: It is the course placed upon the exposed top of an external wall to
prevent the seepage of water.
❖ Stone masonry
▪ Pavements, railway ballast, doorsits and steps: Granite slabs and slate
2. Square: This is made of flat steel having each arm about 0.5m long
3. Plumb rule and bob: This is used to check the vertically of walls
5. Line and pin: This is used to maintain the alignment of the work in
progress
7. Pick axe: This is employed for dressing of rough stone and split the
stones in the quarry
10.Spall hammer: This is heavy hammer used for rough Dressing of stones
11.Mallet: The wooden hammer used for driving of wooded headed chisels
17.Nicker: This is employed to draw fine chisel lines on the stone surface
19.Wedge and feathers: They are employed for cutting the stones after
they have been bored with jumper.
▪ Rubble masonry
➢ In this category, the stones used are either undressed or roughly dressed
having wider joints.
5. Ashlar Masonry
▪ This type of masonry is built from accurately dressed stones with uniform
and fine joints of about 3mm thickness by arranging the stone blocks in
various patterns
I. Ashlar fine
V. Ashlar chamfered
❖ Brick masonry
1. Stretcher bond: In this type of bond all the bricks are laid with their lengths
in the direction of the wall.
2. Header bond: In this type of bond all the bricks are laid with their ends
towards the face of the wall.
3. English bond: In this type of bond alternate course of headers and stretchers
are laid
4. Double Flemish bond: In this type, alternate heads and stretchers are laid
in each course
6. Garden wall bond: This type of bond is employed for the construction of
garden walls, compound walls, boundary walls etc.
7. Facing bond: In this type of bond bricks of different thickness are used in
the facing and backing of the wall.
8. Dutch bond: This is the modified form of English bond. The corners of the
wall provided with dutch bond are quite strong.
9. Raking bond: In this type of bond alternate courses are placed in different
directions to get maximum strength in the wall.
10.English cross bond: In this bond every alternate stretcher course has a
header placed next to the quolin stretcher and rest of the details are similar to
English bond
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❖Stairs
▪ A stair is set of steps leading from one floor to the other
▪ The room or enclosure of the building, in which the stair is located, is known
as staircase
▪ The opening occupied by the stair is known as stairway
• Technical Terms
2. Tread: It is the upper horizontal portion of a step upon which the foot is
placed while ascending or descending.
5. Landing: It is the level platform at the top or bottom of a flight between the
floors. A landing facilitates change of direction and provides an opportunity
for taking rest during the use of the stair.
8. Nosing: It is the projecting part of the tread beyond the face of the riser. It is
usually rounded off from architectural considerations.
12.Pitch or slope: It is the angle which the line of nosing of the stair makes
with the horizontal.
13.Strings or stringers: These are the sloping members which supports the
steps in a stair. They run along the slope of the stair.
14.Newel post: Newel post is a vertical member which is placed at the end of
flights to connect the ends of strings and hand rail.
• Width of stair
• Length of flight
➢ The numbers of steps are not more than 12 and not less than 3
• Pitch of stair
• Head room
• Step dimensions
➢ Going: - The going should not be less than 25cm. 30cm going is quite
comfortable
1) (2 × Rise) + Going = 60
2) Rise + Going = 40 to 60
• Classification of stairs
1. Straight stair
2. Turning stair
d) Bifurcated stair
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3. Continuous stairs
a) Circular stair
b) Spiral stair
c) Helical stair
❖Roof
• A roof may be defined as the uppermost part of a building, provided as a
structural covering to protect the building from weather.
• Types of roof
1. Pitched or sloping roof: Pitched roof is the one which slope of roof more
than 10°
2. Flat roofs or terraced roofs: Flat roof is the one which is either horizontal
or practically horizontal with slope less than 10°
3. Curved roofs
1. Pitched Roof
d) Gambrel roof: This type of roof which slope in two direction but there is
break in each slope
e) Mansard roof: This type of roof which slope in four direction but each
slope has break
f) Deck roof: This type of roof which slope in four direction but plane surface
is formed at top.
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2. Rise: It is the vertical distance between the top of the ridge and the wall
plate
5. Eaves: The lower edge of the inclined surfaces is called eaves. From
eaves, the rain water from the roof surface drops down
9. Verge: The edge of a gable, running between the eaves and ridge, is
known as a verge.
13.Hip rafters: These are the sloping rafters which form the hip of a sloped
roof
14.Battens: These are thin strips of wood, called scantling, which are nailed
to the rafters for lying roof materials above.
15.Boardings: They act Similar to battens and are nailed to common rafter
to support roofing material.
17.Cleats: These are short sections of wood or steel (angle iron), which are
fixed on the principal rafters of trusses to support the purlins.
1. Single roof
3. Trussed roof
❖Doors
• A door may be defined as an openable barrier secured in a wall opening.
• Technical Terms
11.Panel: This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.
14.Hold fasts: These are mild steel flats (section 30 mm x 6 mm), generally
bent into Z-shape, to fix or hold the frame to the opening. The horizontal
length of hold fast is kept about 20 cm, and is embedded in the masonry.
15.Jamb: This is the vertical wall face of an opening which supports the
frame.
• Size of doors
Designation of door
❖Window
• Window is vented barrier secured in wall opening
➢ The total area of window opening - 10% to 20% of floor area of the room
➢ The area of window opening should be at least one square metre for
every 30 to 40 cubic metre of inside content of the room.
➢ For sufficient natural light, the area of glazed panels should at least be 8
to 10% of the floor area
• Bay window: Bay window projected outside the external wall of the room.
• Clere storey window: These windows are provided in a room which has
greater ceiling height than the surrounding rooms or when a lean to roof of
low height is there adjacent to the room.
❖Formwork
• Formwork is a temporary ancillary construction used as a mould for the
structure, in which concrete is placed and in which it hardens and matures.
❖Plastering
• Plastering is the process of covering rough surface of walls, column, ceiling
and other building components with thin coat mortars to form a smooth
durable surface.
1. Lime mortar
2. Cement mortar
7. Dubbing coat: This is the process of filling up hollow spaces in the solid
background, before applying the main body of the plaster.
8. Finishing coat: It is the final coat of plaster. Such a coat is also known as
setting coat or skimming coat.
12.Grounds: These are the wooden strips fixed to the back-ground to which
primary finishing may be secured.
16.Peeling: This is the term applied to the dislodgment of Plaster Work from
the background.
17.Under-coats: These are the coats of plaster applied under the Finishing
coat
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b) Building blocks: 3, 2 or 1
d) Stone work: 3 to 2
h) Cork slab: 2 or 1
• Defects in plastering
2. Cracking
❖Pointing
• The term pointing is applied to the finishing of mortar joint in masonry.
❖Thermal insulation
• Thermal insulation is used to indicate the construction or provisions by way
of which transmission of heat from or in the room is retarded.
• Heat transfer
• Technical terms
7. Total thermal resistance (RT): The total thermal resistance is the sum
of the surface resistances and the thermal resistance of the building unit
itself.
❖Acoustics
• It is science of sound which deals with origin, propagation and auditory
sensention of sound and also with design and construction of different
building unit is set optimum conditions for producing and listening speech,
music etc.
• Webler & Fechners law: It states that the magnitude of any sensation is
proportional to the logarithm of the physical stimulus that produces it.
➢ {L ∞ logI}
➢ So, L = klog(I/Io)
1. Echoes: An echo is produced when the reflected sound wave reaches the
ear just when the original sound from the same source has been already
heard.
D. 3 to 5 sec – Bad
B. Churches: 1.8 to 3
D. Large hall: 2 to 3
❖Plumbing services
• The services like water supply, drainage, sanitation etc. are sometimes
known as plumbing services.
• Pipes
1. Soil pipe: A soil pipe is a pipe through which human excreta flows
2. Waste pipe: It is a pipe which carries only the liquid waste. It does not carry
human excreta.
3. Vent pipe: It is pipe which is provided for the purpose of the ventilation of
the system. It facilitate exit of foul gases
➢ Vent pipe: 50 mm
• Traps
▪ Classification of traps
A. According to shape
1) P trap
3) S trap
B. According to use
1) Floor trap or nahni trap: It is used to collect wash water from floors,
kitchen and rooms.
• systems of plumbing
▪ This is the simplest in which the waste matter from baths, sinks as well as
foul matter from WC. are discharged in one single pipe is called Soil &
waste pipe (SWP)
▪ This is modified from of the single stack system and one pipe system.
▪ In this system the waste from WC, sinks etc. is discharged into one
common SWP
▪ In this system separate soil pipe and waste pipe are provided
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4. Privacy
8. Furniture requirements
12.Access: The principle of access stresses the need for ease in moving from
room to room.
14.Climate and it's affect: The climate of a place also affect the planning of a
building
• Floor area:
➢ It includes door and other opening, internal pillars & supports, plaster
along the wall exceeding 300 m2
• Built up area:
• Carpet area