This is a before and after illustration of a debris avalanche of

Mount Pinatubo located on the tripoint boundary of the

Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga, all
in Central Luzon on the northern part of Luzon. Based
from the illustration, analyze and answer the following questions
thoroughly.

Guide questions:
1.What happened to the appearance of the crater after the
volcanic eruption?

2. What happened to the portions of the volcano that were

removed?

3. What geologic hazard could be responsible for the movement

of the soil?

*Image Source: “24 Shocking Before-After Photos You Won't Believe Are Real: Natural Disasters, Geology, Before after Photo.”
Pinterest. Accessed July 1, 2020. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/232568768230237588/.
LEARNING TASKS:
DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS;
ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS; &
RECOGNIZE SIGNS OF IMPENDING GEOLOGICAL
HAZARDS.
LANDSLIDE
 A ground movement on a sloping terrain.
 It does not happen on flat ground because of the angle on
the ground, gravity induces the land to move downward.
 It is aggravated by rain because water is a natural agent for
erosion.
 Source of water frequently flows down a sloping area, the
gravitational descent of loosened soil makes it possible for
landslide to occur.
LANDSLIDE
 Areas with: steep slope, dense population and denuded terrain are
distinguished by a high susceptibility to rainfall-induced landslide hazards.
 Long or regular rain may saturate the topsoil and the bedrock, weakening
the soil base of buildings or structures.
 Without plants and trees whose roots can absorb water and hold the soil
together, subsequent rain water can continue to loosen up the soil that
anchors the buildings. A heavy downpour of rain can quickly destroy these
buildings and communities, giving way to landslides, mudslides, or
mudflows.
TYPES OF LANDSLIDE

• SOIL CREEP LANDSLIDEIS A VERY

SLOW DOWNSLOPE MOVEMENT OF
PARTICLES THAT OCCURS IN EVERY
SLOPE COVERED WITH LOOSE,
WEATHERED MATERIAL (BRITANNICA
DICTIONARY).
TYPES OF LANDSLIDE
• SLUMPING LANDSLIDE IS A
DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF ROCK
DEBRIS, USUALLY THE CONSEQUENCE
OF REMOVAL OF BUTTRESSING EARTH
AT THE FOOT OF A SLOPE OF
UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL
(BRITANNICA DICTIONARY).
TYPES OF LANDSLIDE

• DEBRIS FLOW LANDSLIDE HAPPENS

WHEN THE SLOPE BECOMES SATURATED
WITH WATER, THIS THEN TRIGGERS A
LANDSLIDE OF WATER-SOAKED MASS
OF ROCK AND SOIL THAT SLIDES
DOWN THE SLOPE.
TYPES OF LANDSLIDE

• ROCK FALL LANDSLIDES ARE SUDDEN

SLIDES CAUSED BY HEAVY RAIN THE
ROCK ON THE SLOPE LOOSENS AND
THEN SLIDES DOWN THE SLOPE.
SINKHOLE
• A SINKHOLE IS A
TOPOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS:
DEPRESSION CREATED WHEN
• OCCUR IN AREAS WHERE THE SOIL FOUNDATION
GROUNDWATER DISSOLVES THE
IS MADE OF SOFT MINERALS AND ROCKS SUCH
UNDERLYING LIMESTONE BEDROCK.
AS LIMESTONE, SALT BEDS, OR ANY ACIDIC
OFTEN KNOWN AS "SINK" OR
ROCKS.
"DOLINE,".
• THE DEPTH OF SINKHOLES RANGES FROM A
COUPLE OF METERS TO SEVERAL MILE DEEP.
 1 Water from the rainfall seeps underneath the soil
through the cracks and fissures

2 It erodes the soil and forms a conduit system

HOW IT OCCURS? 3 This can either form a void filled with air with an
underground drainage

4 It forms a depression which then accumulates

water and forms a pond

5 It forms a hole once the cover collapses into the

void which can be either filled with air or water
TYPES OF SINKHOLE
• COVER COLLAPSE SINKHOLE
IT DEVELOPS SUDDENLY (OVER
AN HOUR PERIOD) THUS, CAUSING
CATASTROPHIC DAMAGE.
• COVER SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLE
IT GRADUALLY GROWS WHERE
THE SEDIMENT COVERS ARE
PERMEABLE AND CONTAIN SAND.
 TYPES OF SINKHOLE
• DISSOLUTION SINKHOLE
IT OCCURS IN AREAS WHERE CALCAREOUS IS
EXPOSED ON THE GROUND OR WHERE THIN LAYERS
OF SOIL AND PERMEABLE SAND ARE ALSO COVERED.
LIMESTONE OR DOLOMITE DISSOLUTION IS MOST
INTENSE WHEN THE WATER FIRST REACHES THE ROCK
SURFACE.
• ARTIFICIAL SINKHOLE
SUCH TYPES OF SINKS MAY BE CAUSED BY
VARIOUS HUMAN ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING
GROUNDWATER PUMPING AND BUILDING.
WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING LANDSLIDE
EARLIER LANDSLIDE AS INDICATOR
• IF THERE’S FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF LANDSLIDES IN A SECTION, IT
IMPLIES THAT THE SOIL IN THIS AREA IS WEAK AND HAS UNSTABLE
GEOLOGY; THUS, MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LANDSLIDES. THIS MAY BE
CAUSED BY LACK OF VEGETATION, WEATHERING, EROSION, ETC.
• MULTIPLE LANDSLIDE EVENTS WITHIN THE SAME PLACE ARE
RETROGRESSIVE, PIECEMEAL, OR REACTIVATED.
WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING LANDSLIDE
EARLIER LANDSLIDE AS INDICATOR
• A REACTIVATED LANDSLIDE IS WHEN AN OLD, SEMI-STABLE LANDSLIDE
CHANGED SOMETHING, CAUSING A NEW COLLAPSE AT THE SAME PLACE.
• INSPECTING AN AREA OF AN OLD LANDSLIDE FOR SCARPS AND
DEPOSITS IS A CLEAR INDICATOR THAT A LANDSLIDE WILL REACTIVATE.
THIS IS ALSO A SURE SIGN THAT MUCH OF THE REGION'S UNDERLYING
GEOLOGY IS FRAGILE AND VULNERABLE TO LANDSLIDES.
WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING LANDSLIDE
TENSION CRACKS
• THESE ARE CAUSED BY THE STRESS AND FRICTION PRODUCED BY
GEOLOGIC MATERIALS MOVING APART WHICH FORMS STEEP LINES OF
CRACKS IN THE TERRAIN.
• TENSION CRACKS ABOVE AN EXISTING LANDSLIDE CAN HINT AT A
FUTURE REACTIVATION.
WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING LANDSLIDE
TENSION CRACKS
• THESE CRACKS ARE LOCATED ON HIGHER ELEVATED GROUND.
• CRACKS THAT ARE FOUND ON FLAT TERRAIN ARE CAUSED BY FAULT
MOVEMENT AND NOT LANDSLIDE INDICATORS.
 WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING LANDSLIDE
THINGS MOVING
• DEFORMATION AND MOVEMENT OF NON-LIVING OBJECTS NOT CAUSED
BY HUMAN MANIPULATION CAN ALSO INDICATE A LANDSLIDE.
• THE MOST COMMON OF THESE IS THAT TREES ARE BENDING UP IN A J-
CURVE AS A SIGN THAT THE GROUND SLIPS OUT FROM UNDERNEATH
THEM.
• A PATCH OF ANGLED FOREST ON A SLOPE OR J-CURVED TREES
SOMEWHERE CAN BE A GOOD INDICATOR THAT THE GROUND IS LESS
SOLID THAN IT SEEMS.
WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING LANDSLIDE
THINGS MOVING
• THIS MOTION CAN BE SLOW OR RAPID. RAPID LANDSLIDES ARE RESULTS OF
SUDDEN COLLAPSE OF A SLOPE. THIS HAPPENS IN TERRAINS THAT ARE STEEPER
UPHILL. WHEREAS, INDICATORS OF SLOW LANDSLIDES ARE CATEGORIZED BY
MOVEMENT OF FLOOR TILES, DEFORMATION OF DOOR FRAMES WHICH CAUSES
DIFFICULTY IN CLOSING AND OPENING THE DOOR, AND BROKEN ELECTRIC POSTS,
GAS, WATER AND SEWAGE PIPES.
• CREAKING AND CRACKING CAN ALSO BE WARNING SIGNS.
 WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING LANDSLIDE
WATER DOING SOMETHING DIFFERENT
• CHANGES IN WATER FLOW.
• SPRINGS, SEEP, OR WET GROUND MAY APPEAR ON A SEEMINGLY DRY TERRAIN.
SIMILARLY, UNEXPECTED WITHDRAWAL OF WATER ALSO INDICATES THE SAME.
WATER CAUSES ALTERATION OF THE PRESSURE WITHIN THE SLOPES OF A
TERRAIN.
• A DEBRIS FLOW IS A VERY WET, VERY MOBILE LANDSLIDE, WHERE WATER IS
LOADED WITH TREES, MUD, ROCK, AND EVERYTHING ELSE CAUGHT IN THE
CURRENT. LOW WATER LEVEL PRECEDES THE ARRIVAL OF THE DEBRIS FLOW SURGE.
WARNING SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING SINKHOLE
 Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall  Presence of odd bugs like slugs, centipedes in
 Foundations that slant homes
 New small ponds that appear after rain  Earthly odor in home after rain
 Cracks in the ground  New or widening cracks
 Sudden drainage of a pond  Separation between walls and ceiling or
 Rapid appearance of a hole in the ground floors
 Dips, depressions, slopes that appear in a  Cracks around door and window frames
yard  Cracked grout between tiles
 Dead patches of grass or plants  Cracked tiles
 Sinkholes in the neighborhood  Stair step cracks in blocks or bricks
 Wilted vegetation in a limited area  Uneven floors, warping of hardwood, bulging
 Well water that is discolored or contaminated or sagging sections
with debris  Doors or windows that don’t open or close
 Cracking or buckling of home’s concrete slab easily
 Cracks in sheetrock near doors or windows