Earthquake Hazards

EARTHQUAK
E HAZARDS
What is Earthquake?
An Earthquake is
the result of a
sudden release of
energy in the
earth’s crust that
creates seismic
waves.
Terms Related to Faults
Terms Related to Faults
 Focus(Hypocenter):
Focus is the point on the
fault where rupture and
the location from occurs
which seismic waves are
released.
Epicenter:
Epicenter is the point on
the earth’s surface that is
directly above the focus
 Fault Line:
A Fault line is the surface trace of a
fault, the line of intersection
between the earth’s surface..
Fault plane:
Fault plane are the cracks or
sudden slips of the land .
Fault Scrap:
A Fault scrap is the topographic
expression of faulting attributed
to the displacement of the land
surface by movement along
faults.
Cause of earthquakes
“A Fault is a break or

fracture between two blocks
of rocks in response to
stress.”
Types of faults
Normal fault:
A dip-slip fault in which the block above
the fault has moved downward
relative to the block below.
Thrust (reverse)fault:
a dip-slip fault in which the upper block,
above
the fault plane, moves up and
over the lower
block.
Tear Fault
 A tear fault, also known as a transform fault, occurs when two
tectonic plates slide in a lateral motion past each other.
 This type of fault causes the most severe earthquakes because they
grind against each other. These earthquakes can either be shallow
or deep and cause tremors over a short or long period of time.
 Tear faults can occur frequently, especially along the coast of
California.
Rift Valley
A rift valley is when two normal faults
occur parallel to each other and the
land sinks between the faults.
San Andreas Fault
Horst Fault
 A Horst is the opposite of a rift valley. The
land between the parallel faults is forced
upward because the two faults are being
pushed together.
 This process can take a long time to occur
because the average plate movement is one
inch per year.
MAGNITUDE
VS
INTENSITY
Strength of Earthquake
 The intensity and strength of an earthquake
is measured on Richter scale, the scale
invented by Charles Richter California, USA
in 1935, which categories earthquake on the
basis of energy released.
 Scientists measure the strength of

earthquakes using machines known as
seismographs.
Some possible evidences of
upcoming Earthquake are following:
• Unusual animal behavior
• Water level in wells
• Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow
from oil wells
• Foreshocks or minor shocks before
major earthquake
• Temperature change
• Uplifting of earth surface
• Change in seismic wave velocity
Earthquake Hazards
 Primary Hazards:
1. Ground Shaking
2. Ground rupture
3. Liquefaction
4. Landslides
5. Infrastructure Damage
6. Loss of Life and Property
7. Economic Loss
Secondary Hazards:
1. Tsunami
2. Subsidence
3. Fire
4. Contamination of Water
Supplies
5. Gas leakage
6. Power outages
7. Communication Disruption
8. Chances of Flood
Ground Shaking
 If an earthquake generates a large enough
shaking intensity, structures like buildings,
bridges, and dams can be severely damaged,
and cliffs and sloping ground destabilized.
 Ground shaking will vary over an area due to

such factors as
1. topography
2. bedrock type,
3. the location
Ground or Surface Rupture
 Surface rupture is an
offset of the ground
surface when fault
rupture extends to the
Earth’s surface.
 Any structure built
across the fault is at risk

of being torn apart as
the two sides of the
fault slip past each
other.
Liquefaction
 Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the
strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by
earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. It
normally occur in saturated soils, that is, soils
in which the space between the individual
particles is completely filled with water.
Earthquake – induced ground subsidence
 Subsidence, or lowering of the ground surface,

often occurs during earthquakes. This may be
due to downward vertical displacement on one
side of a fault, and can sometimes affect a huge
area of land.
Tsunami
 A tsunami also known as a seismic sea
wave,
is a series of waves in a water body caused
by the displacement of a large volume of
water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
a. Earthquakes,
b. volcanic eruptions
c. Other underwater explosions
d. landslides
e. Glacier caving,
f. meteorite impacts
MONITORING & WARNING
TSUNAMI
PTWC
-Pacific Tsunami Warning
Center
-monitors ocean surface
using satellite, radar, and buoys
in the water
-measure current speeds
and waves
Earthquake – induced landslides
 The term landslide includes a wide
range of ground movement, such
as rock falls, deep failure of
slopes, and shallow debris flows.
 Strong earthquake- induced
ground shaking greatly increases

the likelihood of landslides where
landscape is susceptible to these
types of ground failure.
Fire
Flood
Earthquake Safety Rules
 If you are inside your house
• Don’t use lift for getting down from building.
• Be prepared to move with your family.
If you are in shop ,school or office

• Don’t run for an exit.
• Take cover under a disk/table.
• Move away from window glass.
• Do not go near electric point and cable. Keep
away from weak portion of the building and weak
ceiling.
Earthquake Safety Rules
 If you are outside;
•Avoid high buildings , walls , power lines and
other objects that could fall and create block.
• Don’t run through streets.
• If possible , move on to an open area away
from hazard including trees.
If you are in a vehicle;

• Stop in a safe open place.
• Remain inside vehicle.
• Close window , doors and vents.
After an earthquake
• Keep calm, switch on the transistor radio and obey
instructions.
• Keep away from beaches and low banks of river. A
huge wave may sweep in
• Do not re-enter badly damaged buildings and do not
go near damage structures.
• Turn off the water, gas and electricity.
• Do not smoke, light match or use a cigarette lighter
• Do not turn on switches there may be gasleak or
short circuit
• If there is any fire, try to put it out or call fire brigade.
Earthquake in History
1. Shensi, China, Jan. 23, 1556;
Magnitude about 8,
about 830,000 deaths.
2. Aleppo, Syria, Aug. 9, 1138;
Magnitude not known,
3. Sumatra, Indonesia, Dec. 26, 2004;
Magnitude 9.1,
227,898 deaths.
4. Damghan, Iran, Dec. 22, 856;
Magnitude not known,
5. Haiyuan, Ningxia , China, Dec. 16, 1920;
7.8 magnitude,
ACTIVITY
Interview a 2 engineers and ask them to
describe an earthquake-resistant house
may be in terms of design and construction.
1. What are the things to consider in building
houses in Binan?
2. Ask for sample designs if it’s okay for
him/her.
Make a 3-5 minute short video presentation

about it.
ACTIVITY 3 page 66
 By group

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EARTHQUAK

“A Fault is a break or

 Scientists measure the strength of

 Ground shaking will vary over an area due to

across the fault is at risk

 Subsidence, or lowering of the ground surface,

ground shaking greatly increases

If you are in shop ,school or office

If you are in a vehicle;

Make a 3-5 minute short video presentation

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