CH 05

Problem 5.
1 [Difficulty: 1]
Given: The list of velocity fields provided above

Find: Which of these fields possibly represent two-dimensional, incompressible flow
Solution: We will check these flow fields against the continuity equation
Governing
Equations:

u    v    w    0 (Continuity equation)
x y z t
Assumptions: (1) Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)
(2) Two dimensional flow (velocity is not a function of z)
 
Based on the two assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to: u  v 0
x y
This is the criterion against which we will check all of the flow fields.
a)
2 2
u ( xy t)  2 x  y  x  y
2 3 2
v ( xy t)  x  x y  4 y  
u ( xy t)  4 x  2 x y

v ( xy t)  x ( 2 y  4)
x y
 
Hence u  v 0 INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y
2 2 2  
b) u ( xy t)  2 x y  x  y v ( xy t)  2 x y  y  x u ( xy t)  2 y  2 x y v ( xy t)  2 x  2 y
x y
 
Hence u  v 0 NOT INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y
2 2  
c) u ( xy t)  x  t  2 y v ( xy t)  x t  y  t u ( xy t)  2 t x v ( xy t)  t
x y
 
x y
d) u ( xy t)  ( 2 x  4 y )  x t v ( xy t)  3 ( x  y )  y  t
 
u ( xy t)  t ( 2 x  4 y )  2 t x v ( xy t)  t ( 3 x  3 y )  3 t y
x y
 
x y
Problem 5.2
Given: Velocity fields
To find: Which are 3D incompressible
Solution:
Governing equation:
   
 2u    2v    2w   0 (Continuity equation)
x y z t
Assumptions:
Incompressible flow   is constant 
This is the creation against which we will check all of the flow fields
(a)
u  x, y, z , t   4 y 2  4 xz

u  x, y , z , t   4 z
x
v  x, y, z , t   4 yz  10 x 2 yz

v  x, y, z , t   10 x 2 z  4 z
y
w  x, y , z , t   3 x 2 z 2  x 3 y 4

w  x, y , z , t   6 x 2 z
z
Hence,
  
u  v  w  4 z  10 x 2 z  4 z  6 x 2 z
x y z
  
u v w 0
x y z
Hence, it is not incompressible .

(b)
u  x, y, z , t   x 2 yzt

u  x, y, z , t   2 xyzt
x
v  x, y, z , t    xy 2 zt 2

v  x, y, z , t   2 xyzt 2
y
w  x, y, z , t   z 2  xt 2  yt 

w  x, y, z , t   2 z  t 2 x  ty 
z
Hence,
  
u  v  w  2 xyzt  2 xyzt 2  2 z  t 2 x  ty 
x y z
  
u v w0
x y z
(c)
u  x, y , z , t   x 3  3 y

u  x, y , z , t   3 x 2
x
v  x, y , z , t   2 x  4 y

v  x, y, z , t   4
y
w  x, y, z , t   4 xz  2 y 3  3 z

w  x, y, z , t   4 x  3
z
Hence,
  
u  v  w  3x 2  4  4 x  3
x y z
  
u v w 0
x y z

Problem 5.3 [Difficulty: 2]
5.3 For a flow in the xy plane, the x component of velocity is

given by u = Ax(y − B), where A = 3.3 m–1s–1, B = 1.8 m, and
x and y are measured in meter. Find a possible y component
for steady, incompressible flow. Is it also valid for unsteady,
incompressible flow? Why? How many y components are
possible?
Given: x component of velocity.
Find: y component for incompressible flow; Valid for unsteady; How many y components?
Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Basic equation: (ρ ⋅ u) + (ρ ⋅ v) + (ρ ⋅ w) + ρ = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in x-y plane
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Hence u+ v=0 or v= u = [A ⋅ x ⋅ (y − B)] = − A ⋅ (y − B)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x
 y2 
Integrating v(x, y) = − ∫ A ⋅ (y − B)dy = − A ⋅  − B ⋅ y  + f (x)
 2 
This basic equation is valid for steady and unsteady flow (t is not explicit).
There are an infinite number of solutions, since f(x) can be any function of x. The simplest is f(x) = 0.
 y2  y2
v(x, y) = − A ⋅  − B ⋅ y  v(x, y) = 1 ⋅ 8 y − 3.3
 2  2
Problem 5.4
5.4 Which of the following sets of equations represent possible three-dimensional

incompressible flow cases.
(a)
u  5x2  5xyz ; v  4 xy  10 x3 y 3 z 3 ; w  x 2 y 5  z 3
(b)
u  x2 y 2 z 2t 2 ; v  3xyzt 2 ; w  5z 3 xt 4  5z 3 yt 4
(c)
u  6 x2  10 xy ; v   xz 2  2 xyz  x3 y3 z 3 ; w  x 2 z 3  10xyz  8z 3
(d)
u  x2  2 y  z 2 ; v  x  2 y  z ; w  2xz  y 2  2z
Given: Velocity fields
Find: Which are 3D incompressible.
Solution:
We will check these flow fields against the continuity equation.
Equations:
   
 u     v     w   0  Continuity Equation 
x y z t
Assumptions:
Incompressible flow   is constant  , based on the assumptions, the continuity equation reduces
to:
u v w
  0
x y z
(a)
u  x, y, z , t   5 x 2  5 xyz

u  x, y, z , t   10 x  5 yz
x
v  x, y, z , t   4 xy  10 x 3 y 3 z 3

v  x, y, z , t   4 x  30 x 3 y 2 z 3
y
w  x, y , z , t   x 2 y 5  z 3

w  x, y , z , t   3 z
z
u v w
   10 x  5 yz    4 x  30 x 3 y 2 z 3    3 z 
x y z
u v w
  0
x y z
Hence, it is NOT INCOMPRESSIBLE .

(b)
u  x , y , z , t   x 2 y 2 z 2t 2

u  x, y, z , t   2 xy 2 z 2t 2
x
v  x, y, z , t   3 xyzt 2

v  x, y, z , t   3 xzt 2
y
w  x, y, z , t   5 z 3 xt 4  5 z 3 yt 4

w  x, y, z , t   15 z 2 xt 4  15 z 2 yt 4
z
u v w
    2 xy 2 z 2t 2    3xzt 2   15 z 2 xt 4  15 z 2 yt 4 
x y z
u v w
  0
x y z

(c)
u  x, y, z , t   6 x 2  10 xy

u  x, y, z , t   12 x  10 y
x
v  x, y, z , t    xz 2  2 xyz  x 3 y 3 z 3

v  x, y, z , t   2 xz  3x 3 y 2 z 3
y
w  x, y, z , t   x 2 z 3  10 xyz  8 z 3

w  x, y, z , t   3x 2 z 2  10 xy  24 z 2
z
u v w
   12 x  10 y    2 xz  3 x 3 y 2 z 3    3x 2 z 2  10 xy  24 z 2 
x y z
u v w
  0
x y z

(d)
u  x, y , z , t   x 2  2 y  z 2

u  x, y , z , t   2 x
x
v  x, y , z , t   x  2 y  z

v  x, y, z , t   2
y
w  x, y, z , t   2 xz  y 2  2 z

w  x, y, z , t   2 x  2
z
u v w
    2 x    2    2 x  2 
x y z
u v w
  0
x y z
Hence, it is INCOMPRESSIBLE .
Given: x component of velocity
Find: y component for incompressible flow; Valid for unsteady? How many y components?
Solution:
   
Basic ( ρ u )  ( ρ v )  ( ρ w)  ρ0
Equation: x y z t
Assumptions: Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)

Flow is only in the x-y plane
Hence 
u 

v 0 or    2  3 
v   u   3  x  y  y  6  x  y
x y y x x
 2
Integrating v ( x y )   6  x  y dy  3  x  y  f ( x )

This basic equation is valid for steady and unsteady flow (t is not explicit)
2
There are an infinite number of solutions, since f(x) can be any function of x. The simplest is f(x) = 0 v ( x y )  3  x  y
Problem 5.6
5.6 The x-component of velocity in a steady, incompressible

B
u
flow field in the x-y plane is x 2 , where B = 3 m/s2, and x is
measured in meters, find the simplest y component of

velocity for this flow field.
Given: The x-component of velocity in a steady, incompressible flow field
To find: The simplest y-component of velocity for this flow field
Solution:
Governing Equations:
   
 u     v     w   0  Continuity equation 
x y z x
Assumptions:
(1) Incompressible flow   is constant 

(2) Two dimensional flow  Velocity is not a function of z 
Based on the two assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to:
u v
 0
x y
The partial of ' u ' with respect to x is

u 2 B

x x3
Therefore from continuity equation we have,
v u

y x
Therefore from continuity, we have
v u 2 B
 
y x x3
Integrating this expression will yield the y -component of velocity.
2B
v dy  f  x 
x3
2 By
 3  f  x
x
The simplest version of this velocity component would result when f  x   0
i.e
2By
v
x3
2By
Hence, the simplest ' y ' component of velocity is for this flow field is v  .
x3
Given: y component of velocity
Find: x component for incompressible flow; Simplest x components?
Solution:
   
Basic ( ρ u )  ( ρ v )  ( ρ w)  ρ0
equation: x y z t

Hence 
u 

v 0 or   2 2   
2 2 
u   v   A x  y  x  y   A x  x  y  A x  y  2  y

x y x y y
 

 3 2 1 4 3 2 2
Integrating u ( x y )   A x  3  x  y dx    A x   A x  y  f ( y )
 4 2
There are an infinite number of solutions, since f(y) can be any function of y. The simplest is f(y) = 0
3 2 2 1 4 9 2 2 3 4
u ( x y )   A x  y   A x u ( x y )  x y  x
2 4 2 4
Given: x component of velocity
Find: y component for incompressible flow; Valid for unsteady? How many y components?
Solution:
   
Basic equation: ( ρ u )  ( ρ v )  ( ρ w)  ρ0
x y z t
Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in x-y plane

 x   x 
   
v   u    A e  cos      e  cos  
     b y A b y
Hence u  v 0 or
x y y x x   b  b  b 

 x x

 e  cos
y
dy  A e  sin   f ( x )
A b b y
Integrating v ( x y )   
 b b b

There are an infinite number of solutions, since f(x) can be any function of x. The simplest is f(x) = 0
x x
v ( x y )  A e  sin

y
v ( x y )  10 e  sin
b 5 y
 
b 5
Given: Approximate (parabolic) profile for a laminar boundary layer:

2
 2  
y
  
u y
 δ  c x (c is constant)
U δ δ
Find: (a) Show that the simplest form of v for incompressible flow is
1 y 2 3
        
v δ 1 y
 
U x 2  δ  3 δ 
(b) Plot v/U versus y/δ
(c) Evaluate maximum value of v/U where δ = 5 mm and x = 0.5 m
Solution: We will check this flow field using the continuity equation
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v
Based on the two assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to:  0
x y
1 1
u u d  2 y 2 y 2  1 1 
  U  2  3   cx 2 Now since δ  c x 2 2 c
The partial of u with respect to x is: x  and thus
x  dx     2 δ
u Uc 2  y y 2  Uc 2   y   y 2  v u Uc 2  y   y  2 
           Therefore from continuity:        
x    2  3   2         y x  2       

 U c y   y  2
2
Integrating this expression will yield the y-component of velocity: v  
     dy  f ( x ) Evaluating:
 δ  δ   δ  

1
 y2
U c
2
y 
3
U c  1  y 
2 2
1 y 
3
v     f ( x)             f ( x) 2 2 δ
2
2  2 δ 2 δ 2  δ  3 δ  Since δ  c x c  Thus:
δ  3 δ  x
δ 1 y
2 3
v  U         
1 y
  f (x) Now due to the no-slip condition at the wall (y = 0) we get f(x) = 0. Therefore:
x 2  δ  3 δ 
1 y 2 3 1 y 2 3
                 
v δ 1 y v δ 1 y
  (Q.E.D.)  
U x 2  δ  3 δ  U x 2  δ  3 δ 
Plotting this relationship shows:
1
Assuming x = 0.5 m and δ = 5 mm
Dimensionless height (y/delta)

0.5
0
4
0 5 10 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Dimensionless Velocity (v/U)
3
5  10 m
     
v δ 1 1 δ
The maximum value of v/U is where y = δ: v ratmax  v ratmax  v ratmax  0.00167
U x 2 3  6 x 6  0.5 m
Given: Approximate (sinusoidal) profile for a laminar boundary layer:

π y 
 sin
u
U  2 δ 
Find: (a) Show that the simplest form of v for incompressible flow is
v 1 δ  π y  π  y   sin π  y   1
   cos     2 δ  2 δ 
U π x   2 δ     
(b) Plot v/U versus y/δ
(c) Evaluate maximum value of v/U where δ = 5 mm and x = 0.5 m
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v
x y
u u d  y  y  1  Ucy  2  y 
1 1
  U  2 cos   cx 2   x cos 
The partial of u with respect to x is: x  dx  2  2  2 4 2
 2 
1 1
 u Uc 2 y  y  v Uc 2 y  y 
Now since δ  c x
2
x
2

c
and thus  cos  Therefore from continuity:  cos 
x 4 3  2  y 4  2 
3
δ

2
 π U c  y π y 
Integrating this expression will yield the y-component of velocity: v  cos  dy  f ( x ) Evaluating:
 4 δ
3  2 δ 

π U c  2  δ y  π  y   4  δ  cos π  y    f ( x )
2  2 2
π U c  π y 
v  y  cos  d y  f ( x )    sin 2 δ  2 δ  Simplifying this expression:
3   2 δ  3  π   π2  
4 δ  4 δ 
1
2 2
U c π y  2 δ
  y  sin  cos     f ( x )
π y 2 2 δ
v   Since δ  c x c  Thus:
2 δ   2 δ π  2 δ 
2 x
U δ y
    sin     cos     f ( x )
π y 2 π y
v Now due to the no-slip condition at the wall (y = 0) we get:
2 x δ  2 δ  π  2 δ 
U δ 2 U δ U δ
    cos( 0 )   f ( x )
U δ y
    sin     cos    
π y 2 π y
0 f ( x)   Therefore: v  Simplifying:
2 x π  π x 2 x δ  2 δ  π  2 δ   π x
U δ π y
     sin    cos    1  
  sin    cos    1
π y π y v π y
δ π y π y
v Thus:  (Q.E.D.)
π x 2 δ  2 δ  2 δ  U π x  2 δ  2 δ  2 δ 
  sin    cos    1

 
v δ π y π y π y

U π x  2 δ  2 δ  2 δ 
Plotting this relationship shows:
Assuming x = 0.5 m and δ = 5 mm
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Dimensionless Velocity (u/U) Dimensionless Velocity (v/U)
δ π
   sin   cos   1 
δ π
   1
v π π
The maximum value of v/U is where y = δ: v ratmax  
U π x  2 2  2   π x  2 
3
5  10 m  π  1
v ratmax     v ratmax  0.00182
π  0.5 m 2 
Given: Steady, incompressible flow in x-y plane:

2 2 3 1
u  A x  y A  0.3 m s
Find: (a) a possible y component of velocity for this flow field
(b) if the result is valid for unsteady, incompressible flow
(c) number of possible y components for velocity
(d) equation of the streamlines for the flow
(e) plot streamlines through points (1,4) and (2,4)
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v
x y
u v u
The partial of u with respect to x is:  2Axy 2 Therefore from continuity:   2Axy 2
x y x

 2 2 2 3
Integrating this expression will yield the y-component of velocity: v 
 2  A x  y dx  f ( x ) v    A x  y  f ( x )
3

The basic equation reduces for the same form for unsteady flow. Hence The result is valid for unsteady, incompressible flow.
Since f(x) is arbitrary: There are an infinite number of possible y-components of velocity.
The simplest version of v is when f(x) = 0. Therefore, the equation of the corresponding streamline is:
2 2 3 3
 A x  y
dy v 3 2 y dy 2 dx 2 2
     Separating variables and integrating:   ln( y )    ln( x ) Thus: x  y  constant
dx u 2 2 3 x y 3 x 3
A x  y
are the equations of the streamlines of this flow field. 10
8
3 3
2 2 6
y (m)
Plotting streamline for point (1, 4): 1  4 8 x y 8

4
3 3 2
2 2
Plotting streamline for point (2, 4): 2  4  16 x  y  16 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
The two streamlines are plotted here in red (1,4) and blue (2,4): x (m)
Given: Steady, incompressible flow in x-y plane:

3 3 1
v  B x  y B  0.2 m s
Find: (a) the simplest x component of velocity for this flow field
(b) equation of the streamlines for the flow
(c) plot streamlines through points (1,4) and (2,4)
Governing
Equations:

x y z t
u v
x y
v u v
The partial of v with respect to y is:  3Bxy 2 Therefore from continuity:   3Bxy 2
y x y

 2
Integrating this expression will yield the x-component of velocity: u 
 3  B  x  y dx  f ( y )
Evaluating the integral:

3 2 2 3 2 2
u   B x  y  f ( y ) The simplest version of this equation is obtained when f(y) = 0: u   B x  y
2 2
3
dy v B x  y 2 y dy 2 dx
    Separating variables and integrating:  
The equation of a streamline is: dx u 3 2 2 3 x y 3 x
 B x  y
2
3 3
2 2 2
ln( y )    ln( x ) Thus: x  y  constant are the equations of the streamlines of this flow field. x y  constant
3
3 3
2 2 10
Plotting streamline for point (1, 4): 1  4 8 x y 8
8
3 3
2 2 6
Plotting streamline for point (2, 4): 2  4  16 x  y  16
y (m)
4
The two streamlines are plotted here in red (1,4) and blue (2,4):
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
Discussion: Refer back to the discussion of streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines in

Section 2-2.
Because the sprinkler jet oscillates, this is an unsteady flow. Therefore pathlines and
streaklines need not coincide.
A pathline is a line tracing the path of an individual fluid particle. The path of each
particle is determined by the jet angle and the speed at which the particle leaves the jet.
Once a particle leaves the jet it is subject to gravity and drag forces. If aerodynamic drag
were negligible, the path of each particle would be parabolic. The horizontal speed of the
particle would remain constant throughout its trajectory. The vertical speed would be
slowed by gravity until reaching peak height, and then it would become increasingly
negative until the particle strikes the ground. The effect of aerodynamic drag is to reduce
the particle speed. With drag the particle will not rise as high vertically nor travel as far
horizontally. At each instant the particle trajectory will be lower and closer to the jet
compared to the no-friction case. The trajectory after the particle reaches its peak height
will be steeper than in the no-friction case.
A streamline is a line drawn in the flow that is tangent everywhere to the velocity vectors
of the fluid motion. It is difficult to visualize the streamlines for an unsteady flow field
because they move laterally. However, the streamline pattern may be drawn at an instant.
A streakline is the locus of the present locations of fluid particles that passed a reference
point at previous times. As an example, choose the exit of a jet as the reference point.
Imagine marking particles that pass the jet exit at a given instant and at uniform time
intervals later. The first particle will travel farthest from the jet exit and on the lowest
trajectory; the last particle will be located right at the jet exit. The curve joining the
present positions of the particles will resemble a spiral whose radius increases with
distance from the jet opening.
Given: Conservation of mass in rectangular coordinates

Find: Identical result to Equation 5.1a by expanding products of density and velocity in a Taylor Series.
Solution: We will use the diagram in Figure 5.1 (shown here). We will apply the conservation of mass evaluating the
derivatives at point O:
Governing
Equations:

u    v    w    0 (Continuity equation - Eqn 5.1a)
x y z t
Assumptions: Expansion of density and velocity via Taylor series is valid
around point O.
In the x-direction, the mass flux is: m x  udA  udydz
  u  dx 
At the right face: m x  dx 2   u   dydz (out of the volume)
 x 2 
  u   dx 
m x  dx 2   u     dydz (into the volume)
x  2 
At the left face:

The net mass flux out of the volume in the x-direction would then be:
  u  dx    u   dx    u 
m x ( net )  m x  dx 2  m x  dx 2   u   dydz   u     dydz  dxdydz
 x 2   x  2  x
 v   w
Similarly, the net mass fluxes in the y-direction and z-direction are: m y ( net )  dxdydz m z ( net )  dxdydz
x x
dm  
The rate of mass accumulation in the volume is:   dxdydz Now the net outflux must balance the accumulation:
dt  vol t
dm    u   v    w  
m ( net )    0 Therefore we may write: dxdydz  dxdydz  dxdydz  dxdydz  0
dt  vol x x x t
 u   v   w 

We may divide the volume out of all terms:     0 (Q.E.D.)
x x x t
 u   v   w 

   0
x x x t
Given: The list of velocity fields provided above

Find: Which of these fields possibly represent incompressible flow
Solution: We will check these flow fields against the continuity equation
Governing
Equations:
1 
rVr   1  V    V z     0 (Continuity equation)
r r r  z t
 
Based on the two assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to:
r
 r Vr  Vθ  0
θ
K  
a) Vr( r θ t)  
r
Vθ( r θ t)  0
r
r Vr(r θ t)  0
θ
Vθ( r θ t)  0
 
Hence
r
 r Vr  Vθ  0
θ
INCOMPRESSIBLE
K  
b) Vr( r θ t)  0 Vθ( r θ t) 
r r
r Vr(r θ t)  0
θ
Vθ( r θ t)  0
 
Hence
r
 r Vr  Vθ  0
θ
INCOMPRESSIBLE
K cos( θ) K sin( θ)
b) Vr( r θ t)   Vθ( r θ t)  
2 2
r r
 K cos( θ)  K cos( θ)
r
r Vr(r θ t) 
2 θ
Vθ( r θ t)  
2
r r
 
Hence
r
 r Vr  Vθ  0
θ
INCOMPRESSIBLE
Given: r component of velocity
Find: θ component for incompressible flow; How many θ components
Solution:
1  1   
Basic equation:
r r
 
 ρ r Vr  
r θ

ρ Vθ 
z
  
ρ Vz  ρ  0
t
Assumptions: Incompressible flow

Flow in r-θ plane
1  1    
Hence
r r
 
 r Vr   V 0
r θ θ
  or
θ r
 
Vθ   r Vr   ( r U cos( θ) )  U cos( θ)
r

Integrating Vθ( r θ)   U cos( θ) dθ  U sin( θ)  f ( r)

Vθ( r θ)  U sin( θ)  f ( r)
There are an infinite number of solutions as f(r) can be any function of r
The simplest form is Vθ( r θ)  U sin( θ)

Given: r component of velocity
Find: θ component for incompressible flow; How many θ components
Solution:
1  1   
Basic equation:
r r
 
 ρ r Vr  
r θ
ρ Vθ 
z
 
ρ Vz  ρ  0
t
 
Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in r-θ plane
Λ  cos( θ)  Λ  cos( θ)
Vθ   r Vr    
1  1    
Hence
r r
 
 r Vr   V 0
r θ θ
  o
r θ r
  r  r



2
r

 Λ  cos( θ) Λ  sin( θ)
Integrating Vθ( r θ)   dθ    f ( r)
 2 2
 r r

Λ  sin( θ)
Vθ( r θ)    f ( r)
2
r
There are an infinite number of solutions as f(r) can be any function of r
Λ  sin( θ)
The simplest form is Vθ( r θ)  
2
r
Given: Definition of "del" operator in cylindrical coordinates, velocity vector
 
 
Find: (a) An expression for   V in cylindrical coordinates.
(b) Show result is identical to Equation 5.2c.
Solution: We will apply the velocity field to the del operator and simplify.
Governing   1  
Equations:   eˆr  eˆ  kˆ (Definition of "del" operator)
r r  z

V  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ (Velocity flow field)
1 
rVr   1  V    V z   0 (Equation 5.2c)
r r r  z
er
ˆ e
ˆ
 eˆ  eˆr
  (Hints from footnote)
 
 
Substituting  V using the governing equations yields:

 
  
  V   eˆr
 r
 eˆ
1 
r 


 kˆ    Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ
z 

 eˆr

r
 
  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ  eˆ
1 
r 
  

  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ  kˆ   Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ
z


Vr   eˆ  eˆr 1  Vr   eˆ  1 er Vr 
ˆ
 eˆr  eˆr
r r  r 
1 
V   eˆ  1 e V   kˆ  kˆ  Vz 
ˆ
 eˆ  eˆ
r  r  z
Using the hints listed above, and knowing that: eˆ  eˆ  eˆr  eˆr  kˆ  kˆ  1 eˆ  eˆr  eˆr  eˆ  0
  1 eˆr
Vr   1  V   eˆ  1 e V    V z 
   ˆ
  V  Vr   eˆ 
r r  r  r  z
 1 
 Vr   eˆ  eˆ Vr  
1
V   eˆ  eˆr 1 V    Vz 
r r r  r z
 1 
  V r    V r  
1
V    Vz 
r r r  z

Combining the first two terms: Vr   Vr   1  rVr  which can be verified through differentiation. Thus:
1
r r r r
 
  1 
  V  rVr   1  V    V z  (Q.E.D.)
r r r  z
Given: The velocity field
Find: Whether or not it is a incompressible flow; sketch various streamlines
Solution:
A B
Vr  Vθ 
r r
   
1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d
For incompressible flow  r Vr   Vθ  0  r Vr  0  V 0
r dr r dθ r dr r dθ θ
 
1 d 1 d
Hence  r Vr   Vθ  0 Flow is incompressible
r dr r dθ
2
dr r dθ r dr r  dθ
For the streamlines  
Vr Vθ A B
 
 1 A A
dr   dθ Integrating ln( r)   θ  const
so  r  B B
 
A
θ 4
B
Equation of streamlines is r  C e
(a) For A = B = 1 m2/s, passing through point (1m, /2)

π 2
θ
2
r e
(b) For A = 1 m2/s, B = 0 m2/s, passing through point (1m, /2)

4 2 0 2 4
π
θ
2
(c) For A = 0 m2/s, B = 1 m2/s, passing through point (1m, /2)

2
r  1 m
4
(a)
(b)
(c)
Problem *5.20 [Difficulty: 2]
 y
Given: Velocity field for viscometric flow of Example 5.7: V  U iˆ
h
Find: (a) Stream function
(b) Locate streamline that divides flow rate equally
Solution: The flow is incompressible, so the stream function may be derived
Governing  
Equations: u v (Definition of stream function)
y x
  2
y U y
Integrating the velocity will result in the stream function: ψ   u dy  f ( x )   U dy  f ( x )   f ( x)
  h 2 h

2
U y
Let ψ = 0 at y = 0, so f(x) = 0: ψ
2 h
2
U h U h Q U h U h
The stream function is a maximum value at y = h: ψmax   The flow rate is:  ψmax  ψmin  0
2 h 2 w 2 2
1 1 U h U h
So the streamline which splits the flow rate into two equal parts is: ψhalfQ   ψmax   
2 2 2 4
2 2
U y U h 2 h h
Therefore, the equation of this streamline would be:  Simplifying this equation: y  or: y 
2 h 4 2 2
h
y
2
Given: Stream function for an incompressible flow field:

q
ψ  U r sin( θ)  θ
2 π
Find: (a) Expression for the velocity field
(b) Location of stagnation points
(c) Show that the stream function is equal to zero at the stagnation points.
Solution: We will generate the velocity field from the stream function.
Governing 1  
Equations: Vr  V   (Definition of stream function)
r  r
q
Taking the derivatives of the stream function: Vr  U cos ( θ)  Vθ  U sin ( θ)
2 π r
  q 
So the velocity field is: V    U cos   eˆr  U sin  eˆ
 2R 
q
To find the stagnation points we must find the places where both velocity components are zero. When Vr  0 r 
2  π U cos( θ)
When Vθ  0 sin( θ)  0 therefore: θ  0 π Now we can apply these values of θ to the above relation to find r:
q q q q
For θ = 0: r   For θ = π: r  These represent the same point:
2  π U cos( 0 ) 2  π U 2  π cos( π) 2  π U
Stagnation point at:
 q 0
( r θ)   2  π U 
 
q q
At the stagnation point: ψstagnation  U  sin( 0 )  0  0
2  π U 2 π
ψstagnation  0
Given: Velocity field
Find: Whether it's 1D, 2D or 3D flow; Incompressible or not; Stream function ψ
Solution:
     
Basic equation: ( ρ u )  ( ρ v )  ( ρ w)  ρ0 u ψ w  ψ
x y z t z x
Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in x-z plane (v = 0)
Velocity field is a function of x and z only, so is 2D
 
Check for incompressible u  w0
x z
  
z 3  x2  z2   6  x z   
x  x 2  3 z2   6 x  z
x z
 
Hence u  w0 Flow is INCOMPRESSIBLE
x z
  ψ  

2 2  2 2 3 2 2 1 4
Hence u  z 3  x  z ψ( x z)   z 3  x  z dz   x  z   z  f ( x )
z  2 4
2    ψ  
 4
and w  x x  3 z
2 
ψ( x z)   x  x 2  3 z2  dx   x  3  x2 z2  g ( z)
x  4 2
4 4
x z
Comparing these f ( x)   and g ( z)  
4 4
4 4
x 3 2 2 z
The stream function is ψ( x z)    x z 
4 2 4

 x 4 3 2 2 z4 
Checking u ( x z)      x  z    u( x z)  3 x 2 z  z3
z  4 2 4 
 3 3  3 2
w( x z)   z y  z  y  w( x z)  z  3  y  z
y
Given: Stream function for an incompressible flow field:

m
ψ  5  A x  2  A y A  2
s
Find: (a) Sketch streamlines ψ = 0 and ψ = 5
(b) Velocity vector at (0, 0)
(c) Flow rate between streamlines passing through points (2, 2) and (4, 1)
Solution: We will generate the velocity field from the stream function.
u v (Definition of stream function)
Equations: y x

5
For ψ = 0: 0  5  A x  2  A y Solving for y: y   x
2
2
5 5 m s 5 5
For ψ = 5: 5  5  A x  2  A y Solving for y: y   x      x  m
2 2 s 2 m 2 2
Here is the plot of the two streamlines: ψ =0 is in red; ψ = 5 is in blue 10
5
y (m)
4 2 0 2 4
5
Generating the velocity components from the stream function derivatives:
u  2  A v  5 A Therefore, the velocity vector at (0, 0) is:  10

V  4iˆ  10 ˆj x (m)
2
m m m
At the point (2, 2) the stream function value is: ψa  5  2   2 m  2  2  2  m ψa  28
s s s
2
m m m
At the point (4, 1) the stream function value is: ψb  5  2   4 m  2  2  1  mψb  44
s s s
 m
2
 2 3
The flow rate between these two streamlines is: Q  ψb  ψa Q   44    28 m  Q  16
m
 s   s  s m
Flow rate is 16 m3/s per meter of depth

Problem *5.24 [3]
Given: Approximate profile for a laminar boundary layer:

2
 2  
u y y
  δ δ  c x (c is constant)
U δ  
Find: (a) Stream function for the flow field
(b) Location of streamlines at one-quarter and one-half the total flow rate in the boundary layer.
Solution: We will generate the stream function from the velocity field.
Integrating the x-component of velocity yields the stream function:

 y  y   dy  f ( x )  U δ  y   1   y    f ( x) If we set ψ  0 at y  0 the stream function would be:
 2 2 3
ψ   U 2     δ    
  δ    δ  3 δ 

 y 2 1 y 3
ψ  U δ       
 δ  3 δ 
 δ  2 1  δ  3
Q  ψ( δ)  ψ( 0 )  U δ 
2
The total flow rate per unit depth within the boundary layer is:        0   U δ
 δ  3  δ  3
1 2 1
At one-quarter of the flow rate in the boundary layer: Q   U δ   U δ Therefore, the streamline would be located at:
4 3 6
 y  2 1  y  3 3 2
 U δ  U δ  y  6  
1 y
      or 2  δ   1  0 We may solve this cubic for y/δ using several methods,
6  δ  3 δ    δ
including Goal Seek in Excel or polyroots in Mathcad. Once the roots are determined, only one root would make physical sense.
y
So at one-quarter of the flow rate:  0.442
δ
1 2 1
At one-half of the flow rate in the boundary layer: Q   U δ   U δ Therefore, the streamline would be located at:
2 3 3
 y  2 1  y  3 3 2
 U δ  U δ       or    3     1  0
1 y y
 We solve this cubic as we solved the previous one.
3  δ  3 δ  δ δ
y
So at one-half of the flow rate:  0.653
δ
Given: Approximate profile for a laminar boundary layer:

π y 
 sin
u
U  2 δ 
(b) Location of streamlines at one-quarter and one-half the total flow rate in the boundary layer.

π y  2  U δ  π y 
Integrating the x-component of velocity yields the stream function: ψ   U sin  dy  f ( x )   π  cos 2  δ   f ( x)
  2  δ   

2  U δ π y 
If we set ψ  0 at y  0 the stream function would be: ψ  cos 
π  2 δ 
2  U δ 2  U δ
  cos
π
The total flow rate per unit depth within the boundary layer is: Q  ψ( δ)  ψ( 0 )     cos( 0 )  
π  2  π
1 2  U δ U δ
At one-quarter of the flow rate in the boundary layer: Q   Therefore, the streamline would be located at:
4 π 2 π
U δ 2  U δ π y   π y 
  1  cos  1  cos  acos
1 y 2 3
   or  solving for y/δ:  
2 π π   2 δ   4  2 δ  δ π 4
y
So at one-quarter of the flow rate:  0.460
δ
1 2  U δ U δ
At one-quarter of the flow rate in the boundary layer: Q   Therefore, the streamline would be located at:
2 π π
U δ 2  U δ π y   π y 
  1  cos  1  cos  acos
1 y 2 1
   or  solving for y/δ:  
π π   2 δ   2  2 δ  δ π 2
y
So at one-half of the flow rate:  0.667
δ
Given: Rigid body motion in Example Problem 5.6

 rad
V  r eˆ ω  0.5
s
(b) Volume flow rate per unit depth between r = 0.10 m and 0.12 m
(c) Sketch velocity profiles along a line of constant θ
(d) Check the volume flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile
along this line.
Vr  V   (Definition of stream function)
Equations: r  r
 2
ω r
Integrating the θ-component of velocity yields the stream function: ψ   r ω dr  f ( θ)    f ( θ)
 2
2
1 df ω r
Now take the derivative of the stream function: Vr    0 Therefore, f ( θ)  C ψ C
r dθ 2
 ω r 2   ω r 2 
 C    r1  r2 
2 1
The volume flow rate per unit depth is: Q  ψ r2   ψ r1    
ω 2 2
 C   
 2   2  2  
 
3
1 rad 2 2 2 m
Substituting in known values: Q   0.5  0.10  0.12  m Q  0.001100
2 s s m
Because Q<0, the flow is in the direction of eθ
Along a line of constant θ, the velocity varies linearly:
From the linear velocity variation, Vθ  ω r Thus the flow rate is:
r r
2 2
Vθ dr  ω  r dr    r2  r1 
 ω 2 2
Q
 r 2  
r 1
1
  0.12  0.10   m
3
1 rad 2 2 2 m
Substituting known values: Q   0.5 Q  0.001100
2 s s m
These two expressions are the same

with the exception of the sign.
Problem 5.27
5.27 A stream is flowing uniformly at velocity of 7m/s at an angle of 40° to the x-

axis in a two dimensional field. Derive the stream function equation and velocity
potential.
Given: Velocity of uniform flow of stream; angle of flow
Find: Equation of stream function and velocity potential
Solution:
From the given data:
u  7cos 40  5.36 m / s
v  7sin 40  4.5 m / s
 
Now, according to the definition of the stream function we get, u  and v 
y x
Integrating we have   5.36y  f  x  (1)
and    4.5x  f  y  (2)
So, using equation (1) and (2), we get the equation,
  5.36 y  4.5x (one of the streamlines has to pass through origin)
 
Also,   u and  v
x y
From integrating above, we get f   5.36 x  f  y  and f  4.5 y  f  x 
Then, f  4.5 y  5.36 x
f  4.5 y  5.36 x
The equation of stream function is
Given: Rigid body motion in Example Problem 5.6

 C 2
m
V  eˆ C  0.3
r s
(b) Volume flow rate per unit depth between r = 0.20 m and 0.24 m
(c) Sketch velocity profiles along a line of constant θ
(d) Check the volume flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile
along this line.
Vr  V   (Definition of stream function)
Equations: r  r
Assumptions: Incompressible flow
Flow is in the r-θ plane only

C
Integrating the θ-component of velocity yields the stream function: ψ   dr  f ( θ)  C ln( r)  f ( θ)
 r

1 df
Now take the derivative of the stream function: Vr    0 Therefore, f ( θ)  C1 ψ  C ln( r)  C1
r dθ
 r1 
The volume flow rate per unit depth is:           
Q  ψ r2  ψ r1  C ln r2  C1  C ln r1  C1  C ln  
 r2 
2
 ln
m 0.20  3
Substituting in known values: Q  0.3  Q  0.0547
m
s  0.24  s m
Because Q<0, the flow is in the direction of eθ
Along a line of constant θ, the velocity varies inversely with r:

C
From the velocity profile, Vθ  Thus the flow rate is:
r
r r
2 2 C  r2  2
 ln
m 0.24  3
Q   Vθ dr   dr  C ln  Substituting known values: Q  0.3  m
  r r1 s  0.20  Q  0.0547
r
1 r   s m
1
These two expressions are the same
with the exception of the sign.
Problem 5.29
Given: The velocity field provided above
To find: (a) the number of dimensions of the flow

(b) if this describes a possible incompressible flow
(c) the acceleration of a fluid particle at point (2, 3, 4)
Solution:
Governing equations:
   
 u     v     w  0  continuity equation 
x y z t
DV V V V V
ap  u v w   particle acceleration 
Dt x y z t
Assumptions:
1) Incompressible flow (  is constant )

2) Two dimensional flow (velocity is not a function of z)
3) Steady flow (velocity is not a function of t)
Based on assumption (2), we may state that The flow is two dimensional
u v
Based on assumption (1) and (3), the continuity equation reduces to  0
x y
This is criterion against which we will check the flow field
1 4
u  xy 3 ; v   y from this
4
u v
  y3  y3  0
x y
This could be an incompressible flow field

V V
Based on assumptions (2) and (3), the acceleration reduces to a p  u v and the partial
x y
derivatives of velocity are
V V
 y 3iˆ  ykˆ and  3xy 2iˆ  y 3 ˆj  xkˆ
x y
Therefore the acceleration vector is equal to
  1

a p  xy 3 y 3iˆ  ykˆ  y 4 3xy 2iˆ  y 3 ˆj  xkˆ
4

3 1 1
 xy 6iˆ  xy 4 kˆ  xy 6iˆ  y 7 ˆj  xy 4 kˆ
4 4 4
1 1 3
a p  xy 4iˆ  y 7 ˆj  xy 4 kˆ
4 4 4
At point (2, 3, 4), the acceleration is
1  1  3 
a p    2  34  iˆ    37  ˆj    2  34  kˆ
4  4  4 
162 ˆ 2187 ˆ 486 ˆ
ap  i j k  acceleration
4 4 4
Find: Whether flow is incompressible; Acceleration of particle at (2,1)
Solution:
 
Basic equations: u  v 0
x y
4
u ( x y )  A x  6  x  y  y
2 2 4   3
v ( x y )  A 4  x  y  4  x  y
3 
 
For incompressible flow u  v 0
x y
Checking    
A x4  6  x2 y 2  y4   A 4  x3  12 x y 2     
A 4 x  y3  4  x3 y   A 4  x3  12 x y 2 
x y
Hence  
u  v 0
x y
 
For this flow ax  u  u  v u
x y
4
ax  A x  6  x  y  y 
2 2 
4      
A x 4  6 x 2 y2  y 4   A 4  x y 3  4 x 3 y   A x 4  6 x 2 y2  y 4  
x y
2 
3
2 2
ax  4  A  x  x  y
 
ay  u  v  v v
x y
4
ay  A x  6  x  y  y 
2 2 
4      
A 4  x y 3  4 x 3 y   A 4 x  y3  4  x3 y   A 4 x  y3  4  x3 y  
x y
2 
3
2 2
ay  4  A  y  x  y
2 3
Hence at (2,1) ax  4   1  1   2 m  ( 2 m) 2  ( 1  m) 2 ax  62.5
m
4 3  2
 m s  s
2 3
ay  4   
1 1   2 2 m 2 2 m
 4 3   1 m  ( 2 m)  ( 1  m)  ay  31.3
2
a  ax  ay a  69.9
2
 m s  s s
Problem 5.31
To find: (a) the number of dimensions of the flow

(b) if this describes a possible incompressible flow
(c) the acceleration of a fluid particle at point (3, 2, 1)
Solution:
We will check this flow field against the continuity equation, and then apply the definition of
acceleration.
Governing equations:
   
 u     v     w  0  continuity equation 
x y z t
DV V V V V
ap  u v w   particle acceleration 
Assumptions:
1) Incompressible flow (  is constant )

2) Steady flow (velocity is not a function of t)
Since the velocity is a function of x, y, and z, we may state that: The flow is three dimensional
u v w
Based on assumptions (1) and (2), the continuity equation reduces to:   0
x y z
This is the criterion against which we will check the flow field:
u  ax3 y; v  by; w  cz 3 from this

u v w
   3ax 2 y  b  3cz 2  0
x y z
This can not be incompressible

V V V
Based on assumption (2), the acceleration reduces to a p  u v w and the partial
x y z
derivatives of velocity are:
V V V
 3ax 2 yiˆ;  ax3iˆ  bjˆ;  3cz 2 kˆ
x y z
Therefore the acceleration vector is equal to:
   
a p  ax3 y 3ax 2 yiˆ   by  ax 3iˆ  bjˆ  cz 3 3cz 2 kˆ  
 3a 2 x 5 y 2iˆ  abx 3 yiˆ  b 2 yjˆ  3c 2 z 5 kˆ
  3a 2 x 5 y 2  abx 3 y  iˆ   b 2 y  ˆj   3c 2 z 5  kˆ At po int  3, 2, 1
  3 2 3 3 
a p  3   2    3m    2m   2    3m    2m   iˆ
5 2 3
  m s  ms s 
 3  2    2 2 5
ˆ
    2m  j  3     1 m   kˆ
 s     ms  
m
a p  25788iˆ  18 ˆj  15kˆ 2
s
Given: x component of velocity field
Find: Simplest y component for incompressible flow; Acceleration of particle at (1,3)
Solution:
 
Basic equations u ψ v ψ
y x
We are given 5 3 2
u ( x y )  A x  10 x  y  5  x  y
4 
 
 
 5 3 2 4  5 10 3 3 5
 A x  10 x  y  5  x  y dy  A  x  y  3  x  y  x  y   f ( x )
Hence for incompressible flow ψ( x y )   u dy 
   
v ( x y )   ψ x y   A  x  y 
 
 
5 10 3 3 5 4 2 3 
 x  y  x  y   f ( x )  A 5  x  y  10 x  y  y  F( x )
5 
x x   3  
Hence  4 2 3
v ( x y )  A 5  x  y  10 x  y  y
5
 F( x ) where F(x) is an arbitrary function of x
v ( x y )  A  5  x  y  10 x  y  y 

4 2 3 5
The simplest is
 
For this flow ax  u  u  v u
x y
5 3 2
ax  A x  10 x  y  5  x  y  
4      
A x 5  10 x 3 y2  5  x y 4   A 5  x4 y  10 x 2 y3  y 5   A x5  10 x3 y 2  5 x  y4  
x y
2 
4
2 2
ax  5  A  x  x  y
 
ay  u  v  v v
x y
5 3 2
ay  A x  10 x  y  5  x  y  
4      
A 5 x 4 y  10 x2 y 3  y5   A 5 x 4 y  10 x2 y 3  y5   A 5 x 4 y  10 x2 y 3  y5  
x y
2 
4
2 2
ay  5  A  y  x  y
2 4
Hence at (1,3) ax  5   1  1   1 m  ( 1 m) 2  ( 3  m) 2 ax  1.25  10
4m
2 4  2
 m s  s
2 4
 1  1   3 m  ( 1 m) 2  ( 3  m) 2 4m 2 2 4m
ay  5 
2 4    ay  3.75  10 a  ax  ay a  3.95  10
2 2
 m s  s s
Problem 5.33
To find: (a) if this describes a possible incompressible flow

(b) The acceleration of a fluid particle at point  x, y    0.8 m,8 mm 
(c) The of the streamline through that point.
Solution:
we will check this flow field against the continuity equation, and then apply the definition of
acceleration.
Governing equation:
   
 u     v     w   0  continuity Equation 
x y z x
DV V V V
ap  u v w  Particle accelration 
Dt x y z
Assumptions:
(1) Incompressible flow   is constant 
(2) Two dimensional flow (velocity is not a function of z )
(3) Steady flow velocity is not a function of t )
Based continuity equation on the assumptions above the reduces to:

u v
  0 ; this is the criterion against which we will check the flow field
x y
A U  y A U  y 2
u 1
, V 3
x2 ux 2
u V 1 A U  y A U  y
  2 0
x x 2 3
2
3
2
x ux
This represents a possible incompressible flow field.
Based on assumptions (2) and (3), the acceleration reduces to,

V V
ap  u V
x x
And the partial derivative of velocity are:

V  AU ˆ 3 AVy 2 ˆ
 i j and
x 3 5
2x 2 8x 2
V ˆ AUy ˆ 2
i+ j
y 3
2
2x
Therefore the acceleration vector is equal to:
AU y   AU ˆ 3 AVy 2 ˆ  AU y   AU 2 
ap   1  i j   1 î  AUy3 ˆj 
 3 5
 3
 2 
x 2  2x 2 8x 2  4 x 2  x 2x 2 
 A2U 2 y 2 ˆ A2U 2 y 3 ˆ
 i j
4x2 4 x3
Now, at  0.8 m,8 mm 
  
2
2   
2
3
 1 151  0.008    1 151 2  0.008  
a p    1   0.360 m/s     i    1   0.360 m/s  
ˆ ˆ
2
4   j
  0.8  4    0.8 
  m     m  
2 2
 
 7.4 104 î  104 ˆj m/s 2
 
Hence, the acceleration is a p  7.4 104 î  104 ˆj m/s 2 .
The slope of the streamline is given by:

1
V A U . y 2
x 2
y
slope    
u 3
A U  y 4  x
4x 2
Substitute corresponding values in the above expression

0.008
Slope   2.5 103
4  0.8
Hence, the slope is 2.5 103 .

Given: X component of a 2-dimensional transient flow.
Find: Y component of flow and total acceleration.
Solution:
u v w
Governing   0 (Continuity Equation for an Incompressible Fluid)
x y z
Equations:     
 DV V V V V
ap  u v w  (Material Derivative)
Incompressible fluid
Assumptions: No motion along the wall (x = 0) limited to two dimensions (w = 0).
 2t 
The given or available data is: u  Ax  sin   w0
 T 
v u  2t 
Simplify the continuity equation to find v:    A  sin  
y x  T 
 2t 
Integrate: v  Ay  sin  C
 T 
 2t 
Use the boundary condition of no flow at the origin to solve for the constant of integration v  Ay  sin  
 T 
 2t 
Give the velocity in vector form:

V  A  sin  
  xiˆ  yˆj 
 T 
 
 V V
Use the material derivative to find the acceleration. Start with the convective terms. a p ,conv  u v
x y
 
 V V  2t   2t  ˆ  2t   2t  ˆ
a p ,conv  u v  Ax  sin    A  sin  i  Ay  sin    A  sin  j
x y  T   T   T   T 
 2t 
 A 2  sin 2  
  xiˆ  yˆj    2t 
a p ,conv  A 2  sin 2  
  xiˆ  yˆj 
 T   T 

 2t  2  2t 
Finish the local term:

a p ,local 
V
t
 A  sin   
  xiˆ  yˆj  A  cos   2A  2t 
 T  T  T  a p ,local  cos 
T  T 
Find: Whether flow is incompressible; expression for acceleration; evaluate acceleration along axes and along y = x
Solution:
2
m A x A y
The given data is A  10 u ( x y )  v ( x y ) 
s 2 2 2 2
x y x y
 
For incompressible flow u  v 0
x y
Hence, checking 
u 

v  A
x2  y2  A x2  y2  0 Incompressible flow
x y
x2  y2 x2  y2
2 2
The acceleration is given by
For the present steady, 2D flow ax  u 

du
 v
du

A x
 

 A x2  y 2   2
  A y   2 A x y  ax   A  x
x y  
2   
  
dx dy 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 x y  2 2  2 2
 x y   x y  x y
A y  A  x  y 
2 2 2
dv dv A x  2  A x  y  A y
ay  u   v         ay  
x y   2
 x y    x  y   x2  y2
dx dy 2 2 2 2 2  2 2
2  x y 2 2
2
A 100
Along the x axis ax    ay  0
3 3
x x
2
A 100
Along the y axis ax  0 ay   
3 3
y y
2 2
A x 100  x A y 100  y
Along the line x = y ax    ay   
4 4 4 4
r r r r
2 2
where r x y
2 2 2
2 2 A 2 2 A 100
100 A
For this last case the acceleration along the line x = y is a ax  ay    x  y    a 
4 3 3 3 3
r r r r r
In each case the acceleration vector points towards the origin, proportional to 1/distance 3, so the flow field is a radial
decelerating flow.
Given: Duct flow with incompressible, inviscid liquid
u ( x )  U  1  
m x
U  5 L  0.3 m 
s  2 L 
Find: Expression for acceleration along the centerline of the duct
Solution: We will apply the definition of acceleration to the velocity.

    
Governing  DV V V V V (Particle acceleration)
Equation: ap  u v w 
(2) One-dimensional flow along centerline (u = u(x) only)
(3) Steady flow (velocity is not a function of t)
2
u  U  1      U    U   1  x 
 x
Based on assumptions (2) and (3), the acceleration reduces to: apx  u      
x   2 L   2 L  2 L  2 L 
2
  1  
U x
apx   
2 L  2 L 
Problem 5.37 [Difficulty:4]
5.37 An incompressible liquid with negligible viscosity flows 2m

steadily through a horrizontal pipe. The pipe diameter linearly
varies from 10 cm to 2.5 cm over a length of 2 m. Develop an y
expression for the acceleration of a fluid particle along the pipe 10 cm 2.5 cm
centerline. Plot the centerline velocity and acceleration versus x
position along the pipe, if the inlet centerline velocity is 1 m/s.
Given: Flow in a pipe with variable diameter.
Find: Expression for particle acceleration; Plot of velocity and acceleration along centerline.
Solution:

∂ DV ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
∂t ∫CV
ρ dV + ∫ ρV ⋅ dA = 0 a p =

Basic equations: =u +v +w +
CS Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
total local
acceleration convective acceleration
of a particle acceleration
Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow

2) Uniform flow
π ⋅ D2
∑ CSV ⋅ A = 0

Continuity reduces to and for the flow rate Q = V⋅A = V⋅
4
But D = Di +
( D o − Di ) ⋅ x where Di and Do are the inlet and exit diameters, and x is
L
distance along the pipe of length L: D(0) = Di, D(L) = Do.
2
 ( D − Di ) ⋅ x 
2
π ⋅  Di + o 
π ⋅ Di  L 
Hence Vi ⋅ = V⋅
4 4
2
Di Vi Vi
V = Vi ⋅ 2
= 2
V(x)= 2
 ( D o − Di )    Do     Do  
 Di + ⋅ x   − 1    − 1 
 L  1 +  D i  ⋅ x 1 +  D i  ⋅ x
 L   L 
   
   
Lm m m
Some representative values are V ( 0 ⋅ ft ) = 1 V   = 2.56 V(L)=16
2s s s

DV ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
The acceleration is given by a p = =u +v +w +
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
total local
 
 
 
  D 
  2 ⋅ Vi2 ⋅  o − 1
∂ Vi ∂  Vi   Di 
For this flow ax = V ⋅
V ax = ⋅ 
2 2
=− 5
∂x   Do   ∂x    D      D  
o o
  − 1     D − 1    x ⋅ − 1 
1 +  Di  ⋅ x 
 1+  i  
⋅x  L⋅   D i  + 1
 L    L    L 
       
      
D 
2 ⋅ Vi2 ⋅  o − 1
a x (x) = −  Di 
5
  Do  
 x ⋅ − 1 
  Di  + 1
L⋅
 L 
 
 
m L m m
Some representative values are a x (0 ⋅ m) = −0.75 2 a x   = −7.864 2 a x (L) = −768
s 2 s s2
The following plots can be done in Excel
20
15
V (m/s)
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x (m)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
200
a (m/s2)
400
600
800
Problem 5.38
ˆ ˆ ˆ
5.38 The velocity field of a flow is given as V  3tx i  t yj  5xyk
2 3
a) Is the flow is steady or unsteady?

b) Is it possible to approximate the flow as a two dimensional flow?
c) Determine the acceleration field of this velocity field.
Given: Velocity field of a flow V  3tx 2iˆ  t 3 yjˆ  5xykˆ
Solution:
V
V  3tx 2iˆ  t 3 yjˆ  5xykˆ  0
t
a) Since, velocity field is a function time, hence flow is unsteady.

b) As evident, the velocity component of the velocity field in not zero in z direction. Thus,
the flow can’t be approximated to a two dimensional flow.
c) The acceleration component of the velocity field is determined as follows:
u u u u
ax  u v w   18tx 2  3x 2
x y z t
v v v v 6
ay  u  v  w   t y  3t 2 y
x y z t
w w w w
az  u v w   15tx 2 y  5t 3 xy
x y z t
The acceleration component of the velocity field is given as,
a  axiˆ  a y ˆj  az kˆ  18tx 2  3x 2  iˆ  t 6 y  3t 2 y  ˆj  15tx 2 y  5t 3 xy  kˆ

Given: Incompressible flow between parallel plates as shown

Q
Find: (a) Show that the radial component of velocity is: Vr 
(b) Acceleration in the gap 2  π r h
Solution: We will apply the conservation of mass and the definition of acceleration to the velocity.

1  1 V
V    Vz     0 (Continuity Equation)
Governing
Equation: rVr  
r r  r   z t
 
 DV   V
ap   V  V  (Particle acceleration)
Dt t
(2) One-dimensional flow (velocity not a function of θ or z)
(3) Flow is only in the r-direction
1 
Based on the above assumptions, the continuity equation reduces to:
r r
 
 r Vr  0 or r Vr  C
C
Thus: Vr  should be the form of the solution. Now since the volumetric flow rate is: Q  2  π r h  Vr it follows that:
r
Q
Vr 
2  π r h
(Q.E.D.)

Based on assumptions (2) - (4), acceleration is radial only, and that acceleration is equal to: apr  Vr Vr
r
2 2
Q
    1 Therefore, the particle acceleration is:
Q Q   Q  1
apr    a p    3 eˆr
2  π r h 2
2  π r  h  2 π h  r3  2h  r
5.40 As part of a pollution study, a model concentration c as

a function of position x has been developed,
c( x) = A(e − x / 2 a − e− x / a ) where A = 3 × 10−5 ppm (parts per
million) and a = 1 m Plot this concentration from x = 0 to
x = 10 m. If a vehicle with a pollution sensor travels through
the area at u = U = 20 m/s, develop an expression for the
measured concentration rate of change of c with time, and
plot using the given data.
(a) At what location will the sensor indicate the most rapid
rate of change?
(b) What is the value of this rate of change?
Given: Data on pollution concentration.
Find: Plot of concentration; Plot of concentration over time for moving vehicle; Location and
value of maximum rate change.
Solution:
D ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Basic equation: =u +v +w + (Material Derivative)
Assumption: Concentration of pollution is a function of x only.
Sensor travels in x-direction only.
 −x −x 
For this case we have u=U v=0 w=0 c(x) = A ⋅  e 2⋅a − e a 
 
 
d   −   U ⋅ A  − xa 1 − 2x⋅a 
x
Dc dc −x
Hence = u⋅ = U ⋅  A ⋅  e 2⋅a − e a   = ⋅e − ⋅ e 
Dt dx dx     a  2 
We need to convert this to a function of time. For this motion u = U so x=U⋅t
Dc U ⋅ A  − Ua⋅t 1 − U2⋅⋅at 
= ⋅e − ⋅e 
Dt a  2 
The following plots can be done in Excel

1 10 5
8 10 6
6
c (ppm)
6 10
6
4 10
2 10 6
0 3 7 10
x (m)
21 10 4
t(s)
The magnitude of the rate of change is maximized when

d  Dc  d  U ⋅ A  − a 1 − 2⋅a  
x x
 = ⋅ ⋅  e − ⋅ e  = 0
dx  Dt  dx  a  2  
U ⋅ A  1 − 2x⋅a − 
x x
⋅  ⋅ e − e a
=0 or e 2⋅a = 4
a2  4 
x max = 2 ⋅ a ⋅ ln(4) = 2 × 1m × ln(4) x max = 2.77 m
x max s
t max = = 2.77 m × t max = 0.138 s
U 20 m
Dcmax U ⋅ A  − x max x
1 − 2max 
= ⋅ e a
− ⋅ e ⋅a 
Dt a  2 
1  − 2.77 1 −  Dc max
2.77
Dcmax m ppm
= 20 × 3 × 10 −5 ⋅ ppm × ×  e 1 − × e 2 ×1  = −3.75 × 10−5 ⋅
Dt s 1 m  2  Dt
 s
Note that there is another maximum rate, at t = 0 (x = 0).
Dcmax 1  1 Dc max ppm

= 20 × 3 × 10−5 ⋅ ppm × ⋅ 1 −  = 3 × 10 −4 ⋅
Dt 1m  2  Dt s
5.41 After a rainfall the sediment concentration at a certain point in a

river increases at the rate of 100 parts per million (ppm) per hour. In
addition, the sediment concentration increases with distance
downstream as a result of influx from tributary streams; this rate of
increase is 30 ppm per km. At this point the stream flows at 0.8
km/h. A boat is used to survey the sediment concentration. The
operator is amazed to find three different apparent rates of change of
sediment concentration when the boat travels upstream, drifts with
the current, or travels downstream. Explain physically why the
different rates are observed. If the speed of the bost is 4 km/h,
compute the three rates of change.
Given: Sediment concentration fates in a river after a rainfall are:
∂ ppm ∂ ppm
c = 100 c = 30
∂t hr ∂x km
Stream speed is 0.8 km/h where a boat is used to survey the concentration.
The boat speed is 4 km/h.
Find: (a) Rates of change of sediment concentration observed when boat travels upstream, drifts
with the current, or travels downstream.
(b) Explain why the observed rates differ.
Solution: We will apply the concept of substantial derivative.
Dc ∂c ∂c ∂ c ∂c
Governing Equation: =u +v +w + (Substantial Derivative)
Assumptions: (1) One-dimensional motion (velocity not a function of y or z)

Dc ∂c ∂c
Based on the assumptions, the substantial derivative reduces to: =u +
Dt ∂x ∂t
To obtain the rates of changes from the boat, we set u = uB
(i) For travel upstream, u B = u s − v b u B = 0.8 km/h − 4 km/h u B = −3.2 km/h
km 10 −6 10 −6
Dcup = −3.2 × 30 + 100
h km hr
10 −6
(ii) For drifting, u B = u s u B = 0.8 km/h Dcup = 4
hr
km 10 −6 10 −6 10 −6
Dcdrift = 0.8 × 30 + 100 Dcdrift = 124.0
h km hr hr
(iii) For travel downstream, u B = u s + v b u B = 0.8 km/h + 4 km/h u B = 4.8 km/h

km 10 −6 10 −6 10 −6
Dcdown = 4.8 × 30 + 100 Dcdown = 244
h km h hr
Physically the observed rates of change differ because the

observer is convected through the flow. The convective
change may add to or subtract from the load rate of change.
5.42 As an aircraft files through a cold front, an onboard instrament

indicates that ambient temperature drops at the rate of 0.28°C/min.
Other instruments show an air speed of 154 m/s and a 18 m/s rate
of climb. The front is stationary and vertically uniform. Compute
the rate of change of temperature with respect to horizontal
distance through the cold front.
Given: Instruments on board an aircraft flying through a cold front show ambient
temperature dropping at –0.28°C/min, air speed of 154 m/s and 18 m/s rate of
climb.
Find: Rate of temperature change with respect to horizontal distance through cold front.
DT ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T
Assumptions: (1) Two-dimensional motion (velocity not a function of z)

(3) Temperature is constant in y direction
DT ∂T
Based on the above assumptions, the substantial derivative reduces to: =u
Dt ∂x
m m
Finding the velocity components: V = 154 , v = 18
s s
V υ
α 2 2
 m  m m
U Therefore: u =  154  − 18  u = 153
 s   s  s
So the rate of change of temperature through the cold front is:
s (−0.28°C) min 103 m
δ Tx = × × × δ Tx = −0.030°C/km
153 m min 60 s 1 km
5.43 An aircraft flies due north at 480 km/h ground speed. Its
rate of climb is 15 m/s. The vertical temperature gradient is –
5.6°C per km of altitude. The ground temperature varies with
position through a cold front, falling at the rate of 0.345°C per
km. Compute the rate of temperature change shown by a
recorder on board the aircraft.
Given: Aircraft flying north with speed of 480 km/h with respect to ground, 15 m/s
vertical. Rate of temperature change is –5.6°C per km altitude. Ground
temperature varied 0.345°C/km.
Find: Rate of temperature change shown by on-board flight recorder.
DT ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T
Assumptions: (1) Two-dimensional motion (velocity not a function of z)

DT ∂T ∂T
Based on the above assumptions, the substantial derivative reduces to: =u +v
Dt ∂x ∂y
Substituting numerical values:
 km −0.345°C hr   m −5.6°C 60 s km 
δ T =  480 × ×  + 15 × × × 3 
 hr km 60 min   s km 1 min 10 m 
δ T = − 7.8°C/min
Given: Definition of "del" operator

Find: an expression for the convective acceleration for a fluid particle.
Solution: We will directly substitute the velocity vector into the expression.
Governing   ˆ  ˆ
  iˆ  j k ("del" operator in rectangular coordinates)
Equation: x y z

V  uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ (velocity vector)
Assumptions: None.
V  V  uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ   x iˆ  y ˆj  z kˆ uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ 
 
Directly substituting we get:
 
   

  u  v  w  uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ 
 x y z 
 u u u   v v v   w w w 
  u v  w iˆ   u  v  w  ˆj   u v  w kˆ
 x y z   x y z   x y z 
The components of this vector are the x-, y-, and z-components of the convective acceleration:
 u u u  u
a xp   u v  w  
 x y z  t
 v v v  v
a yp   u  v  w  
 x y z  t
 w w w  w
a zp   u v  w  
 x y z  t
Given: Steady, two-dimensional velocity field represented above

Find: (a) proof that streamlines are hyperbolas (xy = C)
(b) acceleration of a particle in this field
(c) acceleration of particles at (x,y) = (1/2m, 2m), (1m,1m), and (2m, 1/2m)
(d) plot streamlines corresponding to C = 0, 1, and 2 m 2 and show accelerations
Solution: We will apply the acceleration definition, and determine the streamline slope.
    
Equations: ap  u v w 
Assumptions: (1) Two-dimensional flow (velocity is not a function of z)
(2) Incompressible flow
dy v A  y dx dy
Streamlines along the x-y plane are defined by   Thus:  0
dx u Ax x y
After integrating: ln( x)  ln( y )  ln( C) which yields: x y  C (Q.E.D.)

 
  V V
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: ap  u v Substituting in the field:
x y

 

a p   Ax Aiˆ   Ay  A ˆj  A 2 xiˆ  yˆj which simplifies to a p  A 2 xiˆ  yˆj  
At (x,y) = (0.5m, 2m)

 m
a p  0.5iˆ  2 ˆj 2
s
 At (x,y) = (1m, 1m) a p

 s
m
 iˆ  ˆj 2  At (x,y) = (2m, 0.5m) a p

 s
m
 2iˆ  0.5 ˆj 2 
5
Here is the plot of the streamlines:

4
(When C = 0 the streamline is on
the x- and y-axes.)
3
Y (m)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
X (m)
Given: Steady, two-dimensional velocity field represented above

Find: (a) general acceleration of a particle in this field
(b) acceleration of particles at (x,y) = (0m, 4/3m), (1m,2m), and (2m, 4m)
(c) plot streamlines with acceleration vectors
Solution: We will apply the acceleration definition, and determine the streamline slope.
    
Equations: ap  u v w 
 
 V V Substituting in the field:
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: ap  u v
x y


a p   Ax  B Aiˆ   Ay  A ˆj  A 2 x  AB iˆ  A 2 y ˆj    a p  A 2 x  AB iˆ  A 2 y  ˆj

At (x,y) = (0m, 4/3m)


 m
a p   0.12iˆ  0.0533 ˆj 2
s
 At (x,y) = (1m, 1m)

 s
m
a p   0.08iˆ  0.0800 ˆj 2 
At (x,y) = (2m, 0.5m)


 s
m
a p   0.04iˆ  0.160 ˆj 2 
dy v A y dx dy
Streamlines along the x-y plane are defined by   Thus:  0 After integrating:
dx u A x  B A x  B A y
1 1 1
 ln( A x  B)   ln( y )   ln( C) which yields: 6
A A A
5
Here is the plot of the streamlines:
4
( A x  B)  y  C 3
2
1
Y (m)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
X (m)
y
x
Given: Flow in boundary layer
Find: Expression for particle acceleration a x; Plot acceleration and find maximum at x = 0.8 m
Solution:
2 1 y 3
 2  
y y         
u v δ 1 y δ  c x
Basic equations   δ  
U δ   U x 2  δ  3  δ  
 
We need to evaluate ax  u  u  v u
x y
   λ   λ 
y u 2 v δ 1 1 3
First, substitute λ( x y )  so  2 λ  λ 
δ( x ) U U x  2 3 
1

 U ( 2  2  λ)     
 du dλ y dδ dδ 1 2
Then u     c x
x dλ dx  2  dx dx 2
 δ 
1 1
 
u  U ( 2  2  λ)   
λ 1
 U ( 2  2  λ)   
 2 λ  1 2
   c x    c x
x  δ 2  1 2
 c x 2 

u  U ( 2  2  λ) 
λ


U λ  λ
2 
x 2 x x

u  U 
2   2 U   y   y    2 U λ  λ
y
2 2  
δ  2  
y 2 δ δ  δ   y
 δ 
2  U λ  λ      
2 

2
Hence  
ax  u  u  v  u  U 2  λ  λ    U δ   1  λ  1  λ3   2 U λ  λ 
x y  x  x 2 3  y 
U  2 4 3 1 4 U   y  1 y 
2 2 2 3 4
           
4 y
Collecting terms ax    λ   λ   λ  
x  3 3  x  δ 3 δ 3 δ 
dax 2
  2  λ  4  λ 
U 2 4 3 2 2
To find the maximum 0 λ  or 1  2  λ  λ  0
dλ x  3  3
3 3 y
The solution of this quadratic (λ < 1) is λ  λ  0.634  0.634
2 δ
2 2
  0.634 
U 2 4 3 1 4 U
At λ = 0.634 ax   0.634   0.634   0.116 
x  3 3  x
2
ax  0.116   6 
m 1 m
  ax  5.22
 s 0.8 m 2
s
The following plot can be done in Excel
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
y/d
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
a (m/s2)
5.62 A sinusoidal approximate velocity profile was used in

Problem 5.12 to model flow in a laminar incompressible
boundary layer on a flat plate. For this profile, obtain an
expression for the x and y components of acceleration of a
fluid particle in the boundary layer. Plot ax and ay at
location x = 1 m, where δ = 1 mm, for a flow with
U = 5 m . Find the maxima of ax and ay at this x
s
location.
Given: Sinusoidal profile for two-dimensional boundary layer.
Find: (a) x- and y-components of acceleration of a fluid particle

(b) plot components as functions of y / δ for U = 5 m s , x = 1 m, δ = 1 mm
(c) maximum values of acceleration at this x location
Solution: We will apply the acceleration definition.
Governing
Equation: (Particle acceleration)

(2) Imcompressible flow
(3) Steady flow

∂V ∂V
Based on the above assumptions, the particle acceleration reduces to: a p = u +v To make this easier, define η:

∂x ∂y
1 1
π y ∂ π d 1 − δ
η = ⋅ = η ( x, y ) η= δ = c⋅x 2
δ = ⋅c⋅x 2 =
2 δ ∂y 2 ⋅δ dx 2 2⋅x
∂  ∂   d  π⋅y δ π y
η =  η ⋅ δ  = − 2
⋅ =− ⋅
∂x  ∂δ   dx  2 ⋅δ 2 ⋅ x 4⋅x δ
The velocities and derivatives are:
∂ ∂ ∂ π y U
u = U ⋅ sin(η ) u= u ⋅ η = U ⋅ cos(η ) ⋅ − ⋅ =− ⋅η ⋅ cos(η ) (Eqn. 1)
∂x ∂η ∂x 4⋅x δ 2⋅x
∂ ∂ ∂ π Uπ
u= u ⋅ η = U ⋅ cos(η ) ⋅ − = ⋅ cos(η ) (Eqn. 2)
∂y ∂η ∂y 2 ⋅δ 2 ⋅δ
U δ
v= ⋅ ⋅ (cos (η) + η ⋅ sin(η) − 1) We find the derivatives of v using product and chain rules:
π x
∂ U  1 δ δ   δ π y
v= ⋅  ⋅ − 2  ⋅ cos(η) + η ⋅ sin(η) − 1) + ⋅ (− sin(η) + sin(η) + η ⋅ cos(η)) ⋅ − ⋅
∂x π  x 2 ⋅ x x   x 4 ⋅ x δ 
Simplifying this expression:
∂ U ⋅δ
v= − ⋅ (cos(η) + η ⋅ sin(η) − 1) + η2 ⋅ cos(η)  (Eqn. 3)
∂x 2 ⋅π ⋅ x2 
∂ ∂ ∂ U δ π U
v= v ⋅ η = ⋅ ⋅ (− sin(η) + sin(η) + η ⋅ cos(η)) ⋅ = ⋅ η ⋅ cos(η) (Eqn. 4)
∂y ∂η ∂y π x 2 ⋅δ 2 ⋅ x
So the accelerations are:
∂ ∂ U U δ U⋅π
a px = u ⋅ u + v ⋅ u = U ⋅ sin(η) ⋅ − ⋅ η ⋅ cos(η) + ⋅ ⋅ (cos(η) + η ⋅ sin(η) − 1) ⋅ ⋅ cos(η)
∂x ∂y 2⋅x π x 2 ⋅δ

U2
a px = ⋅ cos(η) ⋅ (cos(η) − 1)
2⋅x
∂ ∂ U ⋅δ U δ
a py = u ⋅
∂x
v + v ⋅ v = U ⋅ sin(η) ⋅ −
∂y 2⋅ π⋅ x 2 ( π x
)
⋅ cos(η) + η ⋅ sin(η) − 1 + η2 ⋅ cos(η) + ⋅ ⋅ (cos(η)
U
+ η ⋅ sin(η) − 1) ⋅ ⋅ η ⋅ cos(η)
2⋅ x
U2 ⋅ δ 
a py = ⋅ η ⋅ cos(η) ⋅ (cos(η) + η ⋅ sin(η) − 1) − sin(η) ⋅ (1 + η2 ) ⋅ cos(η) + η ⋅ sin(η) − 1 
2 
2⋅π⋅x 
Here are the plots of the acceleration components:

x component
y/δ π ax(m/s2)
0.00 0.000 0.000
0.05 0.0785 −0.0384
x-component of Acceleration in Boundary Layer
010 0.157 −0.132 1.0
0.15 2.236 −0.336 0.9
0.8
0.20 0.314 −0.532
0.7
0.25 0.393 −0.879 0.6
y/δ
0.30 0.471 −1.21 0.5
0.35 0.550 0.4
−1.57
0.3
0.40 0.628 −1.93 0.2
0.45 0.707 −2.21 0.1
0.50 0.781 −2.59 0.0
23.5 23.0 22.5 22.0 21.5 21.0 20.5 20.0
0.55 0.864 −2.85 2
ax (m/s )
0.60 0.942 −3.03
0.65 1.02 −3.12
0.70 1.10 −3.10
0.75 1.18 −2.95 y/δ η ax (m/s2)
0.80 1.26 −2.67 0.667 1.05 −3.12 (Maximum absolute value using Solver)
0.85 1.34 −2.24
0.90 1.41 −1.65
0.95 1.49 0.904
1.00 1.57 0.000
y component
γ/δ η ay(× 103 m/s2)

0.00 0.000 0.0000
0.05 0.0715 −0.00192
0.10 0.157 −0.0132
0.15 0.236 −0.0506 y-component of Acceleration in Boundary Layer
1.0
0.20 0.314 −0.117 0.9
0.25 0.393 −0.223 0.8
0.30 0.471 −0.372 0.7
0.6
0.35 0.550 −0.566
y/δ
0.5
0.40 0.628 −0.803 0.4
0.45 0.707 −1.08 0.3
0.50 0.785 −1.39 0.2
0.1
0.55 0.864 −1.71
0.0
0.60 0.942 −2.04 23.5 23.0 22.5 23.0 21.5 21.0 20.5 20.0
0.65 1.02 −2.35 2
ay (x 10 m/s ) 2
0.70 1.10 −2.62

0.75 1.18 −2.84 y/δ η ay (×102 m/s2)
0.80 1.26 −2.98 0.839 1.32 −3.03 (Maximum absolute value using Solver)
0.85 1.34 −3.01
0.90 1.41 −2.91
0.95 1.49 −2.67
1.00 1.57 −2.27
Given: Flow between parallel disks through porous surface

Find: (a) show that V r = vor/2h
(b) expression for the z-component of velocity (v o<<V)
(c) expression for acceleration of fluid particle in the gap
Solution: We will apply the continuity equation to the control volume shown:
Governing   
Equations:
0 
t CV
d V    dA
CS
V (Continuity)
 
 
 DV   V
ap   V  V  (Particle Accleration)
Dt t
Assumptions: (1) Steady flow
(3) Uniform flow at every section
(4) Velocity in θ-direction is zero
2 r
Based on the above assumptions the continuity equation reduces to: 0  ρ v 0  π r  ρ Vr 2  π r h Solving for Vr: Vr  v 0 
2 h
1  1  v0
 
We apply the differential form of continuity to find Vz :  
 r Vr  Vz  0
r r z r r
 
 r Vr 
h
  Vz
z Therefore:

 v0 z 0
Vz   dz  f ( r)  v 0   f ( r) Now at z = 0: Vz  v 0 Therefore we can solve for f(r): v 0  v 0   f ( r) f ( r)  v 0
 h h h

Vz  v 0   1  
z
So we find that the z-component of velocity is:
 h
 
 V V
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: a p  Vr  Vz
r z
v0 v0
   
Vr  Vr  0 Vz  0 Vz  
r 2 h z r z h
2
v0 v0  r
 v 0   1 
  r z
apr  Vr Vr  Vz Vr  v 0    0 apr 
r z 2  h 2  h  h
4 h
2
2
v0 v0
 0  v 0   1 
z
   1
  r z
apz  Vr Vz  Vz Vz  v 0    apz 
r z 2 h  h h h h 
Given: Air flow through porous surface into narrow gap

Find: (a) show that u(x) = v ox/h
(b) expression for the y-component of velocity
(c) expression for acceleration of fluid particle in the gap
Solution: We will apply the continuity equation to the control volume shown:
Governing   
Equations:
0 
t CV
 dV    dA
CS
V (Continuity)
    
 DV V V V V
ap  u v w  (Particle Accleration)
(3) Uniform flow at every section
x
Based on the above assumptions the continuity equation reduces to: 0  x  w v 0  h  w u ( x ) Solving for u: u( x)  v0
h
v0
   
We apply the differential form of continuity to find v: u  v 0 u    v Therefore the y-velocity v is:
x y x h y

 v0 y 0
v   dy  f ( x )  v 0   f ( x ) Now at y = 0: v  v 0 Therefore we can solve for f(x): v 0  v 0   f ( x ) f ( x )  v 0
 h h h

v  v 0   1  
y
So we find that the y-component of velocity is:
 h
 
 V V
Based on the above assumptions the particle acceleration reduces to: ap  u v
x y
v0 v0
   
u  u 0 v 0 v 
x h y x y h
2
x v0 v0  x
 v 0   1    0
  y
apx  u  u  v  u  v 0   apx 
x y h h  h
h
2
2
v0 v0
apy  u  v  v  v  v 0   0  v 0   1 
y
   1
  x y
  apy 
x y h  h h h h 
 v2  x y  
a p  0  iˆ    1 ˆj 
The acceleration vector would be: h h h  
5.51 Consider the incompressible flow of a fluid through a nozzle U

as shown. The area of the nozzle is given by A = A0 (1 – bx) and
the inlet velocity varies according to U = U0 (0.5 + 0.5 cos ωt) Ao
where A0 = 0.5 m2, L = 5 m, b = 0.1 m−1, ω = 0.16 rad/s, and
U0 = 5 m/s. Find and plot the acceleration on the centerline, with
time as a parameter. L
x
Given: Velocity field and nozzle geometry.
Find: Acceleration along centerline; plot.
Solution:
Assumption: Incompressible flow.
The given data is

m rad
A 0 = 0.5 m 2 L = 5 m b = 0.1 m −1 U 0 = 5 ω = 0.16 A(x) = A 0 ⋅ (1 − b ⋅ x)
s s
The velocity on the centerline is obtained from continuity u(x) ⋅ A(x) = U 0 ⋅ A o
A0 U0
so ⋅ U 0 ⋅ (0.5 + 0.5 ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ t)) =
u(x,t) = ⋅ (0.5 + 0.5 ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ t))
A(x) (1 − b ⋅ x)

DV ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
The acceleration is given by a p = =u +v +w +
total local
For the present 1D flow
∂ ∂ 0.5 ⋅ U 0 ⋅ ω ⋅ sin(ω ⋅ t) U0  U ⋅ b ⋅ (0.5 ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ t) + 0.5) 

ax = u + u⋅ u = − + ⋅ (0.5 + 0.5 ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ t)) ⋅  0 
∂t ∂x 1− b⋅ x (1 − b ⋅ x)  (1 − b ⋅ x)2 
U0   U ⋅ b ⋅ (0.5 ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ t) + 0.5)  

ax = ⋅  − (0.5 ⋅ ω ⋅ sin(ω ⋅ t)) + (0.5 + 0.5 ⋅ cos(ω ⋅ t)) ⋅  0 
(1 − b ⋅ x)   (1 − b ⋅ x) 2 
The plot is show here:
Acceleration in a Nozzle
22
Acceleration ax (m/s2) 20
18 t=0s
16 t=1s
14 t=2s
12 t = 10 s
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
x (m)
tz 0 5 10 60
x (m) ax (m/s2) ax (m/s2) ax (m/s2) ax (m/s2)
0.0 1.00 1.367 2.004 2.50
0.5 1.05 1.552 2.32 2.92
1.0 1.11 1.78 2.71 3.43
1.5 1.18 2.06 3.20 4.07
2.0 1.25 2.41 3.82 4.88
2.5 1.33 2.86 4.61 5.93
3.0 1.43 3.44 5.64 7.29
3.5 1.54 4.20 7.01 9.10
4.0 1.67 5.24 8.88 11.57
4.5 1.82 6.67 11.48 15.03
5.0 2.00 8.73 15.22 20.00
For large time (> 30 s ) the flow is essentially steady state

Problem 5.52
5.52 A flow is represented by the velocity field;
V   x9  35x7 y 4  45x 2 y8  9 xy 6  iˆ   9 x8 y  40 x5 y 4  35x3 y 7  y 9  ˆj
Determine if the field is (a) a possible incompressible flow and (b) irrotational.
Given: Flow field
Find: If the flow is incompressible and irrotational
Solution:
Equation for Incompressibility is

 
u v0
x y
Equation for Irrotionality is
 
v u 0
y x
(a)
From the given data

u (x, y)  x9  35 x 7 y 4  45 x 2 y 8  9 xy 6
v(x, y)  9 x8 y  40 x5 y 4  35 x3 y 7  y 9
In order to determine the Incompressibility, proceed as follows:


u (x, y)  9 x8  245 x6 y 4  90 xy8  9 y 6 ...... (1)
x

v(x, y)  9 x8  160 x5 y 3  245 x3 y 6  9 y8 ...... (2)
y
Substitute equation (1) and (2) in the expression of Incompressibility

 
u  v   9 x8  245 x 6 y 4  90 xy 8  9 y 6    9 x8  160 x5 y 3  245 x3 y 6  9 y 8 
x y
 
u v0
x y
Hence, it is Compressible .
(b)
From the given data

u (x, y)  x9  35 x 7 y 4  45 x 2 y 8  9 xy 6
v(x, y)  9 x8 y  40 x5 y 4  35 x3 y 7  y 9
In order to determine the Irrotionality, proceed as follows:


u (x, y)  0  140 x 7 y 3  360 x 2 y 7  54 xy 5 ...... (3)
y

v(x, y)  72 x7  200 x 4 y 4  105 x 2 y 7  0 ...... (4)
x
Substitute equation (3) and (4) in the expression of Irrotionality

 
v  u   72 x 7  200 x 4 y 4  105 x 2 y 7  0    0  140 x 7 y 3  360 x 2 y 7  54 xy 5 
x y
 
v u 0
x y
Hence, it is Rotational .
Given: Velocity components
Find: Which flow fields are irrotational
Solution:
 
For a 2D field, the irrotationality the test is v  u 0
x y
a)
2
u ( x y t)  2  x  y
2 3 2
v ( x y t)  x  x  y  2  y   2 2
v ( x y t)  3  x  y  2  y

u ( x y t)  2  y
x y
 
Hence v  u 0
x y Not irrotational
2 2 2  
b) u ( x y t)  2  x  y  x  y v ( x y t)  2  x  y  y  x v ( x y t)  2  x  2  y u ( x y t)  2  x  1
x y
 
Hence v  u 0
2  2 
c) u ( x y t)  x  t  2  y v ( x y t)  x  t  y  t v ( x y t)  t u ( x y t)  2
x y
 
Hence v  u 0
 
d) u ( x y t)  ( x  2  y )  x  t v ( x y t)  ( 2  x  y )  y  t v ( x y t)  2  t y u ( x y t)  2  t x
x y
 
Hence v  u 0
Given: Definition of "del" operator in cylindrical coordinates, velocity vector
 
  
Find: (a) An expression for V   V in cylindrical coordinates.
(b) Show result is identical to Equations 5.12.
Solution: We will apply the velocity field to the del operator and simplify.
Governing   1  
Equations:   eˆr  eˆ  kˆ (Definition of "del" operator)
r r  z

V  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ (Velocity flow field)
eˆr eˆ
 eˆ  eˆr
  (Hints from footnote)
V   V
  
Substituting using the governing equations yields:
V   V  V eˆ   
     1   
 V eˆ  V z kˆ   eˆr  eˆ  kˆ  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ
 r r  z 
r r

  V 
  Vr 


 V z  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ 
 r r  z 
 Vr

r
 
V 
Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ  
r 

Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ  V z
z

Vr eˆr  V eˆ  V z kˆ 
   
 Vr Vr eˆr  Vr V eˆ  Vr V z kˆ  
V
Vr eˆr     V eˆ   V  V z kˆ  Vz  Vr eˆr
V
r r r r  r  r  z
 
 V z V eˆ  V z V z kˆ
z z
Applying the product rule to isolate derivatives of the unit vectors:
V   V  V Vr V V z ˆ V Vr V eˆ V V V eˆ V V z ˆ

  
eˆr  Vr  eˆ  Vr k eˆr   r Vr   eˆ    V   k
r r r r  r  r  r  r 
r
V V V z ˆ
 V z r eˆr  V z  eˆ  V z k
z z z
Collecting terms:
V   V  V r

Vr V Vr V2
r

r 

V 
z 
 V
r
V V VrV
 V z r eˆr  Vr   
r 

V
 Vz 
z

eˆ
 r  r 
 V z V V z V 
  Vr   V z z kˆ
 r r  z 
The three terms in parentheses are the three components of convective acceleration given in Equations 5.12.
Given: Sinusoidal approximation to boundary-layer velocity profile:

u  U sin   where δ  5  mm at x  0.5 m
π y
 2 δ
m
Neglect the vertical component of velocity. U  0.5
s
Find: (a) Circulation about a contour bounded by x = 0.4 m, x = 0.6 m, y = 0, and y = 8 mm.
(b) Result if evaluated Δx = 0.2 m further downstream
Solution: We will apply the definition of circulation to the given velocity field.
Governing  
   V  ds (Definition of circulation)
Equation:
From the definition of circulation we break up the integral:
        Since the velocity is zero over ab, and since

   V  ds   V  ds   V  ds   V  ds the velocity and path are perpendicular over bc
ab bc cd da
and da:
x
 d m m
2
x

Γ   U dx  U x c  x d  Γ  0.5
s
 ( 0.6 m  0.4 m) Γ  0.1
s
c 1 1
1
2 2
0.8 m 
δ'  δ 
x
δ'  5  mm 
2
At the downstream location, since δ  c x   δ'  6.325  mm
 x'   0.5 m 
Now since the boundary layer is less than 8 mm thick at point c', the integral along c'c will be the same as that along cd.
Γbb'c'c  Γabcd
Problem 5.56
Given: Velocity field for flow in a rectangular corner as shown in figure
To find: Circulation about the unit square shown above
Solution:
We will apply the definition of circulation to given velocity field
Governing equation:
   V  ds   V  ds   V  ds   V  ds
ab bc cd da
The integrand is equal to:
  
V  ds  Ax 2iˆ  Ay 2 ˆj  dxiˆ  dyjˆ  Ax 2idx  Ay 2 jdy
Therefore, the circulation is equal to

xd yc xb ya
   Ax 2 dx    Ay 2 dy   Ax 2 dx    Ay 2 dy
xa yd xc yb
 xd 3  xa 3    yc 3  yd 3    xb 3  xc 3    ya 3  yb 3  
A

3 
  23  13    23  13   13  23   13  23   m 2
1 0.6
 
3 s 
m2
  0.0
s
This result is to be expected since the flow is irrotational and by Stoke’s theorem, the circulation
is equal to the curl of the velocity over the bounded area.
Given: Flow field
Solution:
   
Basic equations: Incompressibility u  v 0 Irrotationality v  u 0
x y x y
7 5 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 5 7
a) u ( x y )  x  21 x  y  35 x  y  7  x  y v ( x y )  7  x  y  35 x  y  21 x  y  y
 6 4 2 2 4 6  6 4 2 2 4 6
u ( x y )  7  x  105  x  y  105  x  y  7  y v ( x y )  7  x  105  x  y  105  x  y  7  y
x y
 
Hence u  v 0 COMPRESSIBLE
x y
7 5 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 5 7
b) u ( x y )  x  21 x  y  35 x  y  7  x  y v ( x y )  7  x  y  35 x  y  21 x  y  y
 5 3 3 5  5 3 3 5
v ( x y )  42 x  y  140  x  y  42 x  y  u ( x y )  42 x  y  140  x  y  42 x  y
x y
 
Hence v  u 0 ROTATIONAL
x y
Note that if we define  6 4 3 2 5

v ( x y )   7  x  y  35 x  y  21 x  y  y
7 then the flow is incompressible and irrotational!
5.74 Consider the two-dimensional flow field in which u = Ax2

and υ = Bxy, where A = 1.6 m−1s−1, B = −3.3 m−1s−1, and the
coordinates are measured in meter. Show that the velocity field
represents a possible incompressible flow. Determine the rotation
at point (x, y) = (0.3, 0.3). Evaluate the circulation about the
“curve” bounded by y = 0, x = 0.3, y = 0.3, and x = 0.
y
Given: Two-dimensional flow field.
d (0, 0.3) c (0.3, 0.3)
Find: (a) Show that the velocity field represents a possible
incompressible flow
(b) Rotation at (x, y) = (0.3, 0.3)
(c) Circulation about the unit square shown above
x
a (0, 0) b (0.3, 0)
Governing
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ρ
Equations: ( ρ u ) + ( ρ v) + ( ρ w) + = 0 (Continuity equation)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
1
ω = ∇ ×V (Definition of rotation)
2

Γ = ∫ V ⋅ d s (Definition of circulation)
c

∂ ∂
Based on the assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to: u+ v=0
∂x ∂y
This is the criterion against which we will check the flow field.
∂ ∂ 1.6 −3.3
u+ v = 2A ⋅ x + B ⋅ x = 2 × ⋅x+ ⋅x=0
∂x ∂y m ⋅s m⋅s
This could be an incompressible flow field.

From the definition of rotation:
i j k
1 ∂ ∂ ∂ 1 rad
ω= = Byk At (x, y) = (1, 1) ω = −0.5k
2 ∂x ∂y ∂z 2 s
Ax 2 Bxy 0
From the definition of circulation we break up the intergral:

Γ = ∫V ⋅ds + ∫V ⋅ds + ∫V ⋅ds + ∫V ⋅ds
ab bc cd da

The integrand is equal to: V ⋅ d s = ( Ax 2iˆ + Bxyjˆ ) ⋅ ( dxiˆ + dyjˆ ) = Ax 2 dx + Bxydy
Therefore, the ciruculation is equal to:
xb yc xd ya
Γ = ∫ A ⋅ x 2 dx + ∫ B ⋅ x ⋅ y dy + ∫ A ⋅ x 2 dx + ∫ B ⋅ x ⋅ y dy Evaluating the integrals:
xa yb xc yd
A B
Γ= ⋅ ( x 3b − x 3a + x 3d − x 3c ) +  x c ⋅ ( y c2 − y 2b ) + x a ⋅ ( y a2 − y 2d )  Since x a = x d = 0 and x b = x c
3 2
we can simplify:
B
Γ= ⋅ x c ⋅ ( y c2 − y b2 ) Substituing given values:
2
1  3.3  m2
 × 0.3 m × ( 0.3 − 0 ) m
2 2 2
Γ = ×− Γ = −0.045
2  m ⋅s  s
Given: Two-dimensional flow field

Find: (a) show that the velocity field represents a possible incompressible flow
(b) Rotation at (x, y) = (1, 1)
(c) Circulation about the unit square shown above
   
Governing
 u   v   w   0 (Continuity equation)
Equations: x y z t
 1 
   V (Definition of rotation)
2
 

 
Based on the assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to: u  v 0
x y
This is the criterion against which we will check the flow field.
  1 1
u  v  A y  2  B y  y  2  y  0 This could be an incompressible flow field.
x y m s 2  m s
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 1    1  rad
From the definition of rotation:    Axkˆ At (x, y) = (1, 1)   0.5kˆ
2 x y z 2 s
Axy By 20
       
   
From the definition of circulation we break up the integral:   V  ds  V  ds  V  ds  V  ds
ab bc cd da
  
 
The integrand is equal to: V  ds  Axyiˆ  By 2 ˆj  dxiˆ  dyˆj  Axydx  By 2 dy Therefore, the circulation is equal to:
x y x y
 b  c  d  a
Γ   A x  y dx   B y dy   A x  y dx   B y dy    x b  x a  y a  y c   y c  y b  y a  y d 
 
2 2 A 2 2 B 3 3 3 3
x y x y 2   3  
a b c d
y b  y c we can simplify: Γ     x b  x a   y c Substituting given values:

A 2 2
Since y a  y d  0 and
2  
  1  0   m  1  m
2
1 21 2 2 m
Γ   Γ  0.5
2 m s s
Problem 5.60
Given: Stream function
To find: If and irrotational the flow is incompressible
Solution:
Incompressibility
u v
 0
x y
Irrotaionality
v u
 0
x y
NOTE:
The fact that  exist means the flow is incompressible, but we check anyway
  x, y   4 x5 y  20 x3 y3  4 xy5
Hence,

u  x, y     x, y   4 x5  60 x3 y 2  20 xy 4
y

v  x, y     x, y   60 x 2 y 3  20 x 4 y  4 y 4
x
For incompressibility

u  x, y   20 x 4  180 x 2 y 2  20 y 4
x

v  x, y   180 x 2 y 2  20 x 4  20 y 4
y
Hence,
u v
 0
x y
Hence, it is Incompressible

v  x, y   120 xy 3  80 x 3 y
x

u  x, y   120 x 3 y  80 xy 3
y
So,
v u
 0
x y
Hence, it is not irrotational .

Given: Stream function
Solution:
   
Basic equations: Incompressibility u  v 0 Irrotationality v  u 0
x y x y
Note: The fact that ψ exists means the flow is incompressible, but we check anyway
6 4 2 2 4 6
ψ( x y )  x  15 x  y  15 x  y  y
 2 3 4 5  3 2 5 4
Hence u ( x y )  ψ( x y )  60 x  y  30 x  y  6  y v ( x y )   ψ( x y )  60 x  y  6  x  30 x  y
y x
For incompressibility
 3 3  3 3
u ( x y )  120  x  y  120  x  y v ( x y )  120  x  y  120  x  y
x y
 
Hence u  v 0 INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y
For irrotationality
 2 2 4 4  4 2 2 4
v ( x y )  180  x  y  30 x  30 y  u ( x y )  30 x  180  x  y  30 y
x y
 
Hence v  u 0 IRROTATIONAL
x y
Problem 5.62
5.62 Consider velocity components in a two-dimensional flow:
u  y3 3  2 x  x2 y and v  xy 2  2 y  x3 3
Do these components represent an irrotational flow?
Given: Velocity components in a two dimensional flow
Find: Possible case of irrotational flow
Solution:
u  y3 3  2 x  x2 y
Partial differentiation,
u
 2  2 xy
x
u 3 y 2
  x2  y 2  x2
y 3
Also, v  xy 2  2 y  x3 3
Partial differentiation,
v
 2 xy  2
y
v 3x 2
 y2   y 2  x2
x 3
u v
The continuity equation for a two dimensional flow is  0
x y
u v
Hence,   2  2 xy  2 xy  2  0
x y
Therefore, it is a possible case of fluid flow.
Rotation of a fluid flow is given by,

1  v u 
z       y 2  x 2    y 2  x 2   0
1
2  x y  2
It is a case of irrotational flow because rotation is zero

Given: The stream function
Find: Whether or not the flow is incompressible; whether or not the flow is irrotational
Solution:
A
ψ( x y )  
The stream function is
2
2  π x  y
2
 A y  A x
The velocity components are u ( x y )  ψ( x y )  v ( x y )   ψ( x y )  
y
2  x
2 
2 2
2 2
π x  y π x  y
Because a stream function exists, the flow is: Incompressible
 
Alternatively, we can check with u  v 0
x y
  4  A x  y 4  A x  y
u  v   0 Incompressible
x y
2  2 
3 3
2 2
π x y π x y
 
For a 2D field, the irrotionality the test is v  u 0
x y
2 2
  4  A x 2 A 4  A y 2 A
v ( x y )  u ( x y )    
2 Not irrotational
π  x  y  π  x  y  π  x  y  π  x  y 
x y 2 2
3
2 2
2
2 2
3
2 2
Given: Flow field represented by a stream function.

Find: (a) Show that this represents an incompressible velocity field
(b) the rotation of the flow
(c) Plot several streamlines in the upper half plane
Solution: We will apply the definition of rotation to the given velocity field.
Governing  1 
Equation: 2
From the definition of the stream function: u   ψ  A x  2  A y 

v   ψ  A y Applying the continuity equation:
y x
  This could be an incompressible

u  v  A A 0 flow field
x y
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 1    
  2 Akˆ   Akˆ
1
From the definition of rotation:   2 x y z 2
   Akˆ
A x  2 y   Ay 0
The streamlines are curves where the stream function is constant, i.e., ψ  constant Here is a plot of streamlines:
Streamline Plot
5
psi = 0
psi = -2
4 psi = 6
3
Y (m)
0
4 2 0 2 4
X (m)
Given: Flow field represented by a stream function.

Find: (a) Expression for the velocity field
(b) Show that flow field is irrotational
(c) Plot several streamlines and illustrate velocity field
Governing  1 
Equation: 2

From the definition of the stream function: u   ψ  2  y 
v   ψ  2  x In vector notation: V  2 yiˆ  2 xˆj
y x
iˆ ˆj kˆ 
 1     
From the definition of rotation:    2  2kˆ  0
1 0
2 x y z 2 Flow is irrotational
 2 y  2x 0
The streamlines are curves where the stream function is constant, i.e., ψ  constant Here is a plot of streamlines:
Streamline Plot
5
psi = 0
psi = 4
psi = 8
4
3
Y (m)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
X (m)

5.82 Consider the velocity field given by V = Ax 2iˆ + Bxyjˆ , where
*5.82
A = 3.3 m −1s −1 , B = − 6.6 m −1s −1 and the coordinates are
measured in meter.
(a) Determine the fluid rotation.
(b) Evaluate the circulation about the “curve” bounded
by y = 0, x = 0.3, y = 0.3, and x = 0.
(c) Obtain an expression for the stream function.
(d) Plot several streamlines in the first quadrant.
y
Given: Flow field represented by a velocity function.
d (0, 0.3) c (0.3, 0.3)
Find: (a) Fluid rotation
(b) Circulation about the curve shown
(c) Stream function
(d) Plot several streamlines in first quadrant
x
a (0, 0) b (0.3, 0)
Solution: We will apply the definition of rotation and circulation to the given
velocity field.
Governing
1
Equation: ω = ∇ ×V (Definition of rotation)
2

Γ = ∫ V ⋅ d s (Definition of circulation)
c
Assumption: Steady flow
iˆ ˆj kˆ
1 ∂ ∂ ∂ 1 rad
From the definition of rotation: ω = = ( By ) kˆ ω = −3 ⋅ 3ykˆ
2 ∂x ∂y ∂z 2 m ⋅s
Ax 2 Bxy 0

Γ = ∫V ⋅ds + ∫V ⋅ds + ∫V ⋅ds + ∫V ⋅ds
ab bc cd da

( )( )
The integrand is equal to: V ⋅ d s = Ax 2iˆ + Bxyjˆ ⋅ dxiˆ + dyjˆ = Ax 2 dx + Bxydy
Therefore, the circulation is equal to:
xb yc xd ya
Γ = ∫ A ⋅ x 2 dx + ∫ B ⋅ x ⋅ y dy + ∫ A ⋅ x 2 dx + ∫ B ⋅ x ⋅ y dy
xa yb xc yd
Evaluating the intergral:

A B
Γ= ⋅ ( x 3b − x 3a + x 3d − x 3c ) +  x c ⋅ ( y c2 − y 2b ) + x a ⋅ ( y a2 − y 2d )  Since x a = x d = 0 and x b = x c
3 2
we can simplify:
B 1  6.6 
Γ= ⋅ x c ⋅ ( y c2 − y 2b ) Substituting given values: Γ = ×  −  × 0.3 m × ( 0.3 − 0 ) m
2 2 2
2 2  m ⋅s 
m2
Γ = 0.089
s
From the definition of the stream function:

∂
u= ψ ψ = ∫ u dy + f(x) = ∫ A ⋅ x 2 dy + f(x) = A ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y + f(x)
∂y
∂ B
In addition, v = ψ ψ = − ∫ v dx + g(y) = − ∫ B ⋅ x ⋅ y dx + g(y) = − ⋅ x 2 ⋅ y + g(y)
∂x 2
Comparing the two stream functions:
3⋅ 3 2 3.3 2
x ⋅ y + f(x) = ⋅ x ⋅ y + g(y) Thus, f = g = constant. Taking f(x) = 0 :
m ⋅s m ⋅s
ψ = A ⋅ x2 ⋅ y
The streamlines are curves where the stream function is constant, i.e., ψ = constant. Here is a plot
of streamlines:
Streamline Plot
1.5
ψ=1
ψ=4
1.2 ψ=8
ψ = 16
0.9
Y (m)
0.6
0.3
0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
X (m)
*5.67 Consider the flow represented by the velocity field

−1
V = ( Ay + B)iˆ + Axjˆ, where A = 10 s , B = 3 m/s, and the coordinates
are measured in meter.
(a) Obtain an expression for the stream function.
(b) Plot several streamlines (including the stagnation streamline) in the
first quadrant.
(c) Evaluate the circulation about the “curve” bounded by y = 0, x = 1,
y = 1. and x = 0 .
y
Given: Flow field represented by a velocity funtion.
d (0, 1) c (1, 1)
Find: (a) An expression for the stream function
(b) Circulation about the curve shown
(c) Plot several streamlines (including the stagnation streamline)
in first quadrant
x
a (0, 0) b (1, 0)
Governing

Equation: Γ = ∫ V ⋅ d s (Definition of circulation)
c
Assumptions: Steady flow
From the definition of the stream function:

∂ A
u= ψ ψ = ∫ u dy + f(x) = ∫ ( A ⋅ y + B ) dy + f(x) = ⋅ y 2 + B ⋅ y + f(x)
∂y 2
∂ A
In addition, v = ψ ψ = − ∫ v dx + g(y) = − ∫ A ⋅ x dx + g(y) = − ⋅ x 2 + g(y)
∂x 2
Comparing the two stream functions:
A 2 A A 2
⋅ y + B ⋅ y + f(x) = − ⋅ x 2 + g(y) Thus, f(x) = − ⋅x +C
2 2 2
A
Taking C = 0: ψ = ⋅ (y 2 − x 2 ) + B ⋅ y
2

Γ = ∫V ⋅ds + ∫V ⋅ds + ∫V ⋅ds + ∫V ⋅ds
ab bc cd da

( )(
The integrand is equal to: V ⋅ d s = ( Ay + B )iˆ + Axjˆ ⋅ dxiˆ + dyjˆ = ( Ay + B ) dx + Axdy )
Therefore, the circulation is:
xb yc xd ya
Γ = ∫ (A ⋅ y +B) dx + ∫ A ⋅ x dy + ∫ (A ⋅ y +B) dx + ∫ A ⋅ x dy Evaluating the integral:
xa yb xc yd
Γ = (A ⋅ y a + B) ⋅ (x b − x a ) + A ⋅ x b ⋅ (y c − y b ) + (A ⋅ y c + B) ⋅ (x d − x c ) + A ⋅ x d ⋅ (y a − y d )
Substituting known values:
 10 m 10  10 m
Γ =  × 0 ⋅ m + 3  × (0.3 − 0) m + × 0.3 m × (0.3 − 0) m +  × 0.3 m + 3 
 s s  s  s s 
10
×(0 − 0.3) m + × 0 ⋅ m × (0.3 − 0) m
s
m2
Γ = 0⋅
s
The streamlines are curves where the stream function is constant, i.e., ψ = constant. Here is a plot
of streamlines:
The stagnation streamline is the one running through the point where the velocity vanishes:
B
A ⋅ ystag + B = 0 y stag = − = −0.3 m
A
A ⋅ x stag = 0 x stag = 0
Plugging this information in to find the stream function at the stagnation point yields:
10  m
( −0.3 m ) − (0 m)2  + 3 × (−0.3 m)
2
ψstag =
2⋅s  s
m2
ψstag = −0.45 1.5
Streamline Plot
s
ψ = 25
ψ=0
1.2 ψ=5
ψ = 10
0.9
Y (m)
0.6
0.3
0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
X (m)
Given: Velocity field for pressure-driven flow between stationary parallel plates
Find: (a) Expression for circulation about a closed contour of height h and length L
(b) Evaluate part (a) for h = b/2 and h = b
(c) Show that the same result is obtained from area integral of Stokes Theorem (Eq. 5.14)
Governing  
Equations:
   V dA   V  ds
   (Stokes Theorem)
A

       
From the definition of circulation we break up the integral:    V  ds   V  ds   V  ds   V  ds
1 2 3 4
 
  y y y y
The integrand is equal to: V  ds  U 1  iˆ  dxiˆ  dyˆj  U 1  dx Therefore, the circulation is equal to:
b b b b
L 0
 
Γ   U   1   dx   U   1   dx  U L   1   Γ  U L   1  
0 0 h h h h h h
 b  b  b  b b  b b  b
 
0 L
U L
For h = b/2: Γ  U L    1   
1 b 1 b
Γ  For h = b: Γ  U L 1  ( 1  1 ) Γ 0
b 2  b 2 4
 
  v u   1 2y 
From Stokes Theorem:      V dA     dA  U    dA We define dA = L dy:
A A
x y  A
b b 
 1  2  y dy  U L  h  h   U L h   1 

h 2
h
Γ  U L   1  
h h
Γ  U L  b b   

   b b  b  b b  b
0
Given: Velocity field approximation for the core of a tornado

Find: (a) Whether or not this is an irrotational flow
(b) Stream function for the flow
Solution: We will apply the definition of rotation to the given velocity field.
Governing  1 
Equation: 2
  1  
  eˆr  eˆ  kˆ (Definition of "del" operator)
r r  z
eˆr eˆ
 eˆ  eˆr (Hints from text)
 

(2) Two-dimensional flow (no z velocity, velocity is not a function of θ or z)
 1  1   
From the definition of rotation:    eˆr  eˆ  kˆ   Vr eˆr  V eˆ  Employing assumption (2) yields:
2 r r  z 
 1  1   1  V V  1  
   eˆr  eˆ   Vr eˆr  V eˆ   eˆr   eˆr r  eˆ    eˆ  Vr eˆr  V eˆ  From product
2 r r   2  r r  r   rule:
1
eˆr  eˆr  Vr  eˆr  eˆ  V  eˆ 1   eˆr Vr  Vr er  eˆ V  V e 
 ˆ ˆ
 
Using the hints from the
2 r r r       text:
1  1  V 1 Vr V  ˆ

  eˆr  eˆr  Vr  eˆr  eˆ  V  1 Vr  V   eˆ  eˆ  1 V  Vr      k
2 r  r r  r   r  r  2  r r  r 
 1  V V  ˆ 1  K K ˆ 

Since V is only a function of r:    k     k  0 Flow is
2  r r  2  2r 2 2r 2  irrotational.
 
1  q q θ
To build the stream function:Vr   ψ ψ   r Vr dθ  f ( r)   dθ  f ( r)    f ( r)
r θ   2  π 2 π
 
 
 K K
Vθ   ψ ψ   Vθ dr  g ( θ)   dr  g ( θ)    ln( r)  g ( θ) Comparing these two expressions:
r   2  π r 2 π
 
q θ K K K q θ
  f ( r)    ln( r)  g ( θ) f ( r)    ln( r) ψ  ln( r) 
2 π 2 π 2 π 2 π 2 π
Given: Velocity field for fully-developed flow in a circular tube

Find: (a) Rates of linear and angjular deformation for this flow
(b) Expression for the vorticity vector
Solution: We will apply the definition of vorticity to the given velocity field.
 
Governing    V (Definition of vorticity)
Equation:
 1 rVr  1 V V z Rates of linear deformation in all three

The volume dilation rate of the flow is:  V    0 directions is zero.
r r r  z
1  Vθ  
The angular deformations are: r-θ plane:     V 0
r r  r  θ r
1
θ-z plane:  Vθ    Vz  0
z r θ
2 r 2 r
z-r plane:  Vr   Vz  Vmax angdef  Vmax
z r R
2
R
2
   1 V z V   V V   1 rV 1 Vr ˆ

The vorticity in cylindrical coordinates is:    V    eˆr   r  z eˆ    k
 r  z   z r   r r r  
 2r
  Vmax eˆ
R2
Problem 5.71
5.71 A ship moves at speed of 20 m/s upstream in an ocean that flows at a

speed of 10 m/s. The inboard engine uses a pump to suck in water at the front
Ain = 0.4 m2 and eject it through the back of the ship with exist area of Aout =
0.06 m2. The water absolute velocity leaving the back is 80 m/s what are the
relative velocities entering and leaving the ship and the pumping rate?
Solution:
The relative jet discharge is given by the following expression:

U rout  80 m/s   20  10  m/s
 50 m/s
The volume flow rate is then is given by:

Qout  AoutU rout
Substitute corresponding values in the above expression:

Qout   0.06 m 2   50 m/s 
 3 m3 /s
Hence the pumping rate is 3 m3 /s .
The flow rate at the entrance is the same as the exit, thus
A
U rin  out U rout
Ain
Substitute corresponding values in the above expression:

 0.06 m 2 
2 
U rin   50 m/s 
 0.4 m 
 7.5 m/s
Hence, the relative velocities entering and leaving the ship are 7.5 m/s and
50 m/s respectively.
Given: temperature profile and temperature-dependent viscosity expression
Find: Velocity Profile
Solution:
u v w
Governing   0 (Continuity Equation)
x y z
Equations:
 u u u u  P   2u  2u  2u 
  u v  w   g x     2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  P   2v  2v  2v 
   u  v  w   g y     2  2  2  (Navier-Stokes Equations)
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  P  2w 2w 2w 
  u v  w   g z     2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
Assumptions: Incompressible fluid
Similar to the Example 5.9, the x-component momentum equation can be simplified to
d yx
  g sin  (1)
dy
Integrating once, one has
 yx   gy sin   C1 (2)
Using the boundary condition:  yx ( y  h)  0

c1  gh sin  (3)
Substituting c1 into eq. (2),

du
 yx    g (h  y ) sin  (4)
dy
Here, the fluid viscosity depends on the temperature,

0
 (5)
1  a(Tw  T0 )(1  y / h)
Substituting equation (5) into equation (4), we have
du gh(1  y / h) sin 
 (1  a(Tw  T0 )(1  y / h)) (6)
dy 0
Integrating equation (6) once

gh sin  y y y2
u ( y (1  )  a(Tw  T0 ) y (1   2 ))  C2 (7)
0 2h h 3h
At y=0, u=0: c2=0.
Substituting c2=0 into eq. (7), one obtains
gh sin  y y y2
u ( y (1  )  a(Tw  T0 ) y (1   2 )) (8)
0 2h h 3h
When a=0, eq. (8) can be simplified to

gh sin  y
u y (1  ) , and it is exactly the same velocity profile in Example 5.9.
0 2h
Given: Sinusoidal approximation for velocity profile in laminar boundary layer

Find: (a) Express shear force per unit volume in the x-direction
(b) Maximum value at these conditions
Solution: We will evaluate a differential volume of fluid in this flow field
dFsx 2
dτ d  du  d
The differential of shear force would be: dFshear  ( τ  dτ)  dx dz  τ dx dz  dτ dx dz and    μ dy   μ 2 u
dV dy dy   dy
2 2 dFsx 2
π U π y    sin π y    sin π y 
From the given profile: d u   cos u  U   μ U 
d π π
 and
2   2 δ  Thus,   2 δ 
dy 2 δ  2 δ  dy  
2  δ   dV  
2  δ  
dFsxmax 2
 μ U  
π
The maximum magnitue for this shear force is when y = δ: Fvmax  
dV  2 δ 
N s m
For water: μ  0.001  U  3 δ  2  mm Substituting these values:
2 s
m
2
N s m π  1  kN
Fvmax  0.001   3   2 0.002  m  Fvmax  1.851 
m
2 s   m
3
Given: N-S equations and simplification assumptions
Find: Fluid Velocity
Solution:
Governing  u  0 (Continuity Equation)

Equations: ρu  u  -p   2 u  J  B (Momentum Equation)
(1) Incompressible fluid
Assumptions: (2) Two dimensional, fully developed flow driven by Lorentz force
(2) Zero pressure gradient
Write the 2D continuity and momentum equations in Cartesian coordinates:
u u
 0 (1)
x y
u u p  2u  2u
ρ(u v )    ( 2  2 )  JB (2)
x y x x y
v v p  2v  2v
ρ(u v )    ( 2  2 ) (3)
x y y x y
Simplify the above equations:

u
v0  0  u  u( y)
x
Using the assumption of zero pressure gradient, equation (3) vanishes, and equation (2) can be
simplified as
d 2u
0   2  JB (4)
dy
General solution for equation (4) is
1 JB 2
u y  C1 y  C2 (5)
2 
Apply the no slip boundary conditions into equation (5), we get
 h 1 JB h
2
h
 u (  )  0    C1  C 2
 2 2  4 2
 2
 u ( h )  0   1 JB h  C h  C
 2 2  4
1
2
2
JB 2
Therefore, C1=0 and C 2  h
8
The fluid velocity is given as
JB 2
u( y)  (h  4 y 2 )
8
Given: N-S equations
Find: Fluid velocity
Solution:
Governing   u  0 (Continuity equation)

Equations: ρu  u  -p   2u (Momentum equation)
(1) Two-dimensional fully developed flow
Assumptions: (2) Zero pressure gradient
(1) Write the continuity and momentum equations in Cartesian form:
 u v
 x  y  0 (1)

 u u p  2u  2u
  (u  v )     ( 2  2 ) (2)
 x y x x y
 v v p  v  2v
2
  (u  v )     (  ) (3)
 x y y x 2 y 2
Simplify the above equations:
u
v0  0  u  u( y)
x
Using the assumption of zero pressure gradient, equation (3) vanishes, and equation (2) can be simplified as
d 2u
0 2 (4)
dy
General solution for equation (4) is given as
u  C1 y  C2 (5)
Apply the boundary condition into equation (5), we get
 h  h
u ( 2 )    E  C1 2  C2
 h  h
 u( )   E  C1  C2
 2  2

Therefore, C1=0 and C2   E

The fluid velocity is given as

u( y)   E
 (6)
(2) Pressure-driven flow has a parabolic flow velocity profile; while EOF has a plug velocity profile and it is
independent of the channel size.
(3) Substituting =7.0810-10 CV-1m-1, =0.1V, Pa.s, and E=1000 V/m into equation (6), one obtains
7.08  10 -10 C  V 1  m 1   0.1V

u( y)    1000 V/m
10 3 Pa  s
C V N
 70.8  10 -6  70.8  10 -6
 70.8  10 -6 m / s
Pa  s  m 2
Pa  s  m
y n +1 = y n + ∆x cos( xn ) xn +1 = xn + ∆x
∆x ∆x ∆x
0.06545 0.032725 0.021817
n x y n x y n x y y Exact
0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 0.000
1 0.065 0.065 1 0.033 0.033 1 0.022 0.022 0.022
2 0.131 0.131 2 0.065 0.065 2 0.044 0.044 0.044
3 0.196 0.196 3 0.098 0.098 3 0.065 0.065 0.065
4 0.262 0.260 4 0.131 0.131 4 0.087 0.087 0.087
5 0.327 0.323 5 0.164 0.163 5 0.109 0.109 0.109
6 0.393 0.385 6 0.196 0.195 6 0.131 0.131 0.131
7 0.458 0.446 7 0.229 0.227 7 0.153 0.152 0.152
8 0.524 0.504 8 0.262 0.259 8 0.175 0.174 0.174
9 0.589 0.561 9 0.295 0.291 9 0.196 0.195 0.195
10 0.654 0.615 10 0.327 0.322 10 0.218 0.217 0.216
11 0.720 0.667 11 0.360 0.353 11 0.240 0.238 0.238
12 0.785 0.716 12 0.393 0.384 12 0.262 0.259 0.259
13 0.851 0.763 13 0.425 0.414 13 0.284 0.280 0.280
14 0.916 0.806 14 0.458 0.444 14 0.305 0.301 0.301
15 0.982 0.846 15 0.491 0.473 15 0.327 0.322 0.321
16 1.047 0.882 16 0.524 0.502 16 0.349 0.343 0.342
17 1.113 0.915 17 0.556 0.530 17 0.371 0.363 0.362
18 1.178 0.944 18 0.589 0.558 18 0.393 0.383 0.383
19 1.244 0.969 19 0.622 0.585 19 0.415 0.404 0.403
20 1.309 0.990 20 0.654 0.612 20 0.436 0.424 0.423
21 1.374 1.007 21 0.687 0.638 21 0.458 0.443 0.442
22 1.440 1.020 22 0.720 0.663 22 0.480 0.463 0.462
23 1.505 1.028 23 0.753 0.688 23 0.502 0.482 0.481
24 1.571 1.032 24 0.785 0.712 24 0.524 0.501 0.500
25 0.818 0.735 25 0.545 0.520 0.519
Error 3.24% 26 0.851 0.757 26 0.567 0.539 0.537
27 0.884 0.779 27 0.589 0.557 0.556
28 0.916 0.800 28 0.611 0.576 0.574
1.5 29 0.949 0.820 29 0.633 0.593 0.591
30 0.982 0.839 30 0.654 0.611 0.609
31 1.014 0.857 31 0.676 0.628 0.626
Euler (Large steps) 32 1.047 0.874 32 0.698 0.645 0.643
33 1.080 0.890 33 0.720 0.662 0.659
Euler (Medium steps) 34 1.113 0.906 34 0.742 0.678 0.676
Euler (Small steps) 35 1.145 0.920 35 0.764 0.695 0.692
36 1.178 0.934 36 0.785 0.710 0.707
1.0 Exact 37 1.211 0.946 37 0.807 0.726 0.722
38 1.244 0.958 38 0.829 0.741 0.737
39 1.276 0.968 39 0.851 0.756 0.752
40 1.309 0.978 40 0.873 0.770 0.766
41 1.342 0.986 41 0.894 0.784 0.780
42 1.374 0.994 42 0.916 0.798 0.793
43 1.407 1.000 43 0.938 0.811 0.806
0.5 44 1.440 1.006 44 0.960 0.824 0.819
45 1.473 1.010 45 0.982 0.836 0.831
46 1.505 1.013 46 1.004 0.848 0.843
47 1.538 1.015 47 1.025 0.860 0.855
48 1.571 1.016 48 1.047 0.871 0.866
49 1.069 0.882 0.877
50 1.091 0.893 0.887
0.0 51 1.113 0.903 0.897
52 1.134 0.913 0.906
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
53 1.4
1.156 0.922 1.6 0.915 1.8
54 1.178 0.931 0.924
55 1.200 0.939 0.932
Error 1.63% 56 1.222 0.947 0.940
57 1.244 0.954 0.947
58 1.265 0.961 0.954
59 1.287 0.968 0.960
60 1.309 0.974 0.966
61 1.331 0.980 0.971
62 1.353 0.985 0.976
63 1.374 0.990 0.981
64 1.396 0.994 0.985
65 1.418 0.998 0.988
66 1.440 1.001 0.991
67 1.462 1.004 0.994
68 1.484 1.006 0.996
69 1.505 1.008 0.998
70 1.527 1.009 0.999
71 1.549 1.010 1.000
72 1.571 1.011 1.000
Error 1.09%
New Eq. 5.37:  u i 1  1   x u i  2  x  cos 2 x i 
N =4
x = 0.333
Eq. 5.34 (LHS) (RHS)
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
-1.000 1.333 0.000 0.000 0.52392
0.000 -1.000 1.333 0.000 0.15683
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.333 -0.2774
x Inverse Matrix Result Exact Error

0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.333 0.750 0.750 0.000 0.000 0.393 0.522 0.004
0.667 0.563 0.563 0.750 0.000 0.412 0.666 0.016
1.000 0.422 0.422 0.563 0.750 0.101 0.414 0.024
0.212
N =8
x = 0.143
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
-1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.27413
0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.24032
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.18703
0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.11857
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 0.000 0.0405
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 0.000 -0.0409
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.143 -0.1189
Inverse Matrix
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Result Exact Error
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.143 0.875 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.240 0.263 0.000
0.286 0.766 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.420 0.469 0.000
0.429 0.670 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.531 0.606 0.001
0.571 0.586 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.569 0.668 0.001
0.714 0.513 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.000 0.533 0.653 0.002
0.857 0.449 0.449 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.000 0.431 0.565 0.002
1.000 0.393 0.393 0.449 0.513 0.586 0.670 0.766 0.875 0.273 0.414 0.002
0.094
N = 16
x = 0.067 Eq. 5.34 (LHS)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (RHS)
1 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
2 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.13215
3 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.12862
4 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.12281
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.11482
6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.10478
7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.09289
8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.07935
9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.06441
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.04831
11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.03137
12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.01386
13 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.0039
14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 0.000 -0.0216
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 0.000 -0.0389
16 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.067 -0.0555
x Inverse Matrix Result Exact Error
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.067 0.938 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.124 0.129 0.000
0.133 0.879 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.237 0.247 0.000
0.200 0.824 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.337 0.352 0.000
0.267 0.772 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.424 0.445 0.000
0.333 0.724 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.495 0.522 0.000
0.400 0.679 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.552 0.584 0.000
0.467 0.637 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.591 0.630 0.000
0.533 0.597 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.615 0.659 0.000
0.600 0.559 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.622 0.671 0.000
0.667 0.524 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.612 0.666 0.000
0.733 0.492 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.587 0.645 0.000
0.800 0.461 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.547 0.608 0.000
0.867 0.432 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.000 0.492 0.557 0.000
0.933 0.405 0.405 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.000 0.425 0.491 0.000
1.000 0.380 0.380 0.405 0.432 0.461 0.492 0.524 0.559 0.597 0.637 0.679 0.724 0.772 0.824 0.879 0.938 0.346 0.414 0.000
0.044
N x Error
4 0.333 0.212
8 0.143 0.094
16 0.067 0.044
du du u
Equation of motion: M   A   A
dt dy 
du  A 
  u  0
dt  M 
du
 k u  0
dt
New Eq. 5.37:  u i  1  1  k  t u i  0
2
N =4 A = 0.0025 m
t  0.333  = 0.5 mm
Eq. 5.34 (LHS) (RHS) = 0.45 N.s/m2
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1 M = 3 kg
-1.000 1.250 0.000 0.000 0 k = 0.75 s-1
0.000 -1.000 1.250 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.250 0
t Inverse Matrix Result Exact Error

0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.0E+00
0.333 0.800 0.800 0.000 0.000 0.800 0.779 1.1E-04
0.667 0.640 0.640 0.800 0.000 0.640 0.607 2.8E-04
1.000 0.512 0.512 0.640 0.800 0.512 0.472 3.9E-04
0.028
N =8
t  0.143
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1
-1.000 1.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 -1.000 1.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.107 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.107 0.000 0
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.107 0
Inverse Matrix
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Result Exact Error
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.0E+00
0.143 0.903 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.903 0.898 2.9E-06
0.286 0.816 0.816 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.816 0.807 9.5E-06
0.429 0.737 0.737 0.816 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.737 0.725 1.7E-05
0.571 0.666 0.666 0.737 0.816 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.666 0.651 2.5E-05
0.714 0.601 0.601 0.666 0.737 0.816 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.601 0.585 3.2E-05
0.857 0.543 0.543 0.601 0.666 0.737 0.816 0.903 0.000 0.543 0.526 3.7E-05
1.000 0.490 0.490 0.543 0.601 0.666 0.737 0.816 0.903 0.490 0.472 4.1E-05
0.013
N = 16
t  0.067 Eq. 5.34 (LHS)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (RHS)
1 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1
2 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
3 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
4 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
13 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0.000 0
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0.000 0
16 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.000 1.050 0
t Inverse Matrix Result Exact Error
0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.0E+00
0.067 0.952 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.952 0.951 8.3E-08
0.133 0.907 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.907 0.905 3.0E-07
0.200 0.864 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.864 0.861 6.1E-07
0.267 0.823 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.823 0.819 9.9E-07
0.333 0.784 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.784 0.779 1.4E-06
0.400 0.746 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.746 0.741 1.8E-06
0.467 0.711 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.711 0.705 2.2E-06
0.533 0.677 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.677 0.670 2.7E-06
0.600 0.645 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.645 0.638 3.0E-06
0.667 0.614 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.614 0.607 3.4E-06
0.733 0.585 0.585 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.585 0.577 3.7E-06
0.800 0.557 0.557 0.585 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.557 0.549 4.0E-06
0.867 0.530 0.530 0.557 0.585 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.000 0.530 0.522 4.3E-06
0.933 0.505 0.505 0.530 0.557 0.585 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.000 0.505 0.497 4.5E-06
1.000 0.481 0.481 0.505 0.530 0.557 0.585 0.614 0.645 0.677 0.711 0.746 0.784 0.823 0.864 0.907 0.952 0.481 0.472 4.7E-06
0.006
N t Error
4 0.333 0.028
8 0.143 0.013
16 0.067 0.006
ug i 1  x ug2i
ui 
1  2x ug i
x  0.333
x
Iteration 0.000 0.333 0.667 1.000
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Residuals
1 1.000 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.204
2 1.000 0.791 0.661 0.661 0.127
3 1.000 0.791 0.650 0.560 0.068
4 1.000 0.791 0.650 0.550 0.007
5 1.000 0.791 0.650 0.550 0.000
6 1.000 0.791 0.650 0.550 0.000
Exact 1.000 0.750 0.600 0.500
1E+00
1E-01 1.0
1E-02 Iterations = 2
0.9 Iterations = 4
1E-03
Iterations = 6
Residual R
1E-04
0.8 Exact Solution
1E-05
u
1E-06
0.7
1E-07
1E-08 0.6
1E-09
1E-10 0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Iteration N x
ug i 1  x ug2i
ui 
1  2x ug i
x  0.0667
x
Iteration 0.000 0.067 0.133 0.200 0.267 0.333 0.400 0.467 0.533 0.600 0.667 0.733 0.800 0.867 0.933 1.000
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941 0.941
2 1.000 0.941 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889 0.889
3 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842
4 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799 0.799
5 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761 0.761
6 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726
7 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694 0.694
8 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664 0.664
9 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.637 0.637 0.637 0.637 0.637 0.637
10 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.612 0.612 0.612 0.612 0.612
11 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589
12 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.568 0.568 0.568 0.568
13 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.548 0.548 0.548
14 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.529
15 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.512
16 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
17 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
18 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
19 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
20 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
21 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
22 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
23 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
24 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
25 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
26 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
27 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
28 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
29 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
30 1.000 0.941 0.888 0.841 0.799 0.760 0.725 0.693 0.664 0.637 0.612 0.589 0.567 0.547 0.529 0.511
Exact 1.000 0.938 0.882 0.833 0.789 0.750 0.714 0.682 0.652 0.625 0.600 0.577 0.556 0.536 0.517 0.500
1.0
Iterations = 10
0.9
Iterations = 20
Iterations = 30
0.8 Exact Solution
u
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x
*5.81 An environmental engineer drops a kU 2t M

du
= k (U − u ) 2 vi2 ≈ 2vgi vi − vgi2
pollution measuring probe with a mass of uexact = dt
4.4 kg into a fast moving river (the speed M + kUt
Hint: Use a substitution for (U –u) so vi − v j −1 k
of the water is U = 7.5 m/s). The equation that the equation of motion looks v =U −u + ( 2vgi vi − vgi2 ) = 0
of motion for your speed u is ∆t M
similar to Eq. 5.31.
du 2
dv = − du
M = k (U − u )
dt k
vgi −1 + ∆tvgi2
where k = 0.958 kg/m is a constant dv 2 M
−M = kv vi =
indicating the drag of the water. Use dt k
1 + 2 ∆t vgi
Excel to generate and plot the probe speed M
versus time (for the first 10 s) using the dv k 2
same approach as the solutions of Eq. + v =0
dt M
5.31 for m = 2 as shown in Fig 5.21,
except use 16 points and as many
iterations as necessary to obtain
reasonable convergence. Compare your
results to the exact solution.
∆t = 1.000 k = 0.958 kg/m

M = 4.4 kg
t
Iteration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50
1 7.50 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62 4.62
2 7.50 4.01 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06 3.06
3 7.50 3.98 2.58 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.18
4 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.85 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64
5 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.41 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30
6 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.13 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06
7 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.94 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89
8 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.80 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76
9 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67
10 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59
11 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53
12 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
13 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44
14 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.40 0.40
15 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.38 0.37
16 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
17 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
18 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
19 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
20 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
21 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
22 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
23 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
24 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
25 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
26 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
27 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
28 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
29 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
30 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
31 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
32 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
33 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
34 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
35 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
36 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
37 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
38 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
39 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
40 7.50 3.98 2.54 1.81 1.39 1.11 0.92 0.79 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.35
Above values for v! To get u we compute u = U – v
Iteration
10 0.00 3.52 4.96 5.69 6.11 6.39 6.58 6.71 6.82 6.89 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91
20 0.00 3.52 4.96 5.69 6.11 6.39 6.58 6.71 6.82 6.90 6.96 7.01 7.06 7.09 7.13 7.15
40 0.00 3.52 4.96 5.69 6.11 6.39 6.58 6.71 6.82 6.90 6.96 7.01 7.06 7.09 7.13 7.15
Exact 0.00 4.69 5.77 6.25 6.52 6.70 6.81 6.91 6.98 7.03 7.08 7.11 7.14 7.17 7.19 7.21
9.0
7.5
6.0 Iterations = 10
u (m/s)
Iterations = 20
4.5
Iterations = 40
Exact Solution
3.0
1.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
t (s)

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Problem 5.

Given: The list of velocity fields provided above

d) u ( xy t)  ( 2 x  4 y )  x t v ( xy t)  3 ( x  y )  y  t

Given: Velocity fields

To find: Which are 3D incompressible

Hence, it is not incompressible .

Hence, it is not incompressible .

Hence, it is not incompressible .

5.3 For a flow in the xy plane, the x component of velocity is

Given: x component of velocity.

Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in x-y plane

5.4 Which of the following sets of equations represent possible three-dimensional

Given: Velocity fields

Find: Which are 3D incompressible.

Hence, it is NOT INCOMPRESSIBLE .

Hence, it is NOT INCOMPRESSIBLE .

Hence, it is NOT INCOMPRESSIBLE .

Given: x component of velocity

Assumptions: Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)

5.6 The x-component of velocity in a steady, incompressible

measured in meters, find the simplest y component of

Given: The x-component of velocity in a steady, incompressible flow field

To find: The simplest y-component of velocity for this flow field

(1) Incompressible flow   is constant 

The partial of ' u ' with respect to x is

The simplest version of this velocity component would result when f  x   0

Given: y component of velocity

Find: x component for incompressible flow; Simplest x components?

Assumptions: Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)

Given: x component of velocity

Assumption: Incompressible flow; flow in x-y plane

v ( x y )  A e  sin

Given: Approximate (parabolic) profile for a laminar boundary layer:

Dimensionless height (y/delta)

Dimensionless Velocity (v/U)

Given: Approximate (sinusoidal) profile for a laminar boundary layer:

  sin    cos    1

Plotting this relationship shows:

Assuming x = 0.5 m and δ = 5 mm

Dimensionless height (y/delta)

Dimensionless Velocity (u/U) Dimensionless Velocity (v/U)

Given: Steady, incompressible flow in x-y plane:

Plotting streamline for point (1, 4): 1  4 8 x y 8

Given: Steady, incompressible flow in x-y plane:

Discussion: Refer back to the discussion of streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines in

Given: Conservation of mass in rectangular coordinates

In the x-direction, the mass flux is: m x  udA  udydz

 u   v   w 

 u   v   w 

Given: The list of velocity fields provided above

Given: r component of velocity

Find: θ component for incompressible flow; How many θ components

Assumptions: Incompressible flow

Vθ( r θ)  U sin( θ)  f ( r)

There are an infinite number of solutions as f(r) can be any function of r

The simplest form is Vθ( r θ)  U sin( θ)

Given: r component of velocity

Find: θ component for incompressible flow; How many θ components