Atoms and Molecules Notes

07.
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Mind map:
Questions and Answers
1. Explain the process and precautions in verifying law of conservation of mass.

A. Experiment:
Aim: To verify the law of conservation of mass.
Material required: Lead nitrate, potassium iodide, distilled water, conical flask, spring balance, test
tube, stand, rubber cork, thread etc.
Procedure
1. Prepare a solution by dissolving approximately 2 grams of lead nitrate in 100 ml of distilled
water.
2. Prepare another solution by dissolving approximately 2 gm of Potassium iodide in 100 ml
water.
3. Take 100ml solution of lead nitrate in 250ml conical flask.
4. Also take 4ml solution of potassium iodide in test tube.
5. Hang the test tube in the flask carefully, without mixing the
solutions. Put a cork on the flask.
6. Weigh the flask with its contents Carefully.
7. Now tilt and swirl the flask, so that the two
solutions mix.
8. Weigh the flask again by the same Balance.
9. Record your observations:
Weight of flask and contents before mixing = ……
Weight of flask and contents after mixing = ……
We observed that a chemical reaction took place and the mass remained same before and after
chemical reaction. Therefore, mass was neither created nor destroyed in the chemical reaction.
Hence The law of conservation of mass is verified.
2. In a class, a teacher asked to write the molecular formula of oxygen Shamita
wrote the formula as O2 and Priyanka as O. which one is correct? State the
reason.?
A. ‘O’ is the symbol of oxygen atom.
‘O2’ is the formula of oxygen molecule. So the answer given by Shamitha is correct.
3. Imagine what would happen if we do not have standard symbols for elements?
A. If we do not have standard symbols for elements, it is very difficult to remember all
the names in different languages.
Developments and research works on elements would have stopped at earlier
stages due to confusion.
4.Mohith said "H2 differs from 2H". Justify.
A. Yes. Mohith is correct. H2 differs from 2H.
H2 represents one hydrogen molecule. 2H represents two hydrogen atoms.
5.Lakshmi gives a statement "CO and Co both represents element". Is it correct?
State reason.
A. No. Lakshmi’s statement is wrong.
(i) CO is the formula of Carbon monoxide
molecule. It is a compound.
(ii) Co is the symbol of Cobalt atom. It is an element.
6. The formula of water molecule is H2O. What information you get from this
formula.
A. H2O is the formula of Water. It tell us
(i) one molecule of water
(ii) It is the oxide of Hydrogen
(iii) It consists of three atoms
(iv) Its molecular weight=(2x1+1x16) =18u
7 . How would you write 2 molecules of oxygen and 5 molecules of Nitrogen.
A. O2 represents Oxygen molecule.
2 Oxygen molecules are denoted by 2O2 N2 represents Nitrogen molecule.
5 Nitrogen molecules are denoted by 5N2
8. The formula of a metal oxide is MO. Then write the formula of its chloride.
A. Formula of given metallic oxide is MO.
It means the valence of ‘Metal’ and
‘Oxygen’ are equal.
The valency of Oxygen =2
The valency of Metal (M) = 2
The valency of Chlorine = 1
According to Criss-cross method: M2 Cl1
M1 Cl2
The formula of Metallic chloride of the metal given is MCl2.
12. Formula of calcium hydroxide is Ca (OH)2 and zinc phosphate is
Zn3(PO4)2. Then write the formula to Calcium phosphate.
A. Formula of calcium hydroxide = Ca(OH)2
So the valency of Ca =2
Formula of Zinc phosphate = Zn3(PO4)2 So the valency of (PO4) = 3
According to Criss-cross method:
Ca2 (PO4)3
Ca3 (PO4)2
The formula of Calcium Phosphate is Ca3(PO4)2.
9. Find out the chemical names and formulae for the following common household
substances.
(a) common salt (b) baking soda
A. (c) washing soda (d) vinegar
Common Name Chemical Name Formula
Common salt Sodium chloride NaCl
Baking soda Sodium bi carbonate NaHCO3
Washing soda Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
Vinegar Acetic acid CH3COOH
10. Write the valencies of Fe in FeCl2 and FeCl3.

A. According to Criss-cross method the valencies arranged as subscripts in the formula.
(i) In FeCl2 the valency of chlorine is 1. So the valency of Fe’ is 2.
(Because there are 2 chlorine atoms)
(ii) In FeCl3 the valency of chlorine is 1. So the valency of Fe’ is 3.
(Because there are 3 chlorine atoms)
11 Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat,
light or electricity.
Answer
12. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples.
Answer
A reaction in which an insoluble solid (called precipitate) is formed is called a precipitation reaction.For
Example:
Na2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
Sodium Carbonate + Calcium Chloride → Calcium Carbonate + Sodium Chloride
In this reaction, calcium carbonate is obtained as a precipitate. Hence, it is a precipitation reaction.
13. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write equations
for these reactions.
Answer
In a displacement reaction, a more reactive element replaces a less reactive element from a compound.
For Example: CuSo4 (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
In a double displacement reaction, two atoms or a group of atoms switch places to form new
compounds.
For Example: Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
14. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction? Explain.
Answer
Respiration is considered as an exothermic reaction because in respiration oxidation of glucose takes
place which produces large amount of heat energy.
C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) + Energy
15. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write equations
for these reactions.
Answer
In a displacement reaction, a more reactive element replaces a less reactive element from a compound.
For Example: CuSo4 (aq) + Zn (s) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
In a double displacement reaction, two atoms or a group of atoms switch places to form new
compounds.
For Example: Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
16. Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each.
(a) Oxidation
(b) Reduction
Answer
Oxidation Reaction: It is a chemical reaction in which gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen takes place.
Reduction Reaction: It is a chemical reaction in which loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen takes place.
17. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved displacement by
copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.
Answer
2AgNO3 (aq) + Cu (s) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)
Silver Nitrate + Copper → Copper Nitrate + Silver
18. Explain the following terms with one example each.

(a) Corrosion
(b) Rancidity
Answer
Corrosion is defined as a process where materials, usually metals, deteriorate as a result of a chemical
reaction with air, moisture, chemicals, etc.
For example, iron, in the presence of moisture, reacts with oxygen to form hydrated iron oxide.
4Fe + 3O2 + nH2O → 2Fe2O3.nH2O
Steps to prevent:
1. Painting
2. Galvanizing
3. Applying grease
4. Alloying
Rancidity is the process of oxidation of fats and oils that can be easily noticed by the change in taste
and smell is known as rancidity.
For example, the taste and smell of butter changes when kept for long.
Application of concepts :
1. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
Answer
Iron articles are painted because it prevents them from rusting. When painted, the contact of iron
articles from moisture and air is cut off. Hence, rusting is prevented.
2. What is the use of keeping food in air tight containers:
To prevent from rancidity, we keep food in the air tight containers.

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07.

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

1. Explain the process and precautions in verifying law of conservation of mass.

10. Write the valencies of Fe in FeCl2 and FeCl3.

18. Explain the following terms with one example each.

To prevent from rancidity, we keep food in the air tight containers.

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