Ace333 Ungab CH2

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
ACE333
(Plumbing Systems)
By: JOHNDY C. UNGAB

JOVIDAN M. RAJAMUDA
1
<INSERT DATE>
CHAPTER 2
PLUMBING
MATERIALS
2
Engineering Utilities 2
INTRODUCTION
2-1
Throughout the decades, the types of materials that have been used for plumbing has
changed dramatically. Nearly every type of material from wood to iron has been tried and
tested in the plumbing industry. However, plumbers have had to learn through trial and error
that some materials work better than others.
There are several reasons why it’s important to choose the right plumbing materials.
• SAFETY
• STRENGTH AND DURABILITY
• MAINTENANCE
• FLEXIBILITY
Plumbing Materials 3
Introduction
There are numerous kind of materials available for plumbing installation but so far, the most
popular and commonly used are:
1. Cast iron soil pipe 7. Galvanized steel pipe
2. Acid resistant cast iron pipe 8. Galvanized wrought iron pipe
3. Asbestos pipe 9. Brass pipe

4. Bituminous fiber sewer pipe 10. Copper pipe
5. Vitrified clay pipe 11. Plastic or synthetic pipe
6. Lead pipe 12. Stainless steel pipe
Introduction
Fittings — Used to connect pipe lengths and make all the pipe turns, branch lines,
couplings that join the straight turns, and stops at the end of the runs.
Introduction
Different Types of Fittings
CAST IRON PIPE

2-2
• The most popular and generally specified material for drainage system in buildings. It is
durable, conveniently installed and answer to the most plumbing needs of all types of
buildings less than 25 storey high.
• Buildings taller than 25 storey do not specify the use of cast iron pipe because of constant
vibrations which causes water leak of the pipe joints.
• It is also affected by corrosion caused by the action of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide and
methane gases forming solutions of carbonic acid and sulfuric acid. These acids attack the
metallic material causing a slow chemical reaction. It is also affected by rust caused by
oxidation if ferrous oxide takes place.
• Cast iron pipe is commonly used in gravity building and storm drain/sewer systems.
Cast Iron Pipe
Two types of Cast Iron Pipes:

• Service (SV) type — generally used for building installations
• Extra Heavy (XH) type — classified as extra duty pipe used for underground installations
Four Varieties of Cast Iron Pipes:
• Standard pipe
• Single Hub pipe
• Double Hub pipe
• No-hub or Hubless pipe
8
Cast Iron Pipe
• Cast iron pipes and fittings are connected using two methods:
— hub (female end) and spigot (male end) that are joined by sliding the spigot into the hub
— no-hub connection that is connected with a rubber gasket and screw-type clamp
Cast Iron Pipe
PROS:
• Durable • Can last longer if laid in sandy soil

• Reduces sound • Long service life
• Heat-resistant • Compatible with PVC
• Less expensive
CONS:
• Prone to external and internal corrosion in aggressive conditions

• Heavy
• High maintenance costs
• No elastic behavior and lower mechanical strength
Cast Iron Pipe
1/4 BEND SHORT SWEEP (cm)
2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8”
A 6.9 8.1 8.8 8.8 8.8 10.3

B 14.4 16.9 18.8 20.0 21.2 25.3
C 15.0 17.5 20.0 21.2 22.5 28.7
SHORT SWEEP
1/8 BEND OFFSET 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8”
2” 2x4” 2x6” 2x8” 3x2” 3x4” 3x6” 3x8” 4x2” 4x4” A 6.9 8.1 8.8 8.8 8.8 10.3
A 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.8 8.8 B 19.4 21.9 23.8 25.0 26.3 30.0
B 24.4 29.5 34.4 39.4 28.1 33.1 38.1 48.1 30.0 35.0 C 20.0 22.5 25.0 26.3 27.5 33.8
C 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10
LONG SWEEP
4x5” 4x8” 5x2” 5x4” 5x6” 5x8” 6x2” 6x4” 6x6” 6x8” 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8”
A 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 A 6.9 8.1 8.8 8.8 8.8 10.3
B 40.0 45.0 31.3 36.3 41.3 46.3 31.3 37.5 42.5 47.5 B 26.9 29.4 31.3 32.5 33.8 37.8
C 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 C 27.5 30.0 32.5 33.8 35.0 41.3
Cast Iron Pipe
SINGLE AND DOUBLE Y BRANCHES SINGLE AND DOUBLE COMBINATION Y 1/8 BEND
2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 3x2” 4x2” 4x3” 5x2” 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 3x2” 4x2”
A 16.3 20.7 24.4 27.5 30.6 38.3 18.9 20.9 22.7 22.2 A 18.4 24.4 30.0 35.0 35.0 39.7 20.6
B 26.3 33.1 37.5 41.3 45.0 57.5 29.4 30.0 33.8 30.0 B 26.3 33.1 37.5 41.3 45.0 29.4 30.0
C 20.0 26.3 30.0 33.8 37.5 48.8 25.5 22.5 26.3 22.5 C 20.0 26.3 30.0 33.8 22.5 22.5 26.3
D 10.0 13.6 16.9 20.0 23.1 29.5 12.5 14.4 15.6 16.3 D 12.2 17.5 22.5 27.5 32.2 14.4 15.6
5x3” 5x4” 6x2” 6x3” 4x4” 6x5” 8x2” 8x3” 8x4” 8x5” 8x6” 4x3” 5x2” 5x3” 5x4” 6x2” 6x3” 4x4” 6x5”
A 24.1 25.8 23.6 25.3 27.0 28.9 27.2 28.9 30.6 32.5 34.2 A 25.6 23.1 26.9 31.3 24.4 28.1 32.5 16.3
B 33.8 37.5 30.0 33.8 37.5 41.3 35.0 38.8 42.5 46.3 50.0 B 33.8 30.0 33.8 37.5 30.0 33.8 37.5 41.3
C 26.3 30.0 22.5 26.3 30.0 33.8 26.3 30.0 33.8 37.5 41.3 C 22.5 22.5 26.3 30.0 22.5 26.3 30.0 33.8
D 17.5 18.8 18.1 19.4 20.6 21.9 31.3 22.5 23.8 25.0 26.3 D 18.8 16.9 20.0 23.8 18.1 21.3 25.0 28.8
Cast Iron Pipe
SINGLE AND DOUBLE INVERTED Y BRANCHES
2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 3x2” 4x2”
A 8.1 10.0 11.3 11.9 12.5 8.1 7.7

B 14.7 18.4 22.2 25.3 38.4 16.6 18.4
C 30.0 38.1 42.5 46.6 50.0 34.4 35.0
D 8.4 11.6 14.7 17.8 20.9 10.3 12.2
4x3” 5x2” 5x3” 5x4” 6x2” 6x3” 6x4” 6x5”

SINGLE AND DOUBLE UPRIGHT Y BRANCHES
A 9.4 6.6 5.3 10.0 5.5 7.2 8.9 10.6
2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 3x2” 4x2”
B 20.3 20.2 22.0 23.9 21.9 23.8 25.6 26.9
A 26.3 33.1 37.5 41.3 45.0 29.4 30.0
C 38.8 35.0 38.8 42.5 35.0 38.8 42.5 46.3
B 11.3 13.8 16.3 18.8 21.3 12.5 13.8
D 13.4 13.9 15.2 16.4 29.5 16.9 18.1 19.4
C 20.0 26.3 30.0 33.8 37.5 22.5 26.3
D 15.0 18.6 21.7 24.7 27.7 16.9 18.1
4x3” 5x2” 5x3” 5x4” 6x2” 6x3” 6x4” 6x5”
A 33.8 30.0 33.8 37.5 30.0 33.8 37.5 41.3 DOUBLE HUB
B 15.0 15.0 16.3 17.5 16.3 17.5 18.8 20.0 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8”
C 26.3 22.5 26.3 30.0 22.5 26.3 30.0 33.8 A 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.1
D 19.9 19.4 21.1 23.0 20.6 22.0 24.2 25.9 B 15.0 16.2 17.5 17.5 17.5 20.6
Cast Iron Pipe
REDUCER
3x2” 4x2” 4x3” 5x2” 5x3” 5x4” 6x2”
A 9.4 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

B 11.9 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
C 18.1 18.1 18.4 18.4 19.4 19.9 18.8
SINGLE AND DOUBLE SANITARY BRANCHES 6x3” 6x4” 8x2” 8x3” 8x4” 8x5” 8x6”
2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 3x2” 4x2” 4x3” 5x2” A 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3
A 10.6 13.1 15.0 16.3 17.5 21.9 11.9 12.5 13.8 12.5 B 12.5 12.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
B 13.1 16.9 18.0 20.0 21.3 25.3 16.3 17.5 18.1 18.8 C 19.4 20.0 21.3 21.9 22.5 22.5 22.5
C 26.3 31.9 35.0 37.5 40.0 51.3 29.4 30.0 32.5 30.0
INCREASER
D 20.0 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 42.5 22.5 25.0 22.5 25.0
2x3 2x4 2x5 2x6 3x4 3x5
E 6.0 10.0 11.3 12.5 13.8 16.6 10.0 11.3 11.3 12.5
A 9.4 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
5x3” 5x4” 6x2” 6x3” 6x4” 8x2” 8x3” 8x4” 8x5” 8x6” B 11.9 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
A 13.8 15.0 12.5 13.8 15.0 14.4 15.6 16.9 18.1 19.4 C 18.1 18.1 18.4 18.4 19.4 19.9
B 19.4 20.0 20.0 20.6 21.3 22.5 23.1 23.8 23.8 23.8 3x6 4x5 4x6 4x8 5x6 5x8
C 32.5 35.0 30.0 32.5 35.0 36.3 28.8 41.3 43.8 46.3 A 10.0 10.0 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3
D 25.0 27.5 22.5 25.0 27.5 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5 B 12.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
E 12.5 12.5 13.8 13.8 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 C 18.8 21.3 21.9 22.5 22.5 22.5
Cast Iron Pipe
A. DIMENSIONS OF REDUCING SHORT TEE WYE (mm)
30x32 50x36 50x38 63x32 63x38 63x50 75x38 75x50
A 109 111 123 128 128 138 127 144

B 69 70 75 81 81 92 83 91
1/2 S-STRAP WITH OR WITHOUT VENT & CLEANOUT
C 69 67 72 75 75 78 73 81
2x2” 3x2” 3x3” 4x2” 4x3” 4x4”
100x38 100x50 100x63 100x75 125x38 125x50 125x75 125x100
A 10.0 12.5 12.5 15.0 15.0 15.0
B 23.8 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 15.0 A 144 145 184 184 139 153 194 231
C 10.0 13.8 13.8 16.3 16.3 16.3 B 119 119 109 113 130 145 130 148
C 84 84 108 108 80 92 113 131
5x4” 5x5” 6x4” 6x6” 8x4” 8x6” 150x50 150x75 150x100 200x175 200x75 200x100 200x125 200x150
A 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 A 158 231 231 259 291 291 319 319
B 40.0 45.0 31.3 36.3 41.3 46.3 B 130 148 148 148 191 191 202 202
C 15 20 5 10 15 20 C 92 136 136 148 188 188 209 209
Cast Iron Pipe
B. DIMENSIONS OF REDUCING 45° Y
30x32 50x32 50x38 63x38 63x50 75x38 75x50
A 136 145 145 145 206 147 166

B 105 113 113 113 155 131 138
C 97 113 113 113 152 114 113
100x38 100x50 100x75 125x38 125x50 125x75 125x100 150x50
A 175 175 231 184 184 238 278 169

B 159 159 194 167 167 211 236 169
C 128 128 163 141 141 175 198 111
150x75 150x100 150x125 175x100 200x75 200x100 200x125 200x150
A 222 281 325 256 219 266 356 356

B 181 245 267 241 231 250 269 269
C 156 206 236 175 147 181 219 219
Cast Iron Pipe
C. REDUCING 45° Y
38x32 50x32 50x38 63x38 63x50 75x38
A 131 148 148 159 159 166

B 86 106 106 119 119 127 A. SHORT T-Y (mm)
C 86 106 106 119 119 127 32 38 50 63 75
A 95 108 144 166 181

75x50 75x63 100x38 100x50 100x63 100x75
B 55 63 80 97 105
A 169 209 191 166 181 212
C 55 63 80 97 105
B 231 150 141 147 147 166
C 131 150 141 147 147 166
100 125 150 175 200
125x50 125x75 125x100 150x50 150x75 150x100
A 219 156 200 244 381
A 178 219 258 175 220 263
B 130 155 178 216 228
B 169 188 197 166 206 225
C 130 155 178 216 228
C 169 188 197 166 206 225
Cast Iron Pipe
B. LONG T-Y C. 45° - Y
32 38 50 63 75 25 32 38 50 63
A 119 136 163 206 225 A 100 130 130 156 200
B 91 105 128 155 175 B 67 86 86 103 131
C 86 97 116 152 163 C 67 86 86 103 131
100 125 150 175 200 75 100 125 150 175 200
A 269 325 256 400 436 A 200 272 284 331 381 413
B 209 255 269 303 331 B 150 192 209 250 281 309
C 191 233 256 281 291 C 150 192 209 250 281 309
Cast Iron Pipe
ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE

• It is made from alloy of cast iron and silicon. It contains 14.25 up to 15% silicon.
• It is brittle in character and requires stronger support for each pipe installed horizontally
to prevent sagging of joints.
• And also, because of its brittleness, it is not easy to cut.
• Widely used in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations where acid
wastes are being discharge.
ASBESTOS PIPE
2-3
• It is made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement. The thickness of the pipe is twice as that of
the standard cast iron pipe.
• These pipes are soft from the inside. That’s why their performance is better. They don’t rust
and are cheap as well. It is light in weight and can be assembled without skilled labor.
• The joint is flexible enough to permit as much as 12 degree deflection in laying pipe around
curves. However, the rubber-joint seals may deteriorate if exposed to gasoline or other
petroleum products.
• It is easy to cut, can be tapped and threaded for service connections.
• This kind of pipe is remarkably superior for embedment in concrete structure for having the
same materials properties. It is good on soil, wastewater, ventilation and downspout.
Asbestos Pipe
PROS:
• Heat-resistant • Easy to clean

• Good tensile strength • Fire-resistant
• Can be mixed with cement • Light in weight
• Weather resistance • Flexible
CONS:
• It implies health hazards • Brittle and soft

• Repairs are risky • Can’t withstand external loads
• High removal cost • Joint seal may deteriorate if exposed to gasoline
• Difficult to find qualified workers
Asbestos Pipe
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS
Size 1D1 1D2 A B t1 t2
60 60 85 70 40 6 7
80 80 105 80 50 6 7
100 100 125 100 60 6 7
150 150 181 120 70 7 8
200 200 240 160 90 10 11
250 250 306 160 90 14 15
300 300 356 160 90 14 15
Asbestos Pipe
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS
Size 60x60 80x60 80x80 100x60 100x80 100x100 150x60 150x80 150x100 150x150 200x60 200x80 200x100 200x150
A 222 232 252 262 282 302 292 302 332 374 380 400 420 474
B 111 121 126 131 136 151 156 162 177 187 191 197 215 225
C 111 116 126 131 141 151 1466 151 166 187 190 200 210 237
D 260 300 300 300 329 357 334 353 381 455 198 432 472 536
E 180 210 215 210 255 250 258 265 390 325 305 325 382 380
Size 200x200 250x60 250x80 250x100 250x150 250x200 250x250 300x60 300x80 300x100 300x150 300x200 300x250 300x300
A 524 390 410 430 484 534 600 410 430 450 520 570 632 682
B 262 221 226 242 252 283 300 251 267 283 293 320 329 341
C 262 195 205 215 242 267 300 205 215 225 250 285 316 341
D 614 438 478 510 580 665 738 473 498 535 602 693 770 843
E 425 325 378 396 428 475 522 392 405 424 460 516 556 596
Asbestos Pipe
SANITARY TEE AND SANITARY CROSS TEE DOUBLE HUB
Approx. Wt / piece Approx.

Dimensions (mm) Size L
in kg Wt. in kg
Size
A B C Tee Cross Tee 60 95 0.42
60x60 215 82 132 1.38 1.89 80 115 0.63
80x60 232 121 116 1.71 2.22 100 135 0.84
80x80 252 126 142 1.98 1.89 150 155 1.68
100x60 215 102 132 1.22 2.73 200 180 3.47
100x80 282 136 141 2.50 3.20 250 185 5.38
100x100 255 102 152 2.91 3.95 300 195 8.09
Asbestos Pipe
ASBESTOS ELBOWS DIMENSIONS

TRAPS
APPROXIMATE WEIGHT PER PIECE IN
DIMENSIONS APPROXIMATE WEIGHT
KILOGRAMS
DIMENSIONS PER PIECE IN
90° 75° 60° 45° 30° KILOGRAMS
SIZE L R
BEND BEND BEND BEND BEND
RUNNING
SIZE L1 L2 L3 P-TRAP
60 60 56 0.84 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.69 TRAP
80 65 66 1.21 1.15 1.09 1.03 0.97 60 86 177 78 1.59 2.07

100 85 81 1.89 1.77 1.66 1.58 1.50 80 102 211 98 2.73 3.65
150 95 107 3.80 3.59 3.39 3.18 2.98 100 124 211 121 3.57 4.57
200 160 124 10.04 9.60 9.12 8.72 8.26 150 160 257 171 8.14 9.84
250 180 159 19.99 18.84 17.91 16.86 15.90
300 200 186 25.95 24.58 23.06 21.75 20.36
Asbestos Pipe
INVERTED WYE DIMENSIONS Approx. Wt. /

DIMENSIONS Approx. Wt. / piece in kg
SIZE H E
SIZE H E piece in kg
200x200 614 425 18.20
60x60 260 180 1.63
250x60 438 350 16.54
80x60 300 210 2.12
250x80 478 378 17.84
80x80 300 215 2.38
250x100 510 396 18.96
100x60 300 210 2.55
250x150 580 428 22.16
100x80 329 255 3.03
250x200 665 475 28.33
100x100 357 250 3.48
250x250 738 522 36.62
150x60 334 258 4.30
300x60 473 392 20.41
150x80 353 265 4.71
300x80 496 405 21.44
150x100 381 290 5.35
300x100 535 424 22.91
150x150 455 325 7.28
300x150 602 460 26.29
200x60 396 305 9.10
300x200 693 516 33.09
200x80 432 325 9.95
300x250 770 558 41.58
200x100 472 352 11.00
300x300 843 596 47.22
Asbestos Pipe
REDUCER
Approx.
Size L
Wt. in kg
80x60 128 0.87

100x60 160 1.24
100x80 142 1.31
150x60 253 2.72
150x80 239 2.81
PLUG CLEANOUT PLUG
150x100 221 2.83
Approx. Approx.
Size L
Wt. in kg
Size L
Wt. in kg 200x80 354 6.54
60 55 0.40 60 45 0.75 200x100 342 6.59
80 65 0.60 80 55 0.25 200x150 303 6.64
100 75 1.10 100 70 0.39 250x100 395 1.32
150 85 2.40 150 80 0.84 250x150 362 11.53
200 132 4.00 200 110 3.26 250x200 328 16.28
250 132 5.10 250 110 3.99 300x150 435 14.92
300 132 6.20 300 110 5.25 300x200 392 15.91

300x250 348 16.70
Asbestos Pipe
ENLARGER
Approx.
Size L
Wt. in kg
60x80 128 0.75

60x100 160 1.00
60x150 253 1.922
80x100 142 1.04
80x150 239 2.02
80x200 354 4.08
100x150 221 2.14
100x200 342 4.23 TAP TEE AND TAP CROSS TEE
APPROXIMATE WEIGHT
100x250 395 6.85 DIMENSIONS
IN KILOGRAMS
150x200 303 4.82 TAP
SIZE L B TAP TEE
150x250 362 7.62 CROSS TEE
150x300 435 10.25 60 222 90 1.2 1.3
200x250 328 9.96 80 252 110 1.5 1.3
200x300 392 12.94 100 302 132 2.1 2.2
250x300 348 15.89
Asbestos Pipe
TRAPS
MINERAL LEAD OAKUM

SIZE
GRAMS PER NO. OF GRAMS PER NO. OF
JOINT JOINT / kg JOINT JOINT / kg
60 67 14.90 48.75 20.50

80 106 9.59 56.85 17.60
100 153 6.50 68.15 14.65
200 338 2.95 113.60 8.80
250 1210 0.83 170.20 5.88
Joints
All joints are suitably grouted and firmly packed with oakum or old
hemp rope. They are soaked in tar to be watertight and well secured
with pure lead not less than 25 mm deep, well calked, or filled with
cement mortar.
BITUMINOUS FIBER SEWER PIPE

2-4
• It is made from asbestos and cellulose (wood) fibers that are sealed with coal tar
(bituminous) compound. While these pipes were designed to withstand 50 years, but many
failed in just 30 years.
• This type of pipe is light in weight, slightly flexible which could take slight soil movement without
danger of cracking or pulling out from its joint.
• These sewer pipes were installed extensively during World War II due to a shortage of cast iron.
Also it is not expensive.
• Excessive hot water or chemical flow may often or damage the pipe.
• As reported failures, the pipes began to flatten into ovals, the walls became saggy and
susceptible to tree root invasion which creates blockages.
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
PROS:
• Cheap
• Light in weight
• Easy to transport
• Easy to cut
CONS:
• Root intrusion
• Fragile and Damage from concentrated pressure
• Limited structural life expectancy
• The bedding around the piping may shift over time causing the pipes to break apart
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE

2-5
• It is made out for clay, treated with glazing compound, cast into length of 75 centimeters .
• The pipe is heated in a large kiln under a temperature of 1370’ C, making it impervious to
moisture.
• Being made of clay, its physical property is brittle. Hence, it should not be land on unstable
ground base.
• It is highly resistant to most acid wastes and durable material for underground installations like
public sewer, house sewer or storm drain.
Vitrified Clay Pipe
PROS:
• Durable • Long life service

• Corrosion-resistant • Eco-friendly
• Recyclable
• Acid-resistant
CONS:
• Porous in character
• Brittle in character • Installation and repairs
• Not good with too much pressure are expensive
• Expensive to transport
Vitrified Clay Pipe
CLAY PIPE TECHNICAL DIMENSION (mm)
INSIDE LAYING DEPTH THICKNESS

DIAMETER LENGTH OF SOCKET OF BARREL
100 0.60 38 14
150 0.60 50 16
200 60 – 90 56 20
250 60 – 90 63 22
300 60 – 90 63 25
LEAD PIPE
2-6
• It is also one of the oldest plumbing materials used by the Egyptians, the Greeks and the
Roman builders as soil, waste, and vent pipe installations.
• Lead pipe is very ductile, and because of this feature, it can be placed readily. It must be
well supported because it deteriorates rapidly if permitted to sag.
• Lead pipe is highly resistant to acid and is suitable for underground installation.
• Lead poisoning is also known as Saturnism and Plumbism. You can be infected when you
ingest or inhale dangerous amounts of lead usually from your water supply.
Lead Pipe
PROS:
• Durable • Cost-effective
• Good Stability
• Ductile and Versatile
• Malleable
CONS:
• Lead poisoning
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE

2-7
• It is made out from mild steel, drawn through a die and welded, cast into 6 meters long.
It is dipped in a bath of zinc which protects it to some extent against the effects of acid.
• It is also affected by corrosion caused by alkaline and acid water. The carbonic acid in
water attacks the zinc coating and ultimately the steel itself.
• It is subject to deposits of salt and lime that gradually accumulate, and eventually choke the
flow of water. Also, it deteriorate faster when used as hot water supply line.
• It is well suited for overhead house drains, soil, waste, vent pipes, and distribution of water in
buildings of any height.
• Normally piping connections are screwed to avoid damaging the zinc coating due to welding.
Galvanized Steel Pipe
PROS:
• Corrosion-resistant • Perform well under cold and hot temperatures

• Easy to inspect • Less expensive than Stainless Steel Pipes
• Long Service Life
• Durable
CONS:
• Internal corrosion
• Water contamination
• High maintenance costs
Galvanized Steel Pipe
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE DATA (mm)

NOMINAL SIZE PIPE
OUTSIDE INSIDE THREAD SCREWED
mm in DIAMETER DIAMETER PER INCH INTO
FITTING
10 3/8 16.87 12.20 18 12

12 1/2 21.00 15.55 14 12
20 3/4 26.25 20.60 14 12
25 1 32.87 26.22 11.5 16
32 1¼ 41.50 34.50 11.51 16
38 1½ 47.50 40.25 11.5 16
50 2 59.30 59.61 11.5 20
GALVANIZED WROUGHT-IRON PIPE

2-8
• It is constructed of wrought iron, dipped in molten zinc, and may be identified by its dull,
greyish color.
• It is better in fitted than the steel pipe for plumbing installation. Tests showed that wrought
iron pipe is more resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe, which is an important factor to
consider when specifying plumbing materials.
• These pipes are widely used for conveying raw water & distribution of treated water in
majority of rural water supply.
Galvanized Wrought-Iron Pipe
WELDED WROUGHT IRON PIPE DIMENSIONS (mm)

STANDARD EXTRA
NOMINAL INSIDE
WEIGHT STRONG
DIAMETER
THICKNESS PIPE PIPE
mm NO. OF PIPE
mm in THREAD THICHNESS
PER INCH mm
10 3/8 2.27 18.0 3.15

12 1/2 2.72 14.0 3.67
20 3/4 2.82 14.0 3.85
25 1 3.32 11.5 4.47
32 1¼ 3.50 11.5 4.77
38 1½ 3.62 11.5 5.45
Galvanized Wrought-Iron Pipe
PROS:
• Corrosion-resistant • Low cost

• Tear-resistant and Wear-resistant • Can work with high temperature
• Long Service Life
• Durable
CONS:
• Internal corrosion
• Water contamination
• Not good with too much pressure
BRASS PIPE
2-9
• Brass Pipe is an alloy of zinc and copper, with the copper content as much as 85%.
• Brass pipe is one of the most expensive types of pipe. This pipe is made of an alloy or zinc and
copper mixed at 15% and 85% proportion respectively
• Because of its smooth interior surface and high resistance to acid, brass pipe become a
superior material for waste and water supply installations. Brass pipe fittings are of the
recessed type similar in design with galvanized steel pipe.
• It must be supported at intervals of from 8 to 10 feet. The fittings used on brass pipe are of the
cast brass, recessed drainage type, and are identical with those used on galvanized steel
and wrought-iron pipe.
Brass Pipe
PROS:
• Durable • Long service life

• Corrosion-resistant
• Malleable
• good tensile strength
COPPER PIPE
2-10
• Copper pipe is durable and extremely corrosive resistant material. It is easy to install
compared with other types of pipe.
• However, as copper is costly, therefore, they’re used in limited places only. And also the
reason why it is not commonly used for waste and vent pipe.
• These types of pipes are generally used to carry hot water or steam. They do not bend or sag
even at high temperature.
Copper Pipe
Copper pipe is classified into three types, depending upon its wall thickness.
• The K type is the heaviest. It is suitable for underground installation.
• The L type is lighter than K type available in both the rigid and flexible form. It is
commonly used in residential water supply line and radiant heating installations.
• The type M is the thinnest and available only in rigid form. This type of copper pipe is
especially designed for small water supply lines and for radiant heating installations.
NOTE: In installing hot water line, the use of bigger pipe

should be avoided because heat loss on larger pipe
is higher than on a smaller one.
Copper Pipe
COPPER PIPE TECHNICAL DIMENSION (mm)

NOMINAL SIZE OUTSIDE DIAMETER INSIDE DIAMTER (mm)
mm in mm Type K Type L Type M
10 3/8 12.0 10.00 10.75 11.25

12 1/2 12.2 12.62 12.62 14.23
20 3/4 23.0 18.60 19.63 20.28
25 1 28.0 24.80 25.63 26.38
32 1¼ 35.0 31.10 31.63 32.28
38 1½ 41.0 37.10 37.63 38.18
Copper Pipe
PROS:
• Durable • Eco-friendly
• Corrosive-resistant • Will not contaminate water
• Light in weight • Flexible
• Fire-resistant • Not affected by UV light
CONS:
• Expensive
• May add metallic taste to water
• Cannot Withstand Acidic Water
PLASTIC OR SYNTHETIC PIPES

2-11
• Plastic pipe is a new concept in the field of plumbing. It was introduced in the Philippines at
the early part of 70’s, although this type of materials was developed in Germany in the mid
year of 1935.
• Plastic pipe has gained widespread acceptance after it has in many ways proven itself to be
superior as sewer and cold water pipe line.
Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
 Types of Plastic Synthetic Pipes:

• The Rigid Type
• The Flexible Type
 The Rigid Type of Plastic Pipes:

• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) • Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
• Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) • Polypropylene (PP)
• Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC) • Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
 The Flexible Type of Plastic Pipes:

• The Polyethylene (PE)
• The Polybutylene (PB)
 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
• Polyvinyl chloride, more commonly known as PVC, has become a popular choice for
plumbing pipes in recent years. This material is a thermoplastic polymer. In other words,
it is made out of a combination of plastic and vinyl.
• PVC won’t rust or corrode over time because it doesn’t react with air and water the
way metal does, which results in a significantly longer lifetime of the pipe.
• PVC pipe is also able to handle high water pressure. This is why it can also serve as your
home’s main water supply line. It is also a lighter-weight material, making it easier to
work with than the more traditional galvanized steel piping options. PVC pipes contain
a smooth inner lining as well, which protects against sediment buildup and makes
them more resistant to blockages.
Copper Pipe
PROS:
• Durable
• Light in weight
• Long service life
• Cost-effective
• Can withstand high pressure
CONS:
• Poor heat stability
• Emits toxic fumes when melted or subject to a fire
 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
• Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride, shortened to CPVC, is closely related to PVC. Though

both materials are made from the same basic elements, the key difference is that
CPVC is chlorinated.
• CPVC is able to withstand temperature differences in a way that PVC cannot. For this
reason, some building codes call for CPVC in place of PVC for transporting hot water.
• It comes in this sizing system as well as in Copper Tubing Size (CTS). As the name
suggests, this sizing system mimics the same size graduations used by copper piping.
Copper Pipe
PROS:
• Durable
• Light in weight
• Cost-effective
CONS:
• Not good with UV lights
 Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)
• uPVC or PVC-U, is a thermoplastic material derived from common salt and fossil fuels.
The pipe material has the longest track record of all plastic materials. The first uPVC
pipes were made in the 1930s.
• uPVC pipes has a small coefficient of friction, which ensures that there’s no corrosion
on the inside of the pipe and the walls of the pipe don’t become rough after a long-
term us, so it’s not toxic and harmless to the environment. Also, it doesn’t produce
harmful organic compounds.
• uPVC is often used for waste lines in homes and sanitary sewers.
Copper Pipe
PROS:
• Durable
• Light in weight
• Eco-friendly
• Recyclable
CONS:
• Its strength decreases as temperature rises
 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
• This sturdy plastic was one of the first plastics used for residential plumbing. ABS pipes
are always black and tend to be softer than PVC. They are mainly used for vent and
drain lines, along with other outdoor underground uses where cold temperatures are
common.
• ABS pipe can operate at temperatures as cold as -40°C and up to 70°C and so is often
used for glycol circuits in chiller and cooler systems as well as for ice slurries in
processing plants.
• As well as pressure pipe, the ductility and excellent surface finish of ABS often makes it
the plastic of choice for items such as toys, power tool bodies, valve handles,
instrument cases etc.
Copper Pipe
PROS:
• Durable
• Less expensive
• Superior flow rate
• Light in weight
CONS:
• Its strength decreases as temperature rises
 Polypropylene (PP)
• Polypropylene (PP) is the lightest weight piping material with very good chemical
resistance, even to many organic solvents.
• It is used extensively for HVAC applications and is available in two classifications, with
Type I being the most common. Type I has better rigidity and strength but lower
impact resistance than Type II, which has improved toughness over Type I material. In
chemical drainage applications, heat stabilizers and flame retardant additives are
added to PP to retard flammability and thermal aging.
• PP is also used in many more corrosive and higher temperature applications (180°F)
than PVC. Typical applications include chemical drainage systems, industrial process,
high purity water, hot and cold water distribution, and gravity sewer systems.
Copper Pipe
PROS:
• Light in weight
• Low cost
• Moisture-resistant
• Easy to install
CONS:
• High thermal expansion coefficient
• UV degradation
• High flammability
• Poor resistance to chlorinated solvents
 Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
• A plastic-rubber mixture consisting of at least 50% of

a styrene plastic combined with rubber and various
compounding ingredients.
• Recently the using of SBR becomes widespread in the world instead of natural rubber.
It is characterized by wide range of desirable properties including excellent crack and
abrasion resistance, good aging stability.
• Unlike the natural rubber, the oxidation increases the linkage of polymer chains. This
effect tends to harden it with age instead of softening. The main limitations and
drawbacks of SBR are poor strength without reinforcement by fillers, low tear strength
at high temperature and low resilience.
The Polyethylene (PE)

• Light in weight
• Flexible
• Chemical-resistant
• Not good in UV light
• Long lifespan
• Cost-effective
The Polybutylene (PB):
• Easy to install
• Insulates noise transmission
• Resistance to temperature and pressure
• Light in weight
• Eco-friendly
90° THREADED TEES

a b A B C D
20 13 30 27 11 14 90° THREADED ELBOWS

25 20 35 33 14 17 a b A B C D
20 13 30 27 11 14
25 20 35 33 14 17
32 25 45 39 17 22
90° TEES
a A C D
REDUCING TEES
20 27.5 27 11
a b c A B C D
25 33.4 33 14
40 25 50 50 49 42 43
32 42 39 17
50 32 50 62 59 50 28
40 50 49 23
63 40 63 77 72 60 34
50 62 59 28
63 77 72 34
90° ELBOW FEMALE THREADED ADAPTORS

a A B C a b A B C
MALE THREADED ADAPTORS UNIONS
20 26.5 27 11 20 13 35 5 32
a b A B C a b A B C
25 32.5 33 14 25 20 40 5 36
20 13 40 24 32 20 25 30 27 14
32 40 39 17 32 25 45 5 36
25 20 44 25 36 25 32 35 33 17
40 49 49 23 40 32 51 5 55
32 38 45 39 22
50 60.5 59 28 50 40 59 7 65
63 75 72 34 63 50 69 7 80
SOCKET
a A B C
20 27.5 35 3 REDUCER ADAPTORS

REDUCING SOCKETS CAPS
a b A B C
25 33.5 41 3 a b A B C a A B
25 20 27 38.5 1.5
32 40 47 3 40 32 49 51 3 20 29 34
32 25 33 43.5 1.5
40 51 55 3 50 40 60 60 3 25 35 28
50 59 65 3 63 50 75 72 3 32 44 32
63 75 79 3
Plastic Pipe Fittings
<INSERT DATE>
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Keep trying. Tough situations build strong people in the end. ”
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ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

By: JOHNDY C. UNGAB

1. Cast iron soil pipe 7. Galvanized steel pipe

2. Acid resistant cast iron pipe 8. Galvanized wrought iron pipe

3. Asbestos pipe 9. Brass pipe

Different Types of Fittings

CAST IRON PIPE

Two types of Cast Iron Pipes:

Four Varieties of Cast Iron Pipes:

• Single Hub pipe

• Double Hub pipe

• No-hub or Hubless pipe

• Durable • Can last longer if laid in sandy soil

• Prone to external and internal corrosion in aggressive conditions

1/4 BEND SHORT SWEEP (cm)

A 6.9 8.1 8.8 8.8 8.8 10.3

1/8 BEND OFFSET 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8”

2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 3x2” 4x2” 4x3” 5x2” 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 3x2” 4x2”

SINGLE AND DOUBLE INVERTED Y BRANCHES

A 8.1 10.0 11.3 11.9 12.5 8.1 7.7

4x3” 5x2” 5x3” 5x4” 6x2” 6x3” 6x4” 6x5”

4x3” 5x2” 5x3” 5x4” 6x2” 6x3” 6x4” 6x5”

B 15.0 15.0 16.3 17.5 16.3 17.5 18.8 20.0 2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8”

3x2” 4x2” 4x3” 5x2” 5x3” 5x4” 6x2”

A 9.4 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

A. DIMENSIONS OF REDUCING SHORT TEE WYE (mm)

30x32 50x36 50x38 63x32 63x38 63x50 75x38 75x50

A 109 111 123 128 128 138 127 144

B. DIMENSIONS OF REDUCING 45° Y

30x32 50x32 50x38 63x38 63x50 75x38 75x50

A 136 145 145 145 206 147 166

100x38 100x50 100x75 125x38 125x50 125x75 125x100 150x50

A 175 175 231 184 184 238 278 169

150x75 150x100 150x125 175x100 200x75 200x100 200x125 200x150

A 222 281 325 256 219 266 356 356

38x32 50x32 50x38 63x38 63x50 75x38

A 131 148 148 159 159 166

C 86 106 106 119 119 127 32 38 50 63 75

A 95 108 144 166 181

B. LONG T-Y C. 45° - Y

ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE

• And also, because of its brittleness, it is not easy to cut.

• It is easy to cut, can be tapped and threaded for service connections.

• Heat-resistant • Easy to clean

• It implies health hazards • Brittle and soft

Size 1D1 1D2 A B t1 t2

SANITARY TEE AND SANITARY CROSS TEE DOUBLE HUB

Approx. Wt / piece Approx.

ASBESTOS ELBOWS DIMENSIONS

80 65 66 1.21 1.15 1.09 1.03 0.97 60 86 177 78 1.59 2.07

INVERTED WYE DIMENSIONS Approx. Wt. /

80x60 128 0.87

60 55 0.40 60 45 0.75 200x100 342 6.59

80 65 0.60 80 55 0.25 200x150 303 6.64

100 75 1.10 100 70 0.39 250x100 395 1.32

150 85 2.40 150 80 0.84 250x150 362 11.53

200 132 4.00 200 110 3.26 250x200 328 16.28

250 132 5.10 250 110 3.99 300x150 435 14.92