JAIPUR REGION

CLASS: XII
BIOLOGY
SESSION: 2020-21

LAST MINUTE REVISION STUDY MATERIAL

ADVISORS
 SHRI B.L. MORODIA, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER, KVS (RO), JAIPUR

COORDINATION TEAM AT KVS (RO), JAIPUR

 SHRI D.R. MEENA, ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER, KVS (RO), JAIPUR

 SHRI MUKESH KUMAR, ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER, KVS (RO), JAIPUR

CONTENT TEAM
 SHRI MANOJ KUMAR, PRINCIPAL, KV JALIPA CANTT BARMER

 SHRI MALLIKARJUN WALIKAR, PGT BIO, KV BANSWARA

 SHRI PUKHRAJ VAISHNAV, PGT BIO, KV BEAWAR

 MS SHIVANI PANDEY, PGT BIO, KV NO. 1, JAIPUR

 SHRI BHAGAT KUMAR MEGHWAL, PGT BIO, KV BSF JODHPUR

 SHRI PREM DEEPAK MISHRA, PGT BIO KV CTPP, CHABRA

 UNIT – 6 Reproduction
CHAPTER - 2 REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANT

Bisexual flower- stamen and pistil Anther Walls -Epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum

four microspore join Diagram showing

together and form Anatropous ovule.
microspore tetrad.

Anther contains four microsporangia where

microspores are produced from microspore mother
cell by meiosis called microsporogenesis.
PMC-> meiosis >> 4Microspore(tetrad)

Megasporogenesis-The process offormation of

megaspores from themegaspore mother cell is
calledMegasporogenesis.In the centre of the
ovule there is amass of tissue called
nucellus.Cells of nucellushave abundant
reserve food materials.One cell of the nucellus
towardsmicropylar end differentiated
intomegaspore mother cell(MMC).It is a large
diploid cell, densecytoplasm with prominent
nucleus.The MMC undergoes meiotic division The large central cell has two polar nuclei.
resulting four haploid megaspores. A typical angiosperm embryo sac at maturity is 8-nucleated and 7-
celled
KEYWORDS-ENDOSPERM,PEC,PEN.
• Pollination:
Transfer of pollen grains from theanther to the
stigma of a pistil istermed as pollination.
Both male and female gametes arenon-motile.
Kinds of pollination:Autogamy, Geitonogamy
and xenogamy.

Diagram showing
Embryo of grass &DICOT
CHAPTER – 3: HUMAN REPRODUCTION

SPERMATOGENESIS

Result = 4 haploid sperms (Spermatozoa). This process of

spermatogenesis starts from puberty in males.
(Refer fig 3.6 for sperm, a matured sperm have Head, Neck, Middle piece
and tail each showing a peculiar function – Pg. 48)
OOGENESIS
1. Starts at embryonic stage in fetal
ovary but meiosis -1 gets arrested at
Prophase -1.
2. During puberty when follicle matures
the first meiotic division completes and
secondary oocyte forms.
3. During ovulation secondary oocyte releases.
4. During fertilization the secondary oocyte converts in to ovum (Adult
reproductive stage)
Result = one Egg and 3 polar bodies generate which soon degenerate.
Hormonal control in Male reproductive system
Hypothalamus ____________ GnRH ------------Pituitary gland it releases two hormones

LH FSH
Acts on Leydig cells Acts on Sertoli cells
Produces androgens Provide nutrition to sperms
Starts spermatogenesis Also spermiation
Menstrual cycle – The cycle is completes in 28 days.
Start is Menarche and end is Menopause. The cycle is divided in 3 phases (a) Pre ovulatory (1 to 5 days)
(b) ovulatory (6 to 14 and on 14 ovulation occur) (c) Post ovulatory (14 to 28 days). Progesterone known
as pregnancy hormone. If fertilization does not takes place then corpus luteum starts degenerating and
visible indication bleeding starts.
(Refer fig. 3.9 at page no. 50 for details )
Fertilization and implantation
(Fertilization takes place in fallopian tube while implantation occurs in uterus.)
Only one sperm can enter in egg
As entry of sperm inside ovum changes membrane configuration.
Pregnancy and Embryonic development
After implantation placenta forms. and inner cell mass forms different organs in humans by the formation
of germinal layer. The division at the time of embryo formation is cleavage, than morula,and blastocyst
at this stage it moves in uterus and become embedded.
In 9 month’s organogenesis completes. The first organ is human heart.
Parturition and Lactation-
Starts by foetal ejection reflex it releases oxytocin hormone, it increases contractions and helps in child
birth and also lactation.
The first milk is known as colostrum it provide passive immunity to new born.
Some key words.
Stem cells , Chorionic villi, Placenta , Foetal ejection reflex.
 CHAPTER – 4: REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
WHO- WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION have defined it as a total well-being in all
Aspects of reproduction i.e., physical, emotional, behavioural & social.
FAMILY PLANNING’
Goal of Reproductive
Reproductive &Child Health Care Programmes’ (RCH)
Health
Creatingawareness, Educating people & aware aboutsexabuse&sex relatedcrimes

Amniocentesis-It is a fetal sex determination test

Problems in Reproductive Health-Sex
based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic
myths & misconception ,lack of fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
awareness & STDs How is it misused? - They are misused for sex
determination of unborn child and
MTP-voluntary termination of increase female foeticides.
pregnancy before full term is
calledmedical termination of Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or venereal diseases (VD) or
pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion.
reproductive tract infections (RTI).
It allowed up to 24 weeks. It is
The various types of sexually transmitted diseases include
legalized in case of rape.,in case of
gonorrhoea, syphilis, genitalherps, cancroid and of course the
casual unprotected intercourse, in
case pregnancy is harmful for foetusor most common HIV leading to AIDS Prevention-avoid sex with
for mother. unknown partners or multiple partners, always use condoms
during coitus,in case of doubt, go to a qualifieddoctor for early
detection andget complete treatment ifdiagnosed with disease.
Ideal contraceptive -User
friendly, easily available,
least side – effects Infertility-A large no of couples all over India are infertile due to physical,
congenital, diseases, drugs, Immunological or even psychological.

ART (Assisted reproductive technique)

Method of Birth Control
(i)NaturalMethods : Periodic
abstinence ,Coitus interruptus In-vivo fertilisation (fusion of
Lactational amenorrhea. (In vitro fertilization-(IVF– gametes within the female)
(ii) Barrier methods : Condom, fertilisation-outside the body 1.(GIFT – gamete intra fallopian
Diaphragms, Cervical cap. in almost similar conditions as transfer) Transfer of an ovum
(iii) Intra uterine devices : Non . that in the body) collected from a donor into the
medicated e.g. Lippes loop fallopian tube of another female
Embryo Transfer – Test tube
Copper releasing e.g., Cu-T, who cannot produce one, but can
Baby
provide suitable environment for
multiload 375 1. (ZIFT–zygote intra fallopian fertilization
Hormone releasing e.g. LNG.20, transfer) The zygote or early 2.Intra cytoplasmic sperm
progestasert embryos (with upto 8 injection (ICSI) to form an embryo
(iv) Oral contraceptives : Pills / blastomeres) in the laboratory in which a sperm
Saheli
could then be transferred into is directly injected into the ovum.
Small doses of either
the fallopian tube 3.Artificial insemination (AI) (IUI –
progestogens or
2. (IUT – intra uterine intra- uterine insemination In this
Progestogen . estrogen
transfer), embryos with more technique, the semen collected
combination
than 8 blastomeres, into either from the husband or a
(v) Surgical (Sterilisation) :
healthy donor is artificially
(1)Tubectomy; (2) Vasectomy the uterusto the uterus introduced either into the vagina
or into the uterus
 UNIT – 7 : GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
CHP 5 - PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

USING MATHS TO EXPLAIN BIOLOGY WAS

TOTALLY NEW PHENOMENON &
UNACCEPTABLE AT THAT TIME.

COMMUNICATION
REMAINED UNRECOGNISED TILL 1900 CONCEPT OF GENES /
WAS NOT EASY
FACTORS CONTROLLING
GREGOR MENDEL TRAITS WAS NOT ACCEPTED

AUSTRIA / MONK / STUDIES IN VIENNA / PEA PLANT / PUBLISHED HIS WORK IN 1866 / FACTORS – CONTROL TRAITS / RULES OF
th
HEREDITY / RE-DISCOVERED HIS WORK IN 20 CENTURY BY TSHERMAK, DeVries, & CORRENS

STUDIED 7 CHARACTERS: LAW OF DOMINANCE

LAW OF SEGREGATION LAW OF INDEPENDENT
REFER: FIG 5.1 (PG 70) – ASSORTMENT
NCERT TEXTBOOK

MONOHYBRID CROSS FIG 5.3/5.4 DIHYBRID CROSS FIG 5.7

(PG 72) NCERT TEXTBOOK (PG 79) NCERT TEXTBOOK
NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE EX. MULTIPLE ALLELES (A PLEIOTROPY (= ABILITY

FIG 5.6 (PG 76) NCERT BLOOD GROUPS – ABO GENE EXISTS IN MORE OF A GENE TO HAVE
TEXTBOOK. TYPE IN MAN (= 2 THAN 2 ALLELIC FORMS MULTIPLE PHENOTYPIC
ALLELES ARE EQUALLY EX. ABO TYPE BLOOD EFFECTS AS IT
EX. SNAPDRAGON OR INFLUENCES MANY
DOMINANT) GROUP IN MAN.
ANTIRHINUM SP. CHARACTERS)

2 IDENTICAL CHROMOSOMES FORM

HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS, CHROMOSOMES
CHROMOSOMAL THEORY SEGREGATE AT TIME OF GAMETE FORMATION,
OF INHERITANCE CHROMOSOMES ARE MUTABLE
USING FRUIT FLY – T. H. MORGAN

PROPOSED BY: WALTER SUTTON AND T. BOVERI (1902) AND MORGAN COINED THE TERM LINKAGE.

SEX DETERMINATION FEMALE HETEROGAMEITY.

EX. BIRDS / GALLUS
ZZ / ZW TYPE
MALE HETEROGAMEITY
XX / XY

EX. HUMAN
XX / XO
PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
EX. GRASSHOPPERS
(= PLOTTING THE OCCURRENCE OF A TRAIT ACROSS GENERATIONS)

IMPORTANCE: TO TRACE ANCESTRY & INHERITANCE SYMBOLS USED: FIG 5.13 (PG 88) – NCERT TEXTBOOK
OF A SPECIFIC TRAIT. EX. ROYAL FAMILY DISORDER.
 MUTATIONS = SUDDEN INHERITABLE
CHANGE
POINT MUTATION (= CHANGE IN SINGLE BASE
PAIR OF DNA). EX. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA FRAME SHIFT MUTATIONS (= LOSS / GAIN OF A
DNA SEGMENT)

GENETIC DISORDERS

CHROMOSOMAL
MENDELIAN DISORDERS
DISORDERS

AUTOSOMA ALLOSOMAL EUPLOIDY ANEUPLOID

L Y

DOMINANT X-LINKED
EX. DOMINANT
MUSCULAR EX. ALLOSOMAL MONOSO
DYSTROPHY INCONTINEN AUTOSOMAL
TRISOMY MY
TIA TRISOMY
PIGMENTI EX. EX. EX. DOWN’S
RECESSIVE KLINEFELTER TURNER’S SYNDROME
EX. SICKLE ’S SYNDROME
CELL RECESSIVE SYNDROME (TRISOMY – 21)
ANEMIA (XO)
EX. (XXY)
HEMOPHILIA

Y-LINKED
EX.
HYPERTRICHO
SIS

CH. 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

 Hershey Chase Experiment: To prove that DNA is the genetic
material

DNA Replication Messelson Stahl’s Experiment : To demonstrate that DNA

Steps: Initiation, Elongation, termination replicates semi conservatively

Transcription Unit Transcription in Bacteria

 The Genetic Code
 The codon is triplet
 61 codons code for amino acids, 3 are stop
codons ( UAA, UAG, UGA)
 AUG has dual function, it codes for
methionine and is initiator codon also.
 Code is unambiguous, one codon codes for
one amino acid.
 Code is degenerate, some amino acids are
coded by more than one codon.
 The code is read without punctuations.
 The code is nearly universal.

Human Genome Project Translation:

 9
Human genome is said to have 3x 10 bp. Formation of protein using information from mRNA
 Methodologies- (1) identifying all the genes
that are expressed as RNA (Expressed
sequence Tags)
(2) Sequence annotations- sequencing the
whole set of genome that contained all the
coding and non- coding sequence and later
assigning different regions in the sequence with
functions.
 Commonly used vectors were- BAC( bacterial
artificial chromosomes) and YAC (Yeast
artificial chromosome)

Regulation of Gene Expression: Operon Central Dogma

DNA Fingerprinting
 It is a quick way to compare the DNA sequences
of any two individuals.
 It involves identifying difference in some
specific regions in DNA sequence called as
repetitive DNA.
 Satellite DNA sequences normally do not code
for any proteins, but show high degree of
polymorphism, which arise due to mutations
and form basis of DNA fingerprinting.
 UNIT – 8 : BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
CH 8 Human Health and Disease
Health, for a long time, was considered as a state of Improper functioning of one or more organs or systems of the
body and mind where there was a balance of certain body is adversely affected, gives rise to various signs and
‘humors’. symptoms i.e we have disease.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT HEALTH Balanced diet HOW TO ACHIEVE GOOD HEALTH ?
1.Personal hygiene Knowledge about diseases, their cause and effect Vaccination/
2.Regular exercise immunisation Control of vectors Proper disposal of waste
3.Good habits Consumption of clean food and water Maintenance of hygiene
DISEASES
which can easily transmit from one person to other by any means are called infectious or communicable diseases.
Virus -Common cold, polio, measles Bacteria -Typhoid, pneumonia, plague, diphtheria, tetanus
Protozoa – amoebiasis, Malaria fig.8.1
Fungi -ringworm
Helminthes -Ascariasis, filariasis, taeniasis
Diseases which can not be transmitted from one person to another are called non-infectious or noncommunicable
diseases.
Each antibody has four polypeptide chains.
Two small chains called light chains.
Two longer chains called heavy chains.
Antibody represented as H2L2.
Different classes of antibody produced in out body
are IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE and IgG.
KEYWORDS- PATHOGEN,VACCINATION,DRUG / ALCOHOLABUSE,

AMI vs. CMI:Immune response by the B-cells by production of antibody is called Antibody mediated immune
responseor humoral immune response. Immune response by T-cells is by activation of cytotoxic killer cells which
detects and destroys the foreign cells and also cancerous cells called cell mediated immune response. Rejection of
organs transplants are due to T-lymphocytes. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential for organ
transplantation. Even after tissue typing immune-suppressants is required before and after transplantation.
Diagnosis: ELISA (enzyme linked Immuno-sorbent
assay),PCR test for confirmation
Prevention of AIDS:
AIDS has no cure, prevention is the best option.
Safe blood for transfusion
Use of disposable needles
Free distribution of condoms.
Prevention of drug abuse
Advocating safe sex and promoting regular checkup
CANCER-Uncontrolled cell division leads to production of
mass of cell called cancer.
Cancerous cell lost the property of contact inhibition.
Cancerous cell just continue to divide giving rise to
masses of cell called tumors.
Benign tumors: Normally remain confined to their
original location
Do not spread to other location. Cause little damage.
Malignant tumors: Cancerous cells escape from the site
of origin and moves to distant place by blood, wherever
they get lodged make the normal cell cancerous. This
Figure-8.6 page no 155
property is called metastasis.
IMMUNITY
The overall ability of the host to fight the disease There are two types of immunity:Innate Immunity. 
causing organism by immune system is called immunity Acquired Immunity. Active and Passive
 CHAPTER - 10
MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE
MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
Lactobacillus / LAB Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces cerevisiae Propionibacterium
sharmanii
CURD BREAD TODDY - Microbes SWISS CHEESE
ferment sap from plants
MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
1 - FERMENTED BEVERAGES 2 - ANTIBIOTICS 3 - ENZYMES
WITH DISTILLATION WITHOUT DISTILLATION
WHISKY, BRANDY AND RUM WINE AND BEER LIPASES – digests lipids
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Penicillium notatum PECTINASES AND
PROTEASES (to clarify
bottle juices)
4 - BIOACTIVE MOLECULES STREPTOKINASE
STATINS CYCLOSPORINE - A Streptococcus– used as
clot buster
Monascus purpureus – blood cholesterol lowering Trichoderma polysporum – immunosuppressive
agent drug
5 – ORGANIC ACIDS
Aspergillus niger Acetobacter aceti Clostridium butylicum Lactobacillus
A fungus A bacterium
Citric acid Acetic acid Butyric acid Lactic acid
MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS – BACTERIA INVOLVED IS METHANOBACTERIUM
MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PRIMARY SEWAGE TREATMENT SECONDARY TREATMENT
INVOLVES REMOVAL OF SOLID MATERIALS INVOLVES THE ACTION OF MICROBES
MICROBES AS BIO-CONTROL AGENTS
Bacillus thuringiensis Trichoderma sp. Baculoviruses
Control butterfly caterpillar Esp. genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus–
controls insect and arthropods
MICROBES AS BIO-FERTILISERS
CYANOBACTERIA BACTERIA FUNGI
SYMBIOSIS: ANABAENA IN AZOLLA SYMBIOTIC BACTIERA – MYCORRHIZA
RHIZOBIUM
FREE LIVING: NOSTOC, OSCILLATORIA, FREE LIVING BACTERIA – Association of Glomus with plants
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE AZOSPIRILLUM, AZOTOBACTER

UNIT – 9 : BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION

Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and Process
Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or The techniques of genetic engineering include –
enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes  Creation of recombinant DNA
useful to humans.  Use of gene cloning
Principles:  Gene transfer
(i) Genetic engineering (ii) Maintenance of sterile conditions Cloning- is making multiple identical copies of any template
during the process. DNA
Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology Processes of Recombinant DNA technology
1. Restriction enzymes  Isolation of the genetic material (DNA)
2. Cloning vectors  Cutting of DNA at specific locations
3. Competent host for transformation with Recombinant DNA  Amplification of Gene of interest using PCR
Steps in genetically modifying an organism-  Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the host cell/organisms
 Identification of DNA with desirable genes  Obtaining the foreign Gene product
 Introduction of the identified DNA into the host  Downstream processing – separation and purification
 Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host
 Transfer of the DNA to its progeny
 Recombinant DNA Technology Steps in formation of recombinant DNA by action
of restriction endonuclease enzyme- EcoRI

Separation and isolation of DNA fragments : Features of cloning vectors :

 Obtaining fragments of DNA after treatment with specific  Presence of origin of replication
restriction endonuclease  Provision of selectable markers
 Separation of fragments by gel electrophoresis  Presence of cloning sites
 Staining the separated DNA fragments by ethidium bromide Vectors for cloning genes in plants and animals –
 Visualising DNA fragments under uv light  Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefactiens for plants
 Cutting and extracting identified DNA fragments (elution)  Retroviruses for animals
E. coli cloning vector pBR322 pBR322

Amplification of Gene of Interest : PCR Making the host competent for transformation with
recombinant DNA
o Treating them with a specific concentration of a
divalent cation, such as calcium, which increases the
efficiency with which DNA enters the bacterium
through pores in its cell wall.
o Recombinant DNA can then be forced into such cells
by incubating the cells with recombinant DNA on ice,
followed by placing them briefly at 42oC (heat shock),
and then putting them back on ice which enables the
bacteria to take up the recombinant DNA.
o Recombinant DNA can be directly injected into the
nucleus of an animal cell by a method called micro-
injection.
o In biolistic or gene gun method, cells are
bombarded with high velocity micro-particles of gold
or tungsten coated with DNA
o Disarmed pathogen vectors can be allowed to infect
the cell to transfer the recombinant DNA into the
host.
 Agarose gel electrophoresis : for separation and Bioreactors : to produce recombinant protein in
isolation of DNA fragments large quantities

Chapter-12 Biotechnology And Its Applications

Biotechnology application in agriculture- Bio-pesticide. Examples are Bt cotton, Bt corn, rice, tomato,
1.Agro-chemical based agriculture,2. Organic potato and soyabean etc.
agriculture,3.genetically engineered crop based proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans
agriculture (tobacco budworm, armyworm),
Transgenic crops(GMO)-Genetically modified coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes)
organisms-Advantages- More tolerant to stresses (heat, proteins encoded by the genes cryIAc and cryIIAb control the
cold, draught), Pest resistant’s GM crops, Reduced post cotton bollworms, that of
cryIAb controls corn borer.
harvest losses, Enhance nutritional value-vitamin A
Disadvantages-causes allergy & damage Ecosystem
Problem-A nematode Meloidogyne incognita infects Bt- cotton -- BT stands for Bacillus thuringiensis
tobacco plant & reduces its yieldSolution-RNA
interference The specific genes from parasite produce scrystal proteins called cry proteins by cry gene
Agrobacterium of bacteria
endotoxicto larvae of insects like to baccobudworm
Plants (Tobacco) ,beetles & mosquitoes.

sense&Antisense RNA areproduced cryproteinsexistasinactiveprotoxin&getsconvertedintoact

ivetoxinwheningestedlaytheinsect,asthealkalinepHofgut
Both are complimentary so forms DS-RNA & Causes pore
RNA interferance
Neutralizes the specific RNA of nematode & There sult
was that the parasite could not survive in the transgenic
host
Natural Insulin- Insulin contain Recombinant Insulin-Eli Lilly an American company
A & B Chain and overstrace C prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B,
polypeptide chain( Termed chains of human insulin

as pro enzyme or Prohormone) introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin

chains.
C polypeptide removed
Chains A and B were produced separately
Mature Insulin
Forming disulfide bonds between A & B to form human
Insulin extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and
insulin.
pigs (Animal sources) causes allergy
Gene Therapy- Molecular diagnosis-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Thefirstclinicalgenetherapywasgivenin1990(adenosine (PCR) and Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) are
deaminase (ADA) deficiency.) some of the techniques that serve the purpose of early
diagnosis. ELISA is based on the principle of antigen-
A functional ADA cDNA (using a retroviral vector) is then antibody interaction.
introduced into these lymphocytes Use of Transgenic animals-(i)Alpha-1-antitrypsin – a protein
that is used to treat emphysema. ii) Alpha – lactalbumin –
Which are subsequently returned to the patient. protein – rich milk that is more nutritionally balanced
It called bone marrow transplantation and alternate product for human babies?
method is enzyme replacement therapy . GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will
Problem-both are not permanent cure. makedecisions regarding the validity of GM research and
Solution- If ADA is introduced into cells the safety ofintroducing GM-organisms for public services.
at early embryonic stages, it could be a permanent cure. Biopriracy-use of bio-resources without properauthorization
Biopatent: A biopatent is a right granted by a from the countries and concerned people
government to an inventor to prevent others from Biopatent-
commercial use of his invention eg. Basmati rice( US
Patent
Unit X Ecology& Environment
Chapter – 13: ORGANISM AND POPULATION
4 Levels of biological organisation-Organisms, population, community and
biomes. The key elements responsible for change in habitat (Temperature,
water, light and soil). Niche is the functional role of organisms in
ecosystem.
Major abiotic factors-
1. Temperature - (a. Stenothermal b. Eurythermals) 2. Water -
(Stenohaline and Euryhaline)
3. Light - Photoperiod – a. Long day b. Short day and c. Day neutral plant
4. Soil-Soil micro climate, air, water and light also decide the type of
vegetation and animal population.
Responses to abiotic factors
Homeostasis (The process to maintain internal environment constancy)
Regulators – eg. Human, Conformers – eg- Fish, Birds
During stressful conditions organism shows these strategies-
1. Migrate - Birds migrate from one place to another
2. Suspend – It includes dormancy, diapause, hibernation and
aestivation.
Fungi and lower class plants make thick walled spores while
angiosperms forms seeds.
ADAPTATIONS- Animal and plants shows 3 types of
adaptations
a. Morphological b. Physiological and c. Behavioural
Some examples Kangaroo rat and Camel, Cactus plant,
Mammals in colder climate have shorter ear and limb (Allen’s
rule) Presence of blubber in whale etc.
Human overcome altitude sickness by increasing RBC,
decreasing oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin.
Basking in sun by Desert lizard.
POPULATION ATTRIBUTES
Birth rate, Death rate, Age group, Density are included in this. 3 types of
population on the basis of age group
1. Expanding 2. Stable 3. Decline
Density- Need not to be measured always in number some time in form of
relative density and some time on the basis of their biomass.
POPULATION GROWTH
Population growth can be explained by two curves.
1. Exponential growth -
dN/dt = (b – d) × N Let (b–d) = r, then dN/dt = rN. The r in this
equation is called the ‘intrinsic rate of natural increase’.
Exponential growth equation as Nt = N0ert, where Nt = Population
density after time t, N0 = Population density at time zero, r =
intrinsic rate of natural increase, e = the base of natural
logarithms (2.71828).
The exponential curve is J shaped curve. The S Shape curve is
logistic growth curve.
2. LOGISTIC CURVE – and is described by the following equation: dN / dt = r N (K-N/K) Where N = Population density at
time (t), r = Intrinsic rate of natural increase, K = Carrying capacity. Also known as Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth.
 Population interaction - Some important facts –
Biological control Methods, competitive release’. Gause’s ‘Competitive Exclusion Principle, Brood parasitism,
mutualism and co-evolution and pseudo copulation etc.
Some examples related with interactions-
1. Predation- Prickly pear cactus and Moth, Starfish Piaster, camouflaged, Phytophagous, Monarch butterfly.
2. Competition-Flamingos with Fish, Tortoise and goats, Barnacles (balanus),
3. Parasitism: Liver fluke, Malaria parasite, Lice and Ticks, Cuscuta, Cuckoo and crow
4. Commensalism: Epiphyte, Cattle egret and grazing cattle, Sea anemone and Clown fish
5. Mutualism: Lichens, Mycorrhizae, Fig tree with Wasp, Orchid with bees and bumblebees.

CHAPTER -15 BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION

Biodiversity can be defined as the totality of genes, species, and GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
ecosystems of a given region. Termed byEDWARD WILSON According to IUCN (2004), the total number of plant and animal
Levels of biodiversity species described is about 1.5 million.
 Genetic diversity- diversity of genes Robert May (made more conservative & scientifically sound
 Species diversity- diversity of species estimate ) puts global species diversity at about seven million.
 Ecological Diversity- variation of habitats ,community types These estimates do not give any figure for prokaryotes.

PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY
1). LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS- Species diversity decreases as
we move away from the equator towards poles. The tropics (
0 0
23.5 N to 23.5 S)
The Amazon Rain Forest in South America has the greatest
biodiversity on earth
More diversity in Tropical- undisturbed environment, less
seasonal , relatively more constant, and predictable.
2) SPECIES - AREA REALATIONSHIP
Alexander Von Humboldt has observed that with in a region ,
species richness increased with the increasing explored area,
Global Diversity- but only up to a limit.
* More than 70 % of all the species recorded are animals out
of which 70 % are insects.
* plants account for about 22 %.
The conventional taxonomic methods are not suitable
prokaryotes because These species cannot be cultured under
laboratory conditions.
Biochemical and molecular biology techniques would put their
diversity into millions
Loss of biodiversity :-
* The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 784
species in the last 500 years that include 359 vertebrates and Causes for loss of biodiversity :-
87 plants. Four major causes ( The Evil Quartet )
Extinct animal- Steller’s Sea Cow ( Russia), Dodo ( Mauritius), 1. Habitat loss & fragmentation. 3. Co-extinctions.
Quaga (Africa), Thylacene ( Australia) 2. Over exploitation. 4. Alien species invasion.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF A STABLE COMMUNITY :- Why should we conserve Biodiversity ?
i) A stable community should not show too much variation 1. Narrowly Utilitarian reason- economic benefits like
in productivity from year to year. food , fibre firewood, industrial
ii) It must be resistant to occasional disturbances ( natural products(resins,gums,dyes,tanins etc)
or man made ) and 2. Broadly Utilitarian reasons :-Role in ecosystem,
iii) It must also be resistant to invasions by alien species. purifying of air
David Tilman’s Experiment :- 3. Ethical Reasons :- Every species has an intrinsic value to
a) Tilmanfound that plots with more species showed less conserve.
year to year variation in total biomass. Biodiversity conservation
b) He also found that increased diversity contributed to
higher productivity. In-situ conservation Ex-situ conservation
( On site ) ( Of site )
National Parks, Biosphere Botanical Gardens
Reserves, Wild life Zoos, Arboreta
Sanctuaries Sacred Seed/Pollen banks
forests & Lakes Gene Bank
 Keyword & Comparison
UNIT – 6 Reproductions
Chapter 2
Comparison
1. unisexual and bisexual flowers 2. pollination and fertilisation
3. syngamy and triple fusion 4. microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis
5. Endosperm and perisperm 6. Apomixis and polyembryony
Chapter 3
Keywords: Stem cells , Chorionic villi, Placenta , Foetal ejection reflex.
Comparison:
1. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis 2. Fertilisation and implantation
Chapter 4
Keyword: ART, IVF, ET, ZIFT, IUT, GIFT, ICSI, AI, IUI
Comparison:
1. Maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate. 2. Vasectomy and tubectomy
UNIT – 7 : GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Chapter 5
Keywords:
Multiple alleles (Pg.78), Pleiotropic (Pg.85) ,Punnett square (Pg.73), Polygenic inheritance (Pg.85), Male and Female
heterogamety (Pg.86-87), Aneuploidy and Polyploidy (Pg.91), Alfred Sturtevant (Pg.82)
Comparisons:
Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross, Homozygous and Heterozygous, Phenotype and Genotype, Test cross and Back cross (Pg. 72),
Incomplete dominance and Co-dominance (Pg.76-77), Linkage and Recombination, Chromosome and Gene. (Pg.82-83)
Chapter 6
Keywords:
Erwin Chargaff, Wilkins and Franklin (Pg.97), Central dogma (Pg.98), NHC (Pg.98), Semi-conservative (Pg.104), Density
gradient centrifugation (Pg.105), Replication fork, Ori (Pg.106), Exon , Intron, Cistron, Split gene(Pg.109), UTR, RF (Pg.115),
Operon (Pg.116), EST and SA (Pg.119), SNPs (Pg.120), Polymorphism, VNTR, Probe and Southern blot (Pg.122),
Ribozyme(Pg.115)
Comparisons:
Euchomatin and Heterochromatin (Pg. 98), DNAs and DNase(Pg101), DNA and RNA (Pg.103), Continuous and Discontinuous
replication (Pg.106), Coding and Non- Coding strand (Pg.108), Monocistronic and Polycistronic (Pg. 109), Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Transcription (Pg. 110-111), Frame shift and Point Mutation(Pg.113-114), Repetitive DNA and Satellite DNA
(Pg.120).
UNIT – 8 : BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
Chapter 8
Points to remember
Carcinogens: Cancer causing agents. e.g., gamma rays. UV rays, dyes and lead.
Immunity: Resistance to infection or antigen.
Immuno Suppressant: The chemical which supress the immunity response to antigen partially or completely.
Interferon: The glycoproteins produced by our body cells in response to a viral infection.
Incubation Period: The time period between infection and the appearance of symptoms.
Metastasis: The property in which the cancer cells spread to different sites through blood and develop secondary tumors.
Oncogenes: Viral genome which causes cancer.
Retrovirus: A virus having RNA as genetic material and forms DNA by reverse transcription and then replicate e.g., Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
Sporozoites: The infective stage of protozoa Plasmodium which is injected into human blood through saliva of female
Anopheles mosquito.
Syndrome: Collection of disease symptoms responsible for a disorder or a disease.
Vaccination: Inoculation of a vaccine to stimulate production of antibodies and provide immunity for one or more disease.
Abbreviations
PMNL: Polymorpho-Nuclear Leukocytes CMI : Cell Mediated Immunity
ELISA : Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay HLA : Human Leukocyte Antigen,
MALT : Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue SCID : Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency
NACO : National AIDS Control Organisation MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Comparisons
1. Communicable and non-communicable disease 2. Humoral & Cell mediated Immunity 3. Active & Passive Immunity
4. Opioid & Cannabinoid 5. Innate & acquired Immunity. 6. Benign & Malignant tumor
Chapter 10
Points to remember
Activated Sludge Process: Aerobic sewage treatment process using aerobic micro-organisms present in
 sewage sludge to break down organic matter in sewage .
Biofertilisers : Microorganisms which produce fertilisers and enrich the soil e.g., Bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi.
Bioactive Molecules : Molecules produced for commercial use from microbes and used for various purposes e.g., Trichoderma
polysporum (fungus) is used to obtain immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) : Total amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria for oxidation of organic matter present in
one litre of water.
Baculovirus : Pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. They are used to kill harmful pests and arthropods e.g.,
Nucleopolyhedrovirus.
Biocontrol Agents : Use of biological methods for controlling plant diseases and pests
Effluent : The product of primary treatment of sewage which is passed into large aeration tanks for secondary treatment.
Fermentation : The process by which microorganisms turn organic materials such as glucose into products like alcohol.
Fermentors : A very large vessel used in industry where microbes are grown on an industrial scale.
Flocs : During secondary treatment of effluent, excessive growth of aerobic bacteria and fungi form a mass of mesh like structure
called flocs.
Immunosuppressive Agent : Chemical substances which suppress the immunity against organ transplant.
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) : Bacteria growing in milk and convert it into curd e.g., Lactobacillus.
Abbreviations
DO:Dissolved Oxygen GAP : Ganga Action Plan KVIC : Khadi and Village Industries Commission
TMV:Tobacco Mosaic Virus YAP : Yamuna Action Plan IPM : Integrated Pest Management.
Comparisons
1. Swiss cheese & Roquefort cheese 2. Cyclosporin & Statin 3. Aeration tank & Activated sludge digestor
4. Conventional pestiside & Bio control agent 5. Chemical fertilizer & Bio fertiliz 6.Conventional farming & Organic farming
UNIT – 9 : BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
Chapter 11
Keywords:
1. Recombinant Dna = Creating An Hybrid Dna With Desired Genes.
2. Gene Cloning = Creating A Copy Of The Geneome 3. Ori = Oringin Of Replication
4. Plasmid = Autonomously Replicating Ciruclar Extra-Chromosomal Dna
5. Molecular Scisors = Restriction Enzymes Are Used To Tailor The Dna And Use It.
6. Gel Electrophoresis = Technique For Separation Of Dna Fragements 7. Ethidium Bromide = Used To Stain Dna
8. Transformation = Procedure By Which A Piece Of Dna Is Introduced Into The Host.
9. Insertional Inactivation = Pg. 200 10. Downstream Processing = Pg. 204
11. Rna Interference = Pg. 208 12. Biopiracy = Pg. 214
Abbreviations:
1. Efb = The European Federation Of Biotechnology 2. Pbr322 = Plasmid Bolivar And Rodriguez
3. Ti = Tumor Inducing 4. Pcr = Polymerase Chain Reaction
5. Bt = Bacillus Thuringiensis 6. Gmo = Genetically Modified Oranisms
7. Ada = Adenosine Deaminase 8. Elisa = Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
9. Pku = Phenylketonuria 10. Geac = Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
Points To Remember
1. Construction Of First Rdna – Stanley Cohen And Herbert Boyer (1972)
2. Isolation Of Enzymes Restricting The Growth Of Bacteriophage In E. Coli – 1963
3. Pbr322 = Created In 1977 4. Rnai = Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing (Ptgs)
5. 1983 = Preparation Of Synthetic Insulin By A Company Called Elli Lilly
6. In 1997, The First Transgenic Cow, Rosie Produced Human Protein Enriched Milk
UNIT - 10 Ecology& Environment
Chapter 13
Key words and comparisons:
1. Eurythermal and stenothermal 2. Euryhaline and stenohaline 3. Homeostasis
4. Thermoregulation and Osmoregulation 5. Regulators and conformers 6. Migration and Suspension
7. Hibernation and aestivation 8. Diapause (zooplanktons) 9. Altitude sickness
10. Adaptations- Morphological, physiological, Behavioral
11. Birth rates and death rates/ per capita births and per capita deaths
12. Sex ratio 13. Natality and mortality14. Immigration and Emigration 15. Exponential and logistic growths
16. Commensalism and Amensalism 17. Predation and Parasitism 18. Competition and Mutualism
Chapter-15
Keywords and comparisons:
1. Biodiversity- Genetic, Species, Ecological 2. Patterns of Biodiversity: Latitudinal gradients, Species Area relationship
3. Z value 4. IUCN 5.Alien species 6. Rivet pooper hypothesis 7. Key species/ key stone species
8. Loss of biodiversity- Fragmentation, over exploitation, Alien species invasions, co-existence
9. In situ and ex situ conservation 10.Biodiversity hot spots 11. Endemism 12.Sacred groves
 Question-Bank
Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
1. Draw the embryo of grass and dicot plant and label it? P35
2. Name the layers present in a typical angiosperm anther. P22
3. What is double fertilization and triple fusion? P32
4. Define microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. P22-25
5. Draw and explain 7-cell 8-nucleate stage of embryo sac. P26

Capter 3 Human Reproduction

1. Give the reason why not all copulations leads to fertilisation and pregnancy? Pg. 51
2. Why, scientifically it is correct to say that the sex of the baby is determined by the father and not by the
mother? Pg.52
3. Write The role of male accessory glands in human reproductive system. Pg.44
4. Write the name of hormones which present only during Pregnancy in human female, which among these is
checked for confirmation of pregnancy. Pg. 53
5. How many wall layers are present in female uterus, write their role in pregnancy? Pg.46
6. Schematically represent the pathway of sperm from testis to ejaculatory duct. Pg.43

Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

1.Why a ban has been imposed on amniocentesis? P58
2.Differentiate between GIFT and ZIFT. P64
3.Explain the natural methods of preventing pregnancy. P60
4.Write any four characteristics of ideal contraceptives. P59
5.What is MTP? When it will be legalised? P62

CH . 5 PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

1. A. During a medical investigation, an infant was found to possess an extra chromosome 21. Describe the
symptoms the child is likely to develop later in the life. Page no. 90
B. A colorblind child is born to a normal couple. Workout the cross to show how it is possible and mention the
sex of the affected child. Page no. 90
2. A. How does a chromosomal disorder differ from a mendelian disorder? Page no. 88
B. Name any two chromosomal aberration-associated disorders. Page no. 89
C. List the characteristics of the disorders mentioned above that help in their diagnosis. Page no. 89
3. State and explain the “Law of Independent Assortment” in a typical Mendelian dihybrid cross. Pg no. 78
4. I) In snapdragon, a cross between true-breeding red flowered (RR) plants and true-breeding white flowered (rr)
plants showed a progeny of plants with all pink flowers. A) the appearance of pink flowers is not known as
blending. Why? B) What is this phenomenon known as? Page no.76
II) Write the scientific name of fruit fly. Why did Morgan prefer to work with fruit flies for his experiments? State
any three reasons. Page no. 83
5. A) What is a test-cross? How can it decipher the heterozygosity of a plant? Page no. 75
B) Although Mendel published his work on inheritance of characters in 1865 but it remained unrecognized till
1900. Give three reasons for the delay in accepting his work. Page no. 70

Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

1. (a) Explain the process of splicing of hnRNA in a eukaryotic cell. 111
(b) How do mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes help in the process of translation? 114
2. (a) Give a labelled schematic representation of lac operon in it‟s switched off position. 117
(b) DNA polymorphism is the basis of the DNA finger printing technique. Explain. 121
3. (a) State the conditions when genetic code is said to be: degenerate, unambiguous and specific, universal 112
(b) What is mutation? Explain with the help of an example how does a point mutation affect the genetic code.
Name another type of mutation 113
4. (a) How did Hershey and Chase‟s established that DNA is transferred from virus to bacteria? 102
(b) How did Messelson and Stahl prove that DNA replication is a semiconservative process? 105
5. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of replication fork showing the polarity. Why does DNA replication occur within such
forks? 107
(b) Write the conclusion drawn by Griffith at the end of his experiment with the bacterium 100

Chapter 8 Human Health and Disease

1. Name any two method physiological barriers that provide innate immunity? P150
2. Draw the structure of an antibody molecule? P151
3. How can we identify drug abused and write any preventive measure of drug/alcohol abuse? P158
4. What is HIV factory? P155
5. Write the life cycle of plasmodium in human and mosquito. P148
Chapter 10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE
1. A) Bottled fruit juices are clearer as compared to those made at home. Explain. (Pg 183)
B) Name the two groups of organisms which constitute „flocs‟. Write their influences on the level of BOD during
biological treatment of sewage. (Pg 184)
C) Why do we add an inoculum of curd to milk for curdling it? (Pg 181)
2. A) Name the function of Cyclosporin-A. How does this bioactive molecule function in our body? (Pg 183)
B) Name the source of statin and state its action on the human body. (Pg 183)
C) Write the scientific name of the microbe used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices. (Pg 182)
3. A) Explain the different steps involved during primary treatment phase of sewage. (Pg 184)
B) Make a list of three household products along with the names of the microorganisms producing them.
4. A) Describe how biogas is obtained from the activated sludge? (Pg 184)
B) State the medicinal value and the bioactive molecules produced by Streptococcus, Monascus and
Trichoderma
(Pg 182)
5. Given below is a list of 6 microorganisms. State their usefulness to humans.
a. Nucleopolyhedrovirus (Pg 187) d. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Pg 182)
b. Monascus purpureus (Pg 183) e. Trichoderma polysporum (Pg 183)
c. Penicillium notatum (Pg 182) f. Propionibacterium shermanii (Pg 181)

Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and processes

1. a. How are recombinant vectors created? Why is only one type of restriction endonuclease required for
creating one recombinant vector? 197
b. Explain with the help of a suitable example the naming of a restriction enzyme. 195
2. a) State the functions of the following in the cloning vector pBR322 : 199
(i) ori (ii) rop (iii) Hind III
b) How are the following used in biotechnology? 194-95
Plasmid DNA (ii) Recognition sequence (iii) gel electrophoresis 198
3. a) Write the palindromic nucleotide sequence for the following DNA segment 196
5‟----GAATTC----3‟ . Name the restriction endonuclease that recognises this sequence.
(b) Name the source of DNA polymerase used in PCR technique. Mention why is it used? 203
4. (a) What is a bioreactor? How does it work? 204
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of spared stirred tank bioreactor.
5. (a) Explain in sequence the process of amplification of a gene of interest using polymerase chain reaction. 202
(b) What do you mean by (i) Recombinant DNA (ii) Cloning (iii) Palindrome in DNA. 194,196

Chapter-12 Biotechnology And Its Applications

1. What was the specialty of the milk produced by the transgenic cow Rosie? P213
2. Expand ELISA. Why it is used as a disease diagnostic tool?. P212
3. Explain the steps involved in the production of genetically engineered insulin. P211
4. (a) Name the nematode that infests and damages tobacco roots.
(b) How are transgenic tobacco plants produced to solve this problem? P209
5. (a) Mention the cause and the body system affected by ADA deficiency in humans.
(b) Name the vector used for transferring ADA-DNA into the recipient cells in humans.
Name the recipient cells. P211

CH 13 ORGANISM AND POPULATION

1. Plant shows some astonishing properties of defence against herbivore. Pg. -234
2. Species promote co-existence rather than exclusion. Give justification with example. Pg-121
3. Why plant-animal interactions often involve co-evolution of the mutualists. Pg 237
4. Small animals rarely found in Polar Regions? Give reason Pg.224
5. If there are 200 carrot grass (Parthenium hysterophorus) plants but only a single huge banyan tree with a
large canopy, stating that the population density of banyan is low relative to that of carrot grass amounts. In
such case how will you calculate density? Pg. 228

Chapter-15 Biodiversity and its conservation

1.Alien species are highly invasive and are a threat to indigenous species.
Substantiate this statement with any three examples taking one example each of. P265
2.What is the difference between in-situ & ex-situ conservation? P267
3. “Amazonian rain forest in south America has the greatest bio-diversity on earth”. Justify the statement.
P261
4.What are sacred grooves? What is their role in conservation? P267
5.What is evil quartet ? Explain in detail. P264