Chapter 3 Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Volume Fractions, Weight Fractions,

Density, and Void Content

Dr. Md Kharshiduzzaman
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, AUST

Courtesy of the Textbook

Mechanics of Composite Materials by Kaw
 vf vm
V f = , and V m =
vc vc

V f +V m = 1

vf + vm = vc
 wf wm
Wf= , and Wm=
wc wc

W f +W m = 1

w f + wm = wc
 wc = ρ c vc ,
w f = ρ f vf ,
wm = ρm vm , and
wc = w f + wm
 ρf
Wf= V f , and
ρc

ρm
Wm= Vm
ρc
 ρf
ρm
Wf= Vf
ρf
V f +V m
ρm

1
Wm= Vm
ρf
(1 - V m) + V m
ρm
ρ c vc = ρ f vf + ρ m v m

vf vm
ρc = ρ f + ρm
vc vc

ρ c = ρ f V f + ρ mV m

1 Wf Wm
= +
ρc ρf ρm
Example 3.1

A Glass/Epoxy lamina consists of a 70% fiber volume fraction. Use

properties of glass and epoxy from Tables 3.1 and 3.2, respectively to
determine the

a) density of lamina

b) mass fractions of the glass and epoxy

c) volume of composite lamina if the mass of the lamina is 4 kg.

d) volume and mass of glass and epoxy in part (c).

 Table 3.1 Typical Properties of Fibers (SI system of units)

Property Units Graphite Glass Aramid

Axial modulus GPa 230 85 124

Transverse modulus GPa 22 85 8

Axial Poisson's ratio -- - 0.30 0.20 0.36

Transverse Poisson's ratio --- 0.35 0.20 0.37

Axial shear modulus GPa 22 35.42 3

Axial coefficient of thermal expansion µm/m/0 C -1.3 5 -5.0

Transverse coefficient of thermal expansion µm/m/0 C 7.0 5 4.1

Axial tensile strength MPa 2067 1550 1379

Axial compressive strength MPa 1999 1550 276

Transverse tensile strength MPa 77 1550 7

Transverse compressive strength MPa 42 1550 7

Shear strength MPa 36 35 21

Specific gravity -- - 1.8 2.5 1.4

 Table 3.2 Typical Properties of Matrices (SI system of units)

Property Units Epoxy Aluminum Polyamide

Axial modulus GPa 3.4 71 3.5

Transverse modulus GPa 3.4 71 3.5

Axial Poisson's ratio -- - 0.3 0.30 0.35

Transverse Poisson's ratio -- - 0.3 0.30 0.35

Axial shear modulus GPa 1.308 27 1.3

Coefficient of thermal expansion µm/m/0 C 63 23 90

Coefficient of moisture expansion m/m/kg/kg 0.33 0.00 0.33

Axial tensile strength MPa 72 276 54

Axial compressive strength MPa 102 276 108

Transverse tensile strength MPa 72 276 54

Transverse compressive strength MPa 102 276 108

Shear strength MPa 34 138 54

Specific gravity -- - 1.2 2.7 1.2

 Table 3.3 Typical Properties of Fibers (USCS system of units)

Property Units Graphite Glass Aramid

Axial Modulus Msi 33.35 12.33 17.98

Transverse modulus Msi 3.19 12.33 1.16

Axial Poisson's ratio -- - 0.30 0.20 0.36

Transverse Poisson's ratio -- - 0.35 0.20 0.37

Axial shear modulus Msi 3.19 5.136 0.435

Axial coefficient of thermal expansion µin/in/0 F -0.7222 2.778 -2.778

Transverse coefficient of thermal expansion µin/in/0 F 3.889 2.778 2.278

Axial tensile strength ksi 299.7 224.8 200.0

Axial compressive strength ksi 289.8 224.8 40.02

Transverse tensile strength ksi 11.16 224.8 1.015

Transverse compressive strength ksi 6.09 224.8 1.015

Shear strength ksi 5.22 5.08 3.045

Specific gravity -- - 1.8 2.5 1.4

 Table 3.4 Typical Properties of Matrices (USCS system of units)

Property Units Epoxy Aluminum Polyamide

Axial modulus Msi 0.493 10.30 0.5075

Transverse modulus Msi 0.493 10.30 0.5075

Axial Poisson's ratio -- - 0.3 0.30 0.35

Transverse Poisson's ratio -- - 0.3 0.30 0.35

Axial shear modulus Msi 0.1897 3.915 0.1885

Coefficient of thermal expansion µin/in/0 F 35 12.78 50

Coefficient of moisture expansion in/in/lb/lb 0.33 0.00 0.33

Axial tensile strength ksi 10.44 40.02 7.83

Axial compressive strength ksi 14.79 40.02 15.66

Transverse tensile strength ksi 10.44 40.02 7.83

Transverse compressive strength ksi 14.79 40.02 15.66

Shear strength ksi 4.93 20.01 7.83

Specific gravity -- - 1.2 2.7 1.2

Example 3.1

a) ρ f = 2500 kg/ m3 , and ρ m = 1200 kg/ m3

ρ c = (2500)(0.7) + (1200)(0.3)
= 2110 kg/ m3
ρ f = 2500 kg/ m3 .

Example 3.1

b)
2500 1200
Wf = × 0.3 Wm = × 0.3
2110 , and 2110
= 0.8294 = 0.1706

W f + W m = 0.8294 + 0.1706
= 1.000
Example 3.1

c) wc
νc =
ρc
4
=
2110

= 1.896 × 10−3 m 3
Example 3.1

d)
ν f = V f ν c

= (0.7)(1.896 × 10−3 )
= 1.327 × 10−3 m 3
Example 3.1

d)
ν m = Vmν c
= (0.3)(0.1896 × 10-3 )

= 0.5688 × 10-3 m 3
Example 3.1

d)
w f = ρ f ν f
−3
= (2500)(1.327 ×10 )
= 3.318 kg
Example 3.1

d)
wm = ρ m ν m

= (1200)(0.5688 × 10 −3 )
= 0.6826 kg
FIGURE 3.2 Photomicrographs of cross-section of a lamina with voids.
 νv
V v=
νc
νc = ν f + ν m + ν v

wc wc
νc = , and νf + ν m =
ρ ce ρ ct
 wc wc
= + νν , then
ρ ce ρ ct

wc ⎛⎜ ρ ct - ρ ce ⎞⎟
νν = ⎜ ⎟
ρ ce ⎝ ρ ct ⎠
 νν
Vν =
νc
ρ ct - ρ ce
=
ρ ct
Example 3.2

A Graphite/Epoxy cuboid specimen with voids has

dimensions of and its mass is Mc. After putting it in a
mixture of sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, the
remaining graphite fibers have a mass Mf. From
independent tests, the densities of graphite and epoxy are
ρf and ρm, respectively. Find the volume fraction of the
voids in terms of a, b, c, Mf, Mc, ρf, and ρm.
νc = ν f + ν m + ν v
 Mf Mc - M f
νf = , and ν m =
ρf ρm
νc = abc
 Mf Mc-M f
abc = + + νν
ρf ρm

νν 1 ⎡M f M c - M f ⎤
Vν = =1- ⎢ + ⎥
abc abc ⎢⎣ ρ f ρ m ⎥⎦
Alternative Solution

ρ ct = ρ f V 'f + ρ m (1 - V fʹ )
volume of fibers
V f ʹ=
volume of fibers + volume of matrix
Mf
ρf
V =
ʹ
f
Mf Mc-M f
+
ρf ρm
Alternative Solution

volume of fibers
V f ʹ=
volume of fibers + volume of matrix
Mf
ρf
V =
ʹ
f
Mf Mc-M f
+
ρf ρm

M c
ρ ce =
abc
Alternative Solution

1 ⎡M f M c - M f ⎤
Vv=1- ⎢ + ⎥
abc ⎢⎣ ρ f ρ m ⎥⎦
Alternative Solution

wc
ρc = ρw
wc - wi
Alternative Solution

wc
ρc = ρw
wc + ws - ww