Module 10

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TAGBILARAN CITY COLLEGE

College of Business and Industry


Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Course Code PE3 Instructor Jessa Q. Camanzo

Course Title Fundamentals of Email jcamanzo.tcc@gmail.com


Games and Sports

Course Credits 2 Contact 09274952483


Number
Course Physical Education Consultation
Classification Courses Hours

Pre- PE 2 Rhythmic Consultation Consultation Room


Requisite(s) Activities Venue

Learning Module 10: Athletics as an Individual Sport


History of Athletics

Duration of Delivery: November 28 – December 2, 2022


Due Date of Deliverables: December 2, 2022

Intended Learning Outcomes:

• Discuss the history of Athletics


• Distinguish the different Athletics events
• Differentiate indoor and outdoor track and field

Athletics as an Individual Sport


Athletics is a term denoting a group of athletic events held as contest between
individual or teams. The events may be held outdoor or indoor.
Athletics is considered as the simplest and oldest of sports, being the basis of the
ancient Olympic Games. The basic Categories of the athletics are track events,
comprising runs and walks; and field events, which include jumps and throws.
Athletics also called as track-and-field sports or track and field, a variety of
competitions in running, walking, jumping, and throwing events. Although these contests
are called track and field (or simply track) in the United States, they are generally
designated as athletics elsewhere.

History of Athletics
The Ancient Greeks
The first Olympics in ancient Greece go back at least as far as the eighth or ninth
century B.C. While such sports as boxing and equestrian events were included, most of
the events were those now classified under athletics or track and field. They included
running, jumping, discus and the javelin. Those four, plus wrestling, made up the
pentathlon. The running events included "stades," which were essentially sprints from one
end of the stadium to the other, a distances of about 190 meters; two-stade races; longer-
distance races of between seven and 24 stades; and a two- or four-stade race in which
the competitors wore armor.

The Modern Olympics


Running and other athletic events have long been a part of many cultures, but in
the 19th century, such activities were becoming more popular, particularly in Europe and
the United States. School curricula included athletics and in 1896, the first Modern
Olympics were held in Athens, Greece. Events included the 100-meters, 400 meters, 800
meters, 1,500 meters, 110-meter hurdles, pole vault, discus, shot put, javelin, long jump,
triple jump and high jump. Fourteen nations were represented.

Growth of Athletics

After the 1896 Olympics, the popularity of athletics, or rather, a revival of athletic
competition, took place around the world. National athletics federations from 17 countries
got together to form an international governing body and in 1912, the International
Amateur Athletic Federation was born. For many years, the pinnacle of athletics
competition was the Summer Olympics. But in the 1970s, more world championships in
various events began to take place, helping to maintain interest in track and field every
year.

21st Century Organization

By 2011, nearly 50 outdoor and 25 indoor events fall under the IAAF's authority
and rules. Some events, such as the 50-meter sprint, are no longer part of major athletic
competitions, but remain part of school programs. Some events have been modified
through the years and races of many varying distances are contested every year. In
addition to the 26.2 miles of the marathon, there is a 13.1-mile half-marathon. There are
men's and women's competitions in almost every event. Men, however, can compete in
the 10-event decathlon, while women have the seven-event heptathlon.

Athletics Today

There are two seasons for the track and field:

• Indoor season – run during the winter


• Outdoor season – run during the spring and summer

Indoor Track and Field

In an indoor track meet athletes


contest the same track events as an
outdoor meet with the exception of the
100 m and 110 m/100 m hurdles
(replaced by the 60 m sprint and 60 m
hurdles at most levels and sometimes
the 55 m sprint and 55m hurdles at the
high school level), and addition of a
3000 m run normally at both the
collegiate and elite level instead of the
10,000 m. the 10,000 m run, 3000 m
steeplechase, and 400 m hurdles.
New York’s Madison Square Garden, host to many indoor track events
The 5000 m is the longest event commonly run indoors. In some occasions, there
may also be a 500 m race instead of the open 400 m normally found outdoors, and in
many collegiate championship indoor races, both are contested.

In field events, indoor meets only feature the high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple
jump and shot put. The longer throws of javelin, hammer and discus are added only for
outdoor meets, as there is normally not enough space in an indoor stadium to house
these events.

For multi-event athletes:

• Pentathlon for women – (consisting of 60m hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump
and 800m)
• Heptathlon for men – (consisting of 60m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 60m
hurdles, pole vault and 1000m)
For outdoor there is the heptathlon for women and decathlon for men

Outdoor Track and Field

Most tracks are ovals of 400 meters in circumference. However, some older tracks
are 440 yards in length, while there are some tracks that are neither oval nor 400m/440y
due to geographic considerations. Modern
tracks are made with a rubberized surface,
while older tracks may be made of dirt or
cinders. Tracks normally consist of 6-10
lanes and many include a steeplechase lane
with a water pit on one of the turns. This
steeplechase pit can be placed either inside
or outside the track, making for a tighter turn
or a wider turn. It is common that tracks will
surround a playing field used for American
football, football (soccer), or lacrosse. This
inner field is usually known as the infield and
has a surface of either grass or artificial turf.
Typical Oval Track. Not all tracks are oval. Some consist of
two semicircles joined by straight segments

The javelin, hammer and discus throws are often contested on fields outside of the
track stadium because they take up a large amount of space, the implements may
damage the infield, and the implements could end up landing on the track.

Events
Track Events

Track events are running events conducted on a 400 m track:

• Sprints: Events up to and including 400 m. Common events are 60 m (indoors


only), 100 m, 200 m and 400 m.
• Middle distance: Events from 800 m to 3000 m, 800 m, 1500 m, mile and 3000m
(Note: In the United States, high school athletes in most states normally run the 800 m, 1600 m, and
3200 m. In a few states high school athletes run the 1500 m and 3000 m instead of the 1600 m and
3200 m.)
• Steeplechase: A race (usually 3000 m) in which runners must negotiate barriers
and water jumps.
• Long distance: Runs over 5000 m. Common events are 5000 m and 10000 m.
Less common are 1, 6, 12, 24 hour races.
• Hurdling: 110 m high hurdles (100 m for women) and 400 m intermediate hurdles
(300m in some high schools).
• Relays: 4 x 100 m relay, 4 x 400 m relay, 4 x 200 m relay, 4 x 800 m relay, and so
on. Typical medley relays include the distance medley relay (DMR) and the
sprint medley relay (SMR).
• Distance medley relay - consists of a 1200 m leg, a 400 m leg, an 800 m
leg, and finishes with a 1600 m leg.
• Sprint medley relay - consists of a 400 m leg, 2 200 m legs, and then an
800 m leg.

• Road running: Conducted on open roads, but often finishing on the track.
Common events are over 5 km, 10 km, half-marathon and marathon, and
less commonly over 15 km, 20 km, 10 miles, and 20 miles. The marathon
is the only common road-racing distance run in major international athletics
championships such as the Olympics.
• Race walking: Usually conducted on open roads. Common events are 10 km,
20km, and 50 km

Field Events

Throwing Events

• Shot put:

➢ Competitors take their throwing a heavy metal ball (of varying weights
depending on the level of competition) from inside a circle seven feet in
diameter, with a toe board approximately four-inches high at the front of the
circle.
➢ The distance thrown is measured from the inside of the circumference of the
circle to where the shot lands at its nearest disturbance of the soil.

• Hammer throw:

➢ The object to be thrown is a heavy steel ball attached with wire


(maximum length, four feet) to a handle.
➢ The competition is decided by who can throw the ball the farthest.
➢ The men's hammer weighs 16 pounds and the women's hammer weighs 8.82
pounds.
➢ Competitors gain maximum distance by spinning the hammer above their
head to set up the circular motion. Then they apply force and pick
up speed by completing one to four turns in the circle. In competition, most
throwers turn three or four times.

• Javelin throw:

➢ Involves throwing the javelin, a spear-like object made of metal, fiberglass


and, in some cases, carbon fiber.
➢ Competitors take three throws after which the top eight take another three,
their best legal throw is recorded and the winner is the individual with the
longest legal throw, measured to the nearest foot and inch depending on
country of competition. If the javelin's point touches the ground first, the throw
is marked (measured) from this point.

• Discus throw:

➢ The discus, the object to be thrown, is a heavy lenticular disc with a diameter
of 8.66 inches and a weight of four pounds, seven ounces for the men's event,
and two pounds, three ounces for the women's, with a smaller diameter of
7.17 inches.
➢ To make a throw, the competitor starts in a slightly recessed concrete-
surfaced circle of eight feet, 2½ inches diameter. The thrower typically takes
an initial stance facing away from the direction of the throw. He then spins
around one and a half times through the circle to build momentum, then
releases his throw.

Jumping Events

• High jump:

➢ In this event, competitors must jump over a horizontal bar placed at


measured heights without the aid of any devices.
➢ In a competition, the bar is initially set at a relatively low height, and is
moved upward in set increments (approximately 2 inches), but can be
lessened for record attempts.
➢ Each competitor has the option of choosing at which height they wish to
start, as long as the height is greater or equal to the designated starting
height for that competition.
➢ The starting height is usually determined by the games committee for the
competition.

• Pole vault:

➢ An event where a person uses a long, flexible pole (which today are usually
made either of fiberglass or carbon fiber) as an aid to leap over a bar.
Although there are many techniques used by vaulters at various skill levels
to clear the bar, the generally accepted technical model can be broken
down into several phases: The approach, the plant and take-off, the swing
and throw, the extension, the turn, and the fly-away.

• Long jump:

➢ Competitors sprint down a runway (usually coated with the same rubberized
surface as running tracks, crumb rubber, or vulcanized rubber) and jump as
far as they can off of a wooden board into a pit filled with finely ground gravel
or sand.
➢ The distance traveled by a jumper is often referred to as the “mark,”
because it is the distance to which the first mark is made in the sand. More
specifically, a mark is the minimum distance from the edge of the takeoff
board nearest the landing pit, to the first indentation made by the competitor.
If the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot in front of the board,
the jump is declared illegal and no distance is recorded.

• Triple jump:

➢ Previously also known as "hop, step, and jump," whose various names
describe the actions a competitor takes, in the triple jump the athlete runs
down a runway until he reaches a designated mark, from which the jump
is measured.
➢ The takeoff mark is a board, and in modern championships a strip of
plasticine or modeling clay is attached to the board to record athletes
overstepping the mark.
➢ The first landing has to be done with the takeoff foot. The next phase is a
step, landing on the opposite foot, and is followed by the jump into a sand-
filled box, as in the long jump.
➢ A "foul," or missed jump, occurs when a jumper oversteps the launch mark
(most commonly), misses the pit entirely, or does not perform the attempt
in the allotted amount of time (usually about one minute).

• Other jumping events, now uncommon, include the Standing high jump, Standing
long jump, and the Standing triple jump.

Combined or Multi-Events

• Pentathlon:
➢ In addition to the Modern Pentathlon, there has also been an athletics
pentathlon event for women in the modern Olympic Games.
➢ The first Olympic competition was at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
The events of the pentathlon, in order, were: 80-meter hurdles, shot put,
high jump, long jump, and the 200 meters. The javelin and the 800 meters
were added in the 1984 Summer Olympics to create the women's
heptathlon. The hurdles race also became 100 meters.

• Heptathlon:

There are two versions of the heptathlon:

➢ The first is an outdoor competition for women, and is the combined event
for women contested in the Athletics program of the Olympics and in the
IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The IAAF World Combined Events
Challenge determines a yearly women's heptathlon champion. The
women's outdoor heptathlon consists of the following events, with the first
four contested on the first day, and the remaining three on day two: 100 m
hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 m, long jump, javelin throw, and 800 m.
➢ The other version is an indoor competition, normally contested only by
men. It is the men's combined event in the IAAF World Indoor
Championships in Athletics. The men's indoor heptathlon consists of the
following events, with the first four contested on the first day, and remaining
three on day two: 60 m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 60 m hurdles, pole
vault, and 1000 m. The scoring is similar for both versions. In each event,
the athlete scores points for his/her performance in each event according
to scoring tables issued by the International Association of Athletics
Federations (IAAF). The athlete accumulating the highest number of points
wins the competition.

• Decathlon:

➢ This event combines 10 track-and-field events, which are held over two
consecutive days with the winners determined by the combined
performance in all events. Performance is judged on a points system in
each event, not by the position achieved.
➢ The decathlon is contested by male athletes, while female athletes contest
the Heptathlon. The decathlon is a menu of athletic events, testing an
individual’s speed, strength, skill, endurance, and personality.
➢ The decathlon includes five events on each of two successive days. The
first day schedules the 100-meter run, long jump, shot put, high jump, and
400 meters. It is a day of speedy movement, explosive power, and jumping
ability.
References:
Gadiano,Henry G. Health and Physical Education for Fitness and Wellness, Brilliant Creations Publishing
Inc.
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/athletics_(track_and_field)
https://www.sportsrec.com/6647069/the-history-of-athletics

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