The History of Athletics

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(Group Performance 20%)
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Portfolio of Activities- 10% (by group)
UNDER
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The History of
Athletics
• Athletics is often used synonymously with any sporting
activity, but in most cases, athletics refers primarily to track-
and-field events that involve running, jumping or throwing.
Those athletic events are most closely associated with the
Olympics, but competition in these sports is held at the youth
level, high school, college, and professional ranks all year
round throughout the world.
The Ancient Greeks
The first Olympics in ancient Greece go back at least as far as the eighth
or ninth century B.C. While such sports as boxing and equestrian events
were included, most of the events were those now classified under
athletics or track and field. They included running, jumping, discus and
the javelin. Those four, plus wrestling, made up the pentathlon. The
running events included "stades," which were essentially sprints from
one end of the stadium to the other, a distances of about 190 meters;
two-stade races; longer-distance races of between seven and 24 stades;
and a two- or four-stade race in which the competitors wore armor.
Dick Fosbury
-Fosbury Flop
Adding 15
centimeters to most
jumps in high jumps.
Edwin Moses Carl Lewis
SAID AOUITA SEBASTIAN COE
LYDIA DE VEGA
Asia’s fastest
Woman for almost a
decade
The TRACK AND The FIELD
The Track
Outdoor running tracks are oval in shape and usually are laid in
a stadium. An outdoor running track must measure no less than
400 meters around.
Older tracks consists of dirt and cinders but new tracks are
made up of synthetic waterproof material and can be used in
rainy weather.
The Field
Most field events take place in area enclosed by
the track. But in some meetings one or more
throwing events are held outside the stadium to
protect other athletes and spectators who crowd
the field area or to avoid damaging the artificial
turf that covers many athletic fields.
TRACK EVENTS
Running Races
On outdoor tracks cover distances from 100
meters to 10,000 meters. Indoors, races many
measure from 50 meters to 5,000 meters. Cross-
countryraces and road races are run outside the
stadium.
Cross-country competitors run over terrain such as
hills and fields. Most road races award prize
money to money to the winners.The most
common distance for road races is 10 kilometers.
Hurdle race events in which the competitors run
over obstacles hurdles. Most of the hurdle races
have 10 hurdles spaced at equal intervals. there
are two types of hurdle races; the intermediate and
high.
Steeplechase
Is a race, usually of 3,000 meters over two kind of
obstacles, hurdle and water jumps.Runners must
clear 91 centimeters hurdles over 28 times.
runners must cross water jumps for 7 times.
A water jump consist of a hurdle and a water-filled pit 3.66
meter square. The steepchaser steps onto the hurdle and leaps
across the water. the pit is 70 cm. deep at the foot of thhe
hurdle and slopes up to the track level. most steepchaser come
down in the water at the swallow end of the pit to soften their
landing.
Walking Races
are events in which athletes must follow certain
rules of walking. The front foot must touch the
ground before the rear foot leaves the ground.
While the foot is touching the ground, the leg
must be unbent for atleast one moment.
Relay
are run by teams of four runners. The four runner
carries a baton about 30 cm. long. After running a
certain distance, called a leg, the athlete hands the
baton to the next team member. This exchange m
ust occur within the zone of 20 meters long.
FIELD EVENTS
Jumps:
Long Jump, triple jump, high jump and
pole vault
Throwing:
Discus, hammer, javelin and shot put.
Long jump
completed in a single jump in a pit filled with
sand. To begin the long jump, the competitor
sprints down a long runway and leaps from a take-
off board.
Triple Jump
Originally called hop, step and jump. It is consist of three
continous jump. The first two completed in the runway. on the
first jump the athlete takes off one foot and lands on the same
foot. At the end of the third jump. The athlete must land with
both feet in the pit of sand.
High Jumpers
runs towatrds the bar from any angle within a large
semicircular runway. the athlete may use any style of
jumping, but he or she must take off from one foot. If
the player knocks out the bar from the upright for three
times he/she is disqualified.
Pole Vault
this uses a long pole usually made of fiberglass. He
begins his vault by sprinting down a runway, carrying
the pole with both hands. As he nears the vaulting pit,
he rams the far end of the pole into a wood or metal box
embedded in the ground.
THROWING EVENTS
Discus
A saucer shaped object made up of wood with metal
rim. The athlete grips discus in one hand, spins
aroundabout 1 time (540 degress), and releases it with a
sidearm motion to make it sail through the air.
Hammer
Consists of steel wire with a metal ball attached to one end and
a handle fastened to the other end. The entire hammer weighs
7.26 kilograms and measures about 120 cm. long. Using both
hands, the thrower grasps the handle and spins around three or
four times before releasing it.
Javelin
It is a spear made up of metal or wood. The men's
javelin measures from 2.9 to 2.7 meters long and
weighs at least 800 g. Women throws a javelin that is
2.2 or 2.3 meters long and weighs at least 600 g. The
thrower holds the javelin by the cord grip near the
center, and then release it with an overhead throw while
running.
Shot Put
A shot is a metal ball that is 12cm. in diameter and
weighs 7.26 kg (for men) and measuers 10cm in
diameter and weighs at least 4kg (for women).
Competitors push the shot rather than throw it. the shot
must be held against the neck to avoid throwing motion.
The athlete begins with a strong shove from one leg and
finishes with a powerful push of the arm.
Olympic Flame Olympic mascot
The Modern Olympics
Running and other athletic events have long been a part of many
cultures, but in the 19th century, such activities were becoming more
popular, particularly in Europe and the United States. School curricula
included athletics and in 1896, the first Modern Olympics were held in
Athens, Greece. Events included the 100-meters, 400 meters, 800
meters, 1,500 meters, 110-meter hurdles, pole vault, discus, shot put,
javelin, long jump, triple jump and high jump. Fourteen nations were
represented.

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