Westermann Tables 1

Materials
Classification and categories

Ferrous metals Non-

Steel Iron ferrous Plastics
metals

Tool Cast Malleable Copper, Lead PVC

Structural Cast
steel steel iron Zinc, Tin,
steel iron
White- Nickel, Al Vulcani-
heart Copper alloys zed fibre
Carbon Carbon Grey malleable
cast iron Al alloys
steel tool steel iron Amino-
Zinc alloys
Black- plasts
Alloy Alloy Alloy heart
malleable Solders Phenol-
steel tool steel cast iron
iron plasts

General properties of materials

Chemical elements

Specific weight—Melting points—Coefficient of linear (thermal) expansion

Sym- Element Specific Melting Coefficient Sym- Element Specific Melting Coefficient
bol weight or solidi- of linear bol weight or solidi- of linear
gf/cm3 fication (thermal) gf/cm 3 fication (thermal)
point expansion point expansion
°C α °C α

Ag Silver 10.5 961 0.000 020 Ni Nickel 8.9 1453 0.000 013
Al Aluminium 2.7 660 0.000 024 P Phosphorus 1.82 44 0.000 124
Au Gold 19.3 1063 0.000 014 Pb Lead 11.35 327 0.000 029
Ba Barium 3.74 704 Pt Platinum 21.45 1769 0.000 009
Be Beryllium 1.85 1283 0.000 012 Ra Radium 5.00 700
Bi Bismuth 9.75 271 0.000 013 S Sulphur 2.06 113 0.000 064
C Carbon Sb Antimony 6.69 630 0.000 011
Graphite 2.25 3550 0.000 008 Se Selenium 4.5 217 0.000 037
Diamond 3.52 3600 0.000 001 Si Silicon 2.4 1410 0.000 008
Ca Calcium 1.55 850 Sn Tin 7.3 232 0.000 023
Cd Cadmium 8.64 321 0.000 029 Ta Tantalum 16.6 3030 0.000 007
Ce Cerium 6.9 775 Th Thorium 11.2 1827 0.000 011
Co Cobalt 8.8 1492 0.000 013 Ti Titanium 4.52 1812 0.000 009
Cr Chromium 7.1 1800 0.000 007 U Uranium 18.7 1132
Cu Copper 8.9 1083 0.000 017 V Vanadium 5.96 1730
Fe Iron 7.86 1535 0.000 012 W Tangsten 19.27 3380 0.000 004
Ir Iridium 22.42 2443 0.000 006 Zn Zinc 7.13 420 0.000 026
K Potassium 0.86 63 0.000 084 Zr Zirconium 6.5 1852 0.000 005
La Lanthanum 6.18 826 Hg Mercury 13.5 – 39
Li Lithium 0.53 180 0.000 058 Cl Chlorine – 101
Mg Magnesium 1.74 650 0.000 026 H Hydrogen – 259
Mn Manganese 7.3 1244 0.000 023 He Helium – 272
Mo Molybdenum 10.21 2610 0.000 005 N Nitrogen – 210
Na Sodium 0.97 98 0.000 071 Ne Neon – 249
Nb Niobium 8.55 2415 0.000 007 O Oxygen – 219
2 Westermann Tables

Specific Weight—Melting Point—Coefficient of Thermal Expansion—Shrinkage

Specific weight = Weight per unit volume (gf/cm3 or kgf/dm3)

1

Melting point (Fusion point) = Temperature at which particular material starts melting

1° C α
Coefficient of linear (thermal) = Increase in length of unit length of a
1 expansion α solid for temperature rise of 1°C.

Materials
Specific weight Coefficient of
Material Melting point °C Material
gf/cm3 linear expansion

Steel 7.85 1350…1450 Iron and Steel 0.000 012

Cast steel 7.85 Chrome steel 0.000 010
Grey cast iron 7.2 1150…1250 Nickel steel 0.000 012
High-speed steel 9.0 ≈ 2000 Tungsten carbide 0.000 006
Tungsten carbide 14.75 ≈ 2000 Invar 0.000 0015
Constantan 8.89 ≈ 1600 Chromium 0.000 007
Invar (36% Ni) 8.7 1450 Constantan 0.000 015
Brass 8.5 ≈ 900 Electron 0.000 024
Al bronze 8.4 Aluminium 0.000 023
Al cast bronze 7.6 Magnesium 0.000 026
Tin bronze 8.6 ≈ 900 Gold 0.000 014
Lead bronze 9.5 Silver 0.000 019
Al-alloy (Al, Cu, Mg) 2.8 ≈ 650 Zinc 0.000 030
Mg-alloy 1.8 ≈ 650 Tin 0.000 023
Babbitt metal 7.5...10.1 300…400 Lead 0.000 029
Plexiglass 1.2 Nickel 0.000 013
Platinum 0.000 009
Alcohol at 18°C 0.79 –110 Brass 0.000 018
Petrol at 15°C 0.72 –150 Brouce 0.000 017
Copper sulphate 1.11 Plexiglass 0.000 010
Water at 4°C 1.0 0 Glass 0.000 008
Porcelain 0.000 003
Acetylene at 0°C 1.17 kg/m3 –84
Carbon dioxide at 0°C 1.90 kg/m3 –78
Air at 0°C 1.29 kg/m3 –194
Propane at 0°C 2.00 kg/m3 –43
Shrinkage = difference in volume of the mould compared with the
volume of the casting after cooling, in percent

Material Shrinkage Material Shrinkage

Grey cast iron 1% Brass 1.5%

Cast steel 2% Copper 1%
Malleable iron 1.6% Tin, lead 1%
Brouce 1.5% Zinc alloys 1.5%
Gun metal 1.5% Al, Mg alloys 1.25%
 Westermann Tables 3

System of Designation of Iron and Steel IS:1762–1961

IS:4843–1968

Steel

< 0.5 % Silicon > 0.5 %

< 0.8 % Manganese > 0.8 %
Plain carbon steels Alloy steels
< 0.1 % Al or Ti > 0.1 %
< 0.25% or Copper > 0.25%

Steels Steels Low alloy steels High alloy steels

not required to required to < 5% special > 5% special
receive receive Carbon tool steels
alloying element alloying element
heat treatment heat treatment

The System of Designation is as follows

1. Letter St 1. Letter C for Carbon Letter T for Tool steels 1. Average C content in hundredths of a percent without
2. Minimum 2. Index number for Index number for Car- prefix C and with prefix T for Alloy Tool Steels
tensile carbon following bon following letter T, 2. Chemical symbols of the significant elements arranged
strength in letter C, denoting denoting average in descending order of percentage contents
kgf/mm2 average Carbon Carbon content in hun- 3. Alloy Index indicating the average percentage of each
content in hundredths dredths of a percent alloying element
of a percent
e.g. St. 42 e.g. C 35 e.g. T 90 e.g. 15 Cr 65 Chrome e.g. 20 Cr 18 Ni 2 Chrome
Steel having a Carbon steel Tool steel steel with average Nickel Steel with average
minimum ten- having an having an percentages of C = 0.15 percentages of C = 0.20;
sile strength of average of average of and Cr = 0.65 Cr = 18 and Ni = 2.00
42 kgf/mm2 0.35% Carbon 0.90% Carbon
Applicable for Steels with special To indicate the treat- Alloy index number is assigned as follows:
steels which are limits for maximum ment given to the Nominal or
standardized on S & P, receive the steel, symbols are average alloy Alloy index number
the basis of their suffix “K”, e.g. used, e.g. T 90a, “a” content
tensile strength C 35 K is used to indicate an- 1. Up to 1 percent. Average alloy content up to 2 decimal
without detailed nealing (ref. Page places underlined by a bar
chemical com- 4, Add. symbols) 2. 1 percent and Rounded to the nearest whole number.
position over. Up to 0.5 rounded down, 0.5 and over
rounded up.

System of Designation Castings System of Designation

of Plain Castings of Alloy Castings
1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings
2. Symbol for mechanical properties 2. Average carbon content in hundredths of
a percent following the type symbols of
OR
castings
1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 3. Chemical symbols for the significant
2. Symbol for chemical composition similar elements arranged in descending order
to the designation of steels 4. Alloy index number for the average
percentages of alloying elements

CS-Steel Castings FG-Grey Iron Castings SG-Spherical or Nodular Malleable Iron Castings
Graphite Iron Castings

CS 125—Unalloyed steel castings with FG 15—Grey iron castings with SG 80/2—Spheroidal or Nodu- BM 35—Black heart malleable
minimum tensile strength 125 kgf/mm2 minimum tensile strength 15 lar graphite iron castings with iron castings with minimum
CSM 35—Unalloyed special steel cast- kgf/mm2 minimum Tensile strength 80 tensile strength 35 kgf/mm2
ings with minimum tensile strength FG 35 Si 15—Special grey iron kgf/mm2 and minimum elongation PM 70—Pearlitic malleable iron
35 kgf/mm2 castings with minimum total 2% on gauge length equal to five castings with minimum tensile
GS 50 Cr 1V 20—Alloy steel castings carbon percentage = 3.5 and times the diameter of test bar strength 70 kgf/mm2
with average percentage average Silicon percentage WM 42—White heart malleable
of C = 0.50; Cr = 1.00; V = 2.20 = 1.50 iron castings with minimum
tensile strength 42 kgf/mm2
CSH—Heat resistant steel castings AFG—Austenitic flake ASG—Austenitic spheroidal or ABR—Abrasion resistant iron
CSC—Corrosion resistant steel castings graphite iron castings nodular graphite iron castings castings

Tensile strengths are on 30 mm Dia Test Bars as-cast.

4 Westermann Tables

Additional symbols
Denoting special properties
Steel quality Treatment given
A–Non-ageing quality R–Rimming quality a–Annealed or softened o–Spherodized
E–Stabilized against stress corrosion G–Grain size controlled c–Case carburized p–Patented
L–Control cooled to ensure freedom from flakes H–Hardenability controlled d–Hard drawn, cold reduced q–Hardened and tempered
D–Fully killed I–Inclusion controlled h–Hot-rolled s–Stress relieved
D2–Semi killed M–Structural homogeneity n–Normalized t–Tempered
guaranteed by Macro-etch test
e.g., St 42 An–Non-ageing steel with 42 kgf/mm2 15 Cr 3c–Chromium steel with average percentages
minimum tensile strength-normalizedof C = 0.15, Cr = 3.0 and case carburized
E–Electric Furnace Steel; R–Open Hearth Steel; BO–Basic Oxygen
Grey iron castings IS:210–1970
Transverse test
Code for Grades Tensile strength Breaking load Corresponding transverse Deflection Typical applications
designation Min, kgf/mm2 Min, kgf rupture stress kgf/mm2 Min, mm
FG 15 15 15 800 34.0 4.0 Parts requiring no special grades for general
FG 20 20 20 900 38.2 4.5 structural purposes
FG 25 25 25 1000 42.4 5.0 Parts subjected to severe strains such as
FG 30 30 30 1100 46.7 }
5.5 cylinder parts, etc.
FG 35 35 35 1350 57.3 5.5
FG 40 40 40 1500 63.7 }
5.5 For extraordinary use

IS:2108–1962
Malleable iron castings IS:2640–1964
IS:2107–1962
Code for Grades Tensile strength, 0.5% Proof Elongation % (gauge Brinell Phosphorous Typical applications
designation Min, kgf/mm2 stress, Min, length = 3 dia of hardness contact
kgf/mm2 test bars) Min HB Max % Max
BM 35 A 35 21 14 149 0.12 Thin walled castings; mass
BM 30 C 30 – 6 163 0.20 production parts wheels,
PM 70 A 70 55 2 241 to 285 0.12 keys, Parts for locks and
PM 45 E 45 28 7 149 to 201 0.12 sewing machine parts.
WM 42 A 42 26 4 217 0.15
WM 35 B 35 – 3 217 0.15
Steel castings IS:1030–1962
Code for Grades Tensile strength Elongation % on gauge S % Max P % Max Typical applications
designation Min, kgf/mm2 length 5.65 S0 , Min,
CS 55 1 55 12 0.060 0.060 Used for general engineering purposes instead of grey
CS 47 2 47 17 0.060 0.060 iron castings if greater strength and tenacity are
CS 41 3 41 18 0.060 0.060 to be met.
CS 65 1 65 17 0.050 0.050 High strength, good toughness and high abrasion
CS 85 2 85 12 0.050 0.050 resistance properties; used in transportation
CS 125 3 125 5 0.050 0.050 equipment and agricultural machinery parts.
IS:3038–1965
Alloy steel castings for high temperature service
IS:2856–1964
Grades Tensile Elongation % Yield stress C% Si % Mn % S% P% Typical applications
strength on 5.56 S0 gauge or 0.5% proof Max Max
Min, kgf/mm2 length, Min stress Min, kgf/mm2
1 55 17 35 0.20–0.25 0.15–4.40 1.25–1.45 0.050 0.050 Cast parts which
2 47 17 25 0.25 Max 0.20–0.50 0.50–1.00 0.050 0.050 preferably are to
3 52 15 31 0.15 Max 0.40 Max 0.40–0.80 0.050 0.050 withstand temperatures
4 49 17 28 0.20 Max 0.60 Max 0.50–0.80 0.050 0.050 between 300°C to
5 52 17 31 0.08–0.15 0.35 Max 0.30–0.70 0.050 0.050 525°C
6 63 15 43 0.20 Max 0.75 Max 0.40–0.70 0.050 0.050
7 63 15 43 0.20 Max 1.00 Max 0.30–0.70 0.050 0.050
CSN–C20 42 20 21 0.25 Max 0.60 Max 0.70 Max 0.050 0.050 Parts which to be
CSw–C25 49 18 25 0.30 Max 0.60 Max 1.00 Max 0.050 0.050 fusion welded
 Westermann Tables 5

Specification on Structural and Heat treatable Steels

General structural steels IS:1977–1969; IS:2062–1969
IS: 226–1969; IS: 961–1962
Designation Tensile Yield strength Elongation % C% S% P%
of steel strength for thicknesses on gauge length Max Max Max Typical applications
kgf/mm2 upto 20 mm 20–40 mm 5.65 S0 , Min
St 32–O 32–44 — — 26 — 0.07 0.07 Intended for general engineering
St 42–O 42–54 26.0 — 23 — 0.07 0.07 purposes.
St 42–S 42–54 26.0 24.0 23 0.25 0.055 0.055 Intended for all types of structures weld-
able upon certain conditions.
St 42–W 42–54 26.0 24.0 23 0.20 0.055 0.055 Can be subjected to fusion welding.
St 58–HT 58 Min 36.0 35.0 20 0.27 0.055 0.055 Intended for use in structures where
fabrication is done by methods other
than welding.
St 55–HTW 55 Min 36.0 35.0 20 0.20 0.055 0.055 Intended for use in structures where
welding is employed for fabrication and
where guaranteed weldability is required.
Standard sizes of hot-rolled products made of general structural steels
IS Number Product Page IS Number Product Page
808 Beam, channel and angle sections 21 1732 Round and square bars 19
1173 Tee bars 22 1863 Bulb plates —
1252 Bulb angles — 1864 Unequal angles 21
1730 Plates, sheet and strip 20 3954 Channel sections for general engineering purposes 22
1731 Flats 20
Case hardening steels IS: 4432–1967
Case hardened Temperatures for °C
Designation Tensile strength Elongation Carburizing Softening Case Annealing Typical applications
of steel Min kgf/mm2 % Min hardening
C10, C14, 19 S11 50 17 900–920 650–680 760–780 —
14 Mn IS14, 11Mn2 60 17 900–930 650–680 760–780 800–920 These steels are used for compo-
15 Cr 65 60 13 900–930 650–680 770–800 870–900 nents requiring high wear
17 Mn 1 Cr 95 80 10 900–930 650–680 810–840 850–880 resistant surfaces, coupled with
20 Mn Cr 1 100 8 900–930 650–680 810–840 850–880 tough cores to resist shock loads
16 Ni 80 Cr 60 70 15 880–920 650–680 780–820 850–880 and strength to give longer
16 Ni 1 Cr 80 85 12 900–930 650–660 780–820 850–880 service life.
13 Ni 3 Cr 80 85 12 900–930 620–650 760–780 860–880
15 Ni 4 Cr 1 135 9 900–930 600–630 760–780 860–880
20 Ni 2 Mo 25 85 12 880–920 650–660 760–780 —
20 Ni55 Cr50 Mo 20 90 11 880–920 650–660 780–820 —
15 Ni Cr 1 Mo 12 100 9 900–930 630–650 780–820 860–880
15 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 15 110 9 900–930 630–650 780–820 860–880
16 Ni Cr 2 Mo 20 135 9 900–930 630–650 800–820 850–880
Flame and induction hardening steels IS: 3930-1966
Properties in quenched and tempered conditions Hardening temperature
Designation Tensile range 0.2% proof Izod impact Surface For oil For water Typical applications
of steel kgf/mm2 stress, Min Min. kgf.m hardness quench quench
kgf/mm2 obtainable
HRC
C 30 60 to 75 36 5.5 45–50 860–890 860–890 These wrought unalloyed and
C 45 70 to 85 44 3.5 55–61 830–860 820–850 alloyed steels for flame and
T 70 70 to 85 40 2.8 60–63 810–840 780–810 induction hardening are used
37 Mn 2 60 to 75 40 4.8 53–59 850–870 840–860 when high cold strength and
40 Mn 2S 12 70 to 85 46 4.8 53–59 850–870 840–860 good impact properties are
35 Mn 2 Mo 45 80 to 95 56 5.5 53–59 840–860 830–850 required.
50 Cr 1 80 to 95 48 2.8 57–62 850–870 840–860
50 Cr 1 V23 80 to 95 48 2.8 57–62 850–870 840–860
40 Ni 3 80 to 95 56 5.5 54–60 830–860 840–870
40 Ni2 Cr 1 Mo 28 90 to 105 66 5.5 54–60 830–840 810–830
31 Ni3 Cr 65 Mo 55 90 to 105 66 5.5 49–54 850–880 820–840
6 Westermann Tables

Steels for hardening and tempering IS: 5517–1969

Properties in hardened
and tempered condition
Designation Tensile Yield Normalizing Hardening Quenching Tempering Typical
of steel strength stress Min, temperature temperature medium temperature applications
kgf/mm2 kgf/mm2 °C °C °C
C 30 60 to 75 40 860 to 890 860 to 890 Water or oil 550 to 660 These wrought
C 35 Mn 75 60 to 75 40 850 to 880 840 to 880 Water or oil 530 to 760 unalloyed and
C 40 60 to 75 38 830 to 860 830 to 860 Water or oil 550 to 660 alloyed steels in the
C 45 60 to 75 38 830 to 860 830 to 860 Water or oil 530 to 670 form of billets and
C 50 80 to 95 54 810 to 840 810 to 840 Oil 550 to 660 bars for general
C 55 Mn 75 80 to 95 54 810 to 840 810 to 840 Oil 550 to 660 engineering purposes
40 S 18 70 to 85 48 830 to 860 830 to 860 Oil 550 to 660 are intended to be
40 Mn 2 S12 60 to 75 40 840 to 870 840 to 870 Oil 550 to 660 used in the hardened
20 Mn 2 60 to 75 44 860 to 900 860 to 900 Water or oil 550 to 660 and tempered
27 Mn 2 70 to 85 46 840 to 880 840 to 880 Water or oil 550 to 660 condition
35 Mn 2 Mo 45 100 to 115 80 — 840 to 860 Oil 550 to 660
55 Cr 70 90 to 105 66 800 to 850 800 to 850 Oil 500 to 700
40 Cr 1 80 to 95 60 850 to 880 850 to 880 Oil 550 to 700
40 Cr 1 Mo 28 80 to 95 60 850 to 880 850 to 880 Oil 550 to 720
40 Cr Al I Mo 18 90 to 105 70 — 850 to 900 Oil 550 to 700
40 Ni 3 90 to 105 70 830 to 860 850 to 860 Oil 550 to 650
35 Ni 1 Cr 60 90 to 105 70 — 820 to 850 Water or oil 550 to 660
30Ni4 Cr 1 120 to 135 130 — 810 to 830 Air or oil > 250
40Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28 120 to 135 130 — 830 to 850 Oil 550 to 660
31Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55 120 to 135 10 — 830 to 850 Oil upto 660
40 Ni 3 Cr 65 0
Mo 55 120 to 135 130 830 to 850 830 to 850 Oil upto 660

Cold rolled carbon steel sheets

IS: 513–1963
Tensile strength C% Mn % S% P% For all types Typical applications
Types (for design Max Max Max Max Delivery Surface
purpose only) condition finish
kgf/mm2
O: Ordinary 28 0.15 — 0.060 0.060 (1) Scale-free Coarse Course or rough for
D: Drawing 28 0.12 0.50 0.050 0.050 or rough enamelling and
lacquering
DD: Deep 28 0.10 0.50 0.040 0.040 (2) Improved Medium Medium or dull for
drawing surface or dull general purposes (not
suitable for plating)
EDD: Extra 28 0.10 0.50 0.035 0.035 (3) Best Fine or Fine or bright for
deep drawing surface bright electroplating
Note: Sheet conforming to this standard are of weldable quality and are suitable both for fusion and spot welding.

Hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip

IS: 1079–1968
Tensile Yield Elongation C% Mn% S% P% Delivery Typical
Grade strength stress % Min Max Max Max Max condition applications
kgf/mm 2 kgf/mm2
O-1079 — — — — — 0.060 0.060 Hot-rolled Used for cold
D-1079 — — — 0.12 0.50 0.050 0.050 Annealed formed structural
DD-1079 27–40 — 23 0.10 0.50 0.040 0.040 Normalized members and for
EDD-1079 27–39 — 25 0.10 0.50 0.035 0.035 and other general
St 34-1079 34–42 21.0 25 0.15 — 0.050 0.050 Descaled engineering
St 42-1079 42–50 24.0 22 0.25 — 0.050 0.050 purposes
St 50-1079 50–60 30.0 20 0.30 — 0.050 0.050
St 52-1079 52–62 36.0 20 0.22 — 0.050 0.050
 Westermann Tables 7

Spring steel Hot-rolled spring steel IS:3431–1965

Designation Grade C% Mn % Si % S % max P % max Cr % V% Typical applications
of steel
50 Cr IV 23 1 0.45–0.55 0.50–0.80 0.10–0.35 0.050 0.050 0.90–1.20 0.1–0.30 Steels in the form of Barm and
55 Si 2 Mn 90 2 0.50–0.60 0.80–1.00 1.50–2.00 0.050 0.050 — — flats for manufacture of volute,
helical and laminated springs
for automative suspension.
Cold-rolled steel strip for springs IS: 2507–1965
Grade Tensile strength C% Si% Hardened Annealed
Designation kgf/mm 2 in oil at °C at °C Typical applications
of steel Hardened Annealed
and tempered max
C 45 1 120–145 60 0.40–0.50 0.10–0.35 830–860 600–650 Cold rolled steel strip for the
C 65 3 120–145 60 0.60–0.70 0.10–0.35 810–840 600–650 manufacture of springs for various
C 75 5 120–160 65 0.70–0.80 0.10–0.35 780–810 600–650 purposes.
C 98 8 160–180 70 0.90–1.05 0.10–0.35 770–800 620–660
55 Si 2 Mn 90 9 160–200 80 0.50–0.60 1.50–2.00 830–860 640–680
50 Cr I 10 170–230 80 0.45–0.55 0.10–0.35 830–860 640–680
50 Cr IV 23 11 190–240 80 0.45–0.55 0.10–0.35 830–860 600–680
Spring steels for use under elevated temperatures IS:4454–1967
Tensile strength
Grades Classification (for wire dia C% Si % Cr % Va % Typical applications
up to 7 mm) min
1S S denotes static 150 0.45–0.55 0.15–0.35 0.90–1.20 0.15–0.30 Used for manufacturing cold
1D stressed springs; D 145 0.45–0.55 0.15–0.35 0.90–1.20 0.15–0.00 formed helical springs, volute
2S denotes dynamic 175 0.50–0.60 1.20–1.60 0.50–0.80 — springs, etc. working under
2D stressed springs 175 0.50–0.60 1.20–1.60 0.50–0.80 — elevated temperatures.
Steels for Screws Manufacture
Carbon steel wire for the manufacture of machine screws IS: 1976–1960
Designation Grade Tensile strength C % max Mn % S % max P % max Typical applications
of steel
— 1 44–55 kgf/mm2 0.15 0.30–0.65 0.065 0.060 Used for the manufacture of machine screws by
— 2 55–71 kgf/mm2 0.15 0.30–0.65 0.065 0.060 the cold reading process.
Carbon steel wire for the manufacture of wood screws IS: 1673–1960
C10 — 460 N/mm2 0.17 0.30–0.65 0.055 0.055 Used for the manufacture of wood screws by
C 15 — 460 N/mm2 0.22 0.30–0.65 0.055 0.055 the cold heading process.
10 S 11 — 460 N/mm2 0.17 0.60–0.95 0.08–0.15 0.055
Boilor Steel Plates IS: 2002–1962
Grades Tensile strength Elongation C% Si % S % max P % max Typical applications
kgf/mm2 min % min max
1 37–45 26 0.18 0.10–0.35 0.040 0.040 Plates which are required to be either welded, flanged
2A 42–50 25 0.20 0.10–0.35 0.050 0.050 or flame cut plates of non-flanging quality (low tensile)
2B 52–62 20 0.22 0.10–0.35 0.050 0.050 Plates of non-flanging quality (high tensile)
Seamless Steel Pipes For high-temperature service IS: 2002–1962
Tensile strength Elongation C% Si % S% P% Typical applications
Designation (normalised and % min max max
of steel tempered)
2
N/mm min
16 Mo 30 440–590 22 0.12–0.20 0.12–0.35 0.040 0.040 Used when the wall of pipes reach temperatures
15 Cr 90 Mo 55 440–590 22 0.10–0.20 0.10–0.35 0.040 0.040 up to 580° C and are exposed to high pressure;
10 Cr 5 Mo 55 490–640 16 0.15 max 0.55 max 0.030 0.030 can be fused and are welded; can be bent or
14 Cr 45 Mo 60 V 27 460–610 15 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.040 0.040 folded in cold state.
Seamless Steel Pipes For high test line pipes IS: 1979–1971
Designation Tensile strength Yield strength C% C% S% P% Typical applications
of steel min kgf/mm 2 min kgf/mm 2 max max max max
Y St 30 42.2 29.5 0.29 1.25 0.04 0.05 Cover pipes intended for use in oil industry.
Y St 32 44.3 32.3 0.31 1.35 0.04 0.05
Y St 37 46.4 36.6 0.29 1.25 0.04 0.05
For dimensional requirements IS: 4431; 2507; 2591; 2002; 6630; 1979 may be referred
8 Westermann Tables

Cold Rolled Steel Strips for general engineering purposes IS:4030–1967

Temper Rockwell hard- C% Mn % S% P% Surface Typical applications

of strips ness (B Scale) max max max max finish
Min Max
No. 1—Hard 90 — 0.25 0.60 0.050 0.040 (a) Coarse or Coarse or rough for enamelling
rough and lacquering
No. 2—Half 70 90 0.25 0.60 0.050 0.040 (b) Medium or Medium or dull for general
Hard dull purpose
No. 3—Quarter 60 75 0.25 0.60 0.050 0.040
Hard
No. 4—Skin — 65 0.15 0.60 0.050 0.040 (c) Fine or Fine or bright for electroplating
Rolled bright
No. 5—Dead — 55 0.15 0.60 0.050 0.040
Soft

Steels for Rivet Bars IS: 1148–1973

IS: 1149–1973
Designation Tensile Elongation C% S% P% Typical applications
of steel strength % min max max max
kgf/mm2
St 42 R 42 to 54 23 0.23 0.055 0.055 For manufacture of hot forged rivets for
structural purposes.
St 47 R 47 min 22 0.23 0.055 0.055 High tensile steel rivet bars for structural
purposes

Free Cutting Steels IS:4431–1967

Designation Tensile Elongation C% Si % Mn % S% P% Typical applications
of steel strength % min max
kgf/mm2

10 S 11
14 Mn 1S 14
37–49
44–54
24
22
0.15 max 0.05–0.30 0.60 to 0.90 0.08 to 0.13
0.10–0.18 0.05–0.30 1.20 to 1.50 0.10 to 0.18
0.060
0.060 } Suitable also for case hardening

25 Mn 1S 14 50–60 20 0.20–0.30 0.25 max 1.00 to 1.50 0.10 to 0.18 0.060 These have good machinability and
40 S 18 55–65 17 0.35–0.45 0.25 max 0.80 to 1.20 0.14 to 0.22 0.060 satisfactory chip-break
13 S 25 37–49 22 0.08–0.18 0.10 max 0.80 to 1.20 0.22 to 0.30 0.060 (Rapid machining steel for repetition
40 Mn 2 S 12 60–70 15 0.35–0.45 0.25 max 1.30 to 1.70 0.08 to 0.15 0.060 work)

Black Bars for production of machined parts IS:2073–1970

Designation Tensile Elongation C% Si % Mn % S% P% Typical applications
of steel strength % min max max
kgf/mm2

C 14 37–45 26 0.10–0.18 — 0.40–0.70 0.055 0.055 These types are carbon steel black
C 20 44–52 24 0.15–0.25 0.05–0.35 0.60–0.90 0.055 0.055 bars for production of machined parts
C 30 50–60 21 0.25–0.35 0.05–0.35 0.60–0.90 0.055 0.055 for general engineering purposes
C 40 58–68 18 0.35–0.45 0.05–0.35 0.60–0.90 0.055 0.055
C 45 63–71 15 0.40–0.50 0.05–0.35 0.60–0.90 0.055 0.055
C 55 Mn 75 72 min 13 0.50–0.60 0.05–0.35 0.60–0.90 0.055 0.055
C 65 75 min 10 0.60–0.70 0.05–0.35 0.50–0.80 0.055 0.055
 Westermann Tables 9

Symbolic Designation
of essential properties of materials
(iron and steel)
Examples and Explanations

IS No. Title See Page Designation Explanations

(example)

1977 Structural steels 5 St 32–0 St = Steel; 32 kgf/mm 2 minimum tensile strength

1977 –do– 5 St 42–0 O = Ordinary quality 42 kgf/mm 2 minimum tensile
strength
226 –do– 5 St 42–S S = Standard quality
226 –do– 5 St 42–Sc c = Copper bearing quality
226 –do– 5 St 42–Kw K = Special limits for max P and S
w = Weldable
2062 –do– 5 St 42–W W = Fusion welding quality
961 –do– 5 St 55–HTw HT = High tensile steel
w = Fusion weldable
1148 Rivet steels 8 St 42–R R = Rivet bars
2002 Boiler plates 7 Grade 1 Plates required to be welded, flanged or flame-out
2002 –do– 7 Grade 2 A Non-flanging quality (low tensile)
2002 –do– 7 Grade 2 B –do– (high tensile)
5517 Heat-treatable steels 6 C 30 C = Carbon 30 = Average C contents 0.30%
5517 –do– 6 T 50a T = Tool steel; a = annealed
5517 –do– 6 C 35 Mn 75 C35 = Average carbon content 0.35%
Mn 75 = Average manganese of 0.75%, represented
without decimal point, underlined by a bar.
(Applicable for alloying element upto 1%)
4432 Case-hardening steels 5 C 10c C = Carbon; c = case carburized
4432 –do– 5 11 Mn 2 Carbon average 0.11%; Manganese average
1.5%. (Average alloy content more than 1% is
rounded to the nearest whole number, upto 0.5
rounded down; 0.5 and over rounded up.
3431 Hot Rolled steels 7 55 Si 2 h = Hot rolled
for springs Mn 90h
2507 Cold rolled steels 7 C 45q q = Hardened and tempered
strips for springs
4454 High temperature 7 1S; 1D S = Static stressed springs; D = Dynamic stressed
steels for springs
1079 Hot rolled carbon 6 0; D; DD; O = Ordinary; D = Drawn; DD = Deep drawn
steel sheet and strip EDD EDD = Extra deep drawn
513 Cold rolled carbon 6 J; J2 J3; J4 J = Bright drawn or bright rolled; J2 = Precision
steel sheets ground; J3 = descalled; J4 = shot blast
513 –do– 6 F; F2 F3; F7 F = Black sheet; F3 = Pickled surface; F7 = Cold
finished; F2 = Black sheet for enamelling and
galvanizing
1030 Steel castings 4 CS 125 CS = Cast steel-unalloyed; 125 = Minimum tensile
strength 125 kgf/mm2
210 Grey iron castings 4 FG 15 FG = Grey iron castings; 15 = Minimum tensile
strength 15 kgf/mm2
2108 Malleable iron 4 BM 35 BM = Black heart malleable iron castings
castings
2640 –do– 4 PM 70 PM = Pearlitic malleable iron castings
2107 –do– 4 WM 42 WM = White heart malleable iron casting. For castings
tensile strengths are on 30 mm dia test bars as
cast
10 Westermann Tables

Tool and dye steels

Tool and dye steels for hot work IS:3748–1966

Designation C% Si % Mn % Cr % Mo % V% W% Brinell Typical application

of steel hardness
(annealed)
HB, max

T33W9Cr3V38 0.25–0.40 0.10–0.35 0.20–0.40 2.80–3.30 — 0.25–0.50 8.00–10.0 241 Used for extrusion dyes,
T35Cr5MolV30 0.30–0.40 0.80–1.20 0.25–0.50 4.75–5.25 1.20–1.60 0.20–0.40 — 229 hot swaging dyes, for-
T35Cr5MoV1 0.30–0.40 0.80–1.20 0.25–0.50 4.75–5.25 1.20–1.60 1.00–12.0 — 229 ging dye inserts, brass
T35Cr5MoW1V30 0.30–0.40 0.80–1.20 0.25–0.50 4.75–5.25 1.20–1.60 0.20–0.40 1.20–1.60 229 forging dyes, hot shear
T55W14Cr3V45 0.50–0.60 0.10–0.35 0.20–0.40 2.80–3.30 — 0.30–0.40 13.0–15.0 248 blades, trimmer dyes,
dye-casting dyes for
copper etc.

Tool and dye steels for cold work IS:3749–1966

T50 0.45–0.55 0.10–0.35 0.60–0.90 — — — — 240 Covers the requirements

T60 0.50–0.60 0.10–0.35 0.60–0.90 — — — — 240 for plain carbon and
T70Mn65 0.65–0.75 0.10–0.35 0.50–0.80 — — — — 240 alloy tool and dye steels
T80Mn65 0.75–0.85 0.10–0.35 0.50–0.80 — — — — 240 in the form of bars,
T90 0.85–0.95 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.35 — — — — 200 blanks, rings, and other
T103 0.95–1.10 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.35 — — — — 200 shapes for cold work,
T133 1.25–1.40 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.35 — — — — 210 capable of being
T90V23 0.85–0.95 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.35 — — 0.15–0.30 — 200 hardened and tempered.
T118Cr45 1.10–1.25 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.35 0.30–0.60 — 0.30 max — 200 These are used for the
T105Cr1Mn60 0.90–1.20 0.10–0.35 0.40–0.80 1.00–1.60 — — — 230 making tools and dyes
T140W4Cr50 1.30–1.50 0.10–0.35 0.25–0.50 0.30–0.70 — — 3.50–4.20 250 for blanking, trimming,
T55Ni2Cr65Mo30 0.50–0.60 0.10–0.35 0.50–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.25–0.35 — — 255 shaping and shearing.
T105W2Cr60V25 0.90–1.20 0.10–0.35 0.25–0.50 0.40–0.80 0.25 max 0.20–0.30 1.25–1.75 230
T110W2Cr1 1.00–1.20 0.10–0.35 0.25–0.50 0.90–1.30 — — 1.25–1.75 230
T90Mn2W50Cr45 0.85–0.95 0.10–0.35 1.25–1.75 0.30–0.60 — 0.25 max 0.40–0.60 230
T215Cr12 2.00–2.30 0.10–0.35 0.25–0.50 11.0–13.0 0.80 max 0.80 max — 260
T45Cr1Si95 0.40–0.50 0.80–1.10 0.55–0.75 1.20–1.60 — — — 230
T55Cr70V15 0.50–0.60 0.10–0.35 0.60–0.80 0.60–0.80 — 0.10–0.20 — 230
T55Si2Mn90Mo33 0.50–0.60 1.50–2.00 0.80–1.00 — 0.25–0.40 0.12–0.20 — 230
T40W2Cr1V18 0.35–0.45 0.50–1.00 0.20–0.40 1.00–1.50 — 0.10–0.25 1.75–2.25 230
T50W2Cr1V18 0.45–0.55 0.50–1.00 0.20–0.40 1.00–1.50 — 0.10–0.25 1.75–2.25 230

Steels for dye blocks for drop forgings

Designation C% Si % Mn % Ni % Cr % Mo % Brinell Typical applications

of steel hardness HB
Annealed Hardened
max and
tempered

T60 0.55–0.65 0.15–0.35 0.50–0.80 — — — 209 212–269 Steel for dye blocks in
T60Ni1 0.55–0.65 0.15–0.35 0.50–0.80 1.0–1.4 — — 209 212–269 square, rectangular and
T55NiCr65 0.50–0.60 0.15–0.35 0.50–0.80 1.25–1.65 0.50–0.80 — 230 235–302 sections for drop
T50NiCr35 0.48–0.53 0.15–0.35 0.45–0.65 0.80–1.00 0.80–1.00 0.30–0.40 255 269–477 forgings.
 Westermann Tables 11

Classification of carbide tips according to their range of application (IS: 2428–1964)

Designation Increasing direction of
Range of application
the characteristic of
Identification Carbide Cutting Material to be machined Machining conditions
colour tip
P01 Steel, steel casting Precision turning and fine boring
Cutting speed: high, Feed: low
P10 Steel, steel casting Turning, threading and milling
Cutting speed: high. Feed: low or medium
P20 Steel, steel casting, malleable cast Turning, milling. Cutting speed and feed:
Resistance to wear

iron forming long chips medium. Planning: with low feed rate
Cutting speed

P30 Steel, steel casting, malleable cast Turning, planning, milling. Cutting speed:
Toughness

iron forming long chips medium to low. Feed: medium to high even
Feed

if operating conditions are unfavourable

P40 Steel, steel castings with sand Turning, planning, shaping. Cutting speed:
inclusions or shrinkage cavities low. Feed: high. Rake angle: high, for
machining under unfavourable conditions
and work on automatic machines
P50 Steel, steel castings of medium or Turning, planning, shaping. Cutting speed:
low tensile strength with sand low. Feed: high. Rake angle large for
inclusions or shrinkage cavities machining under unfavourable conditions
and work on automatic machines
M10 Steel, steel castings, manganese Turning. Cutting speed: medium to high.
steel, grey cast iron, alloyed Feed: low to medium
cast iron.
Resistance to wear

Cutting speed

M20 Steel, steel casting, austenitic steel, Turning, milling. Cutting speed: medium.
Toughness

manganese steel, grey cast iron, Feed: medium

Feed

spheroidised cast iron and malle-

able cast iron
M30 Steel, steel casting, austenitic steel, Turning, milling, planning. Cutting speed:
grey cast iron, heat resisting alloys medium. Feed: medium or high
M40 Free cutting steel, low tensile Turning, profile turning, parting off
strength steel, brass and light alloy especially in automatic machines
K01 Very hard grey cast iron, chilled Turning, precision turning and boring,
castings of hardness up to 60 HRC. milling, scraping
Aluminium alloys with high silicon
content, hardened steel, plastics of
abrasive type, hard board and
ceramics
K10 Grey cast iron of hardness more Turning, milling, boring, reaming,
than 220 HB, malleable cast iron broaching, scraping
forming short chips, tempered
Resistance to wear

steel, aluminium alloys containing

Cutting speed
Toughness

silicon, copper alloys plastics,

Feed

glass, hard rubber, hard cardboard,

porcelain, stone
K20 Grey cast iron of hardness up to Turning, milling, planning, reaming,
220 HB, non-ferrous metals, such broaching
as copper, brass, aluminium,
laminated wood of abrasive type
K30 Soft grey cast iron, low tensile Turning, planning, shaping, milling. Rake
strength steel, laminated wood angle: large even under unfavourable
conditions
K40 Soft or hard natural wood, Turning, milling, planning, shaping. Rake
nonferrous, metals angle: large even under unfavourable
machining conditions
12 Westermann Tables

Minimum
Nomenclature Grade Physical properties Typical applications
contents
Copper IS: 191–1967
Electrolytic tough pitch copper ETP 99.9% Cu Soft For electrical parts
Fire refined high conductivity FRHC 99.9% Cu High conductivity For conductors
copper
Fire refined tough pitch copper FRTP–1 99.8% Cu Easy to cast For castings
FRTP–2 99.5% Cu
Tough pitch arsenical copper ATP 99.2% Cu Good bearing property For bearings
Oxygen free high conductivity OF 99.95% Cu High conductivity For conductors
copper
Lead IS: 27–1965

Pig lead Pb 99.99 99.99% Pb Soft, can be cast, Plates in storage batt
Pig lead Pb 98.94 99.94% Pb soldered and welded For alloying

Zinc IS: 4699–1968

Refined secondary zinc SZn 99.5 99.5% Zn Can be cast, resistant For alloying
Refined secondary zinc SZn 98.5 98.5% Zn to corrosion For galvanizing

Tin IS: 4280–1967

Refined secondary tin Sn 99 99% Sn Soft, can be cast, rolled For plating, casting
Refined secondary tin Sn 96 96% Sn to foils For alloying

Aluminium IS: 734–1967

Aluminium F1A 99.8% Al Tensile strength May be cast, weldable
5.5 kgf/mm2
Aluminium F1B 99.5% Al More resistant to Available in the form of sheets,
corrosion plates, tubes, wires, forgings.
Used for cladding, on stronger
alloys, food and chemical plants,
electrical conductors and
reflectors
Aluminium F1C 99.0% Al Very ductile, resistant to Available in the form of sheets,
corrosion, good plates, tubes, wires, rods and
conductor. forgings. Used for panelling and
moulding, lightly stressed and
decorative assemblies, equipment
for food, chemical and brewing
industries, packing and cooking
utensils
Aluminium AO 99% Al Excellent, electrical, For induction motor, rotors,
(commercial quality) conductivity, resistant power transmission cable
to corrosion. accessories, vessels and fittings
for food and chemical industries