CHAPTER I 31. 1.5 tons of regular and 2.5 tons of special plastic.

Sectioll 1.I, p. 8 33. 20 IOns of 2-minute developer and a total of 40 tons of

I. x = 4.}" = 2. 6-minute and 9-minute developer.
35. $7000, S 14,000, $3000.
3. x= - 4.y=2 . z=10.
5 . .r = 2.)" = - I. z = - 2. Sectioll 1.2, p. 19
7. x = - 20.)" = + 8,z = any real number. I. (a) - 3. - 5,4. (b) 4.5. (c) 2,6.-1.
9. This linear system has no solution. It is inconsistent. 3. (a) (h)

Il. x=5.)"=1.
13. This linear system has no solution. It is inconsistent.
1\'
15. (a) I = 10. (b) One value is I = 3. P,

(e) The choice I = 3 in part (b) was arbitrary. An)' :1i. (1=0, 1>= 2. (·= 1. (/=2
choice for f. other than f = 10. makes the system
inconsistent. Hence there are infinitely many ways
to choose a value for f in part (b).
7. (. )
[ I:l
17. (a) 1=0. (b ) f = I. (e) Any I i- O. (h) 3(2A) = 6A =
12
6
18]
24·
21. .r = 2. )" = L z = O.
23. There is no such value of r. «) 3A + 2A =5A =
]0
5
IS]
20
27. Zero. infinitely many, zero.
29 . .\10 points of intersection: (d) 2(D + F) = 2D+2F= [ - 8
2

(e) -10]
20 .

n
(0 Impossible.

One point of intersection:

9. (a)
[: (b ) Impossible.

«)
[i -'] 2
] . (d ) Impossible.

Infinitely many points of intersection:

(I) Impossible.
II . No. 13, Zero.
15. The entries are symmetric about the main diagonal.
19. (a) True. (b) True. (e) True.
in{<r>ec{;on i, s, (= s, ) 21. + b).
A-37
A-38 Answers to Odd-NLmbered Exercises

Sectioll l .J, p. 30
I. (a ) 2. (b) I. (e) 4. (d ) I.
3. ±,. ; . x=4.)'= - 6
7. I. ,. ±1· 35. The linear are equivalent. ThaI is, [hey have the
S:lme solutions.

[; ,
2
11 . (a) [14' 6 :] (bl 37. (n) lX I + X2 = 4 (b ) .I I +3x) + ,(4=2
17 1(2 = 2. 2t1 + +
.\"1 + 4 ,() 5
+ 2x2 + 5.Il +
«)
[
10
6
-2]
31·
-XI = 8.

(d ) Impossible. (,) ['9 -8]

32 30 .
3• . (a) ;,,'" 00,,,0'",;0".

[-; "]
13. {aj

«) ["27
'0
17.
'3
8
(b) [ 12 "] .
(II) x=
['] 2..
IS a solulJon: anOlhcr soiullOn IS
. .
[-']
II
:.

49. A IJ gives the total cost of producing each kind of

(d ) Impossible. (e) Impossible.

n'6]
product in eac h city:

[i
Salt L.:d;e
IS. (a) City Chicago

[ 38
67
44
78
]
Chair
Table
«) [I: 9 . (d) as (e).
Seclilm 1.4, p. 40

(e) (c + £)TB = C T8 + ET e = [" 8

38
14]8 .
17
,. One such pair is A = :lnd IJ = [_:

(fj A(28) = l(AB) = [";2 '6]

IS ·
Another p:lir is A = :lnd H =
Yet ano ther pair is A = 0 and 8 = any 2 x 2 matri);
17. (a) 4 . (b) 13. (e) 3. (d ) 12. with at one nonzero elemen!. TIlere are infinitely
many such pairs.

I I. There are many such pairs of matrices. For e);ample.

21.
(al [;H Jj = -:l
- :]orA =[ :

and

...eA" B and
23.

27. 11lere are infinitely many choices. For example. r = I.

s = O:orr = O,s = 2:orr = lO.s =- 18. cosOQ
smO°0 ]
31. - 2xl - .1"2 + =5 cos 1° sm 1
-3.1", + 1"2 + 7.(3 + 8.(4 = 3 21. (a)
'"I +2rl=4 3A=3 [ cos3Sg o
3,\"1 + ,Il + 3'{4 = 6. ." 359'
 Answers 10 Odd-Numbered Exercises A -39

(b) The ordered pairs obtained rrom A are 3. u

(.f;. Yi) =
(3 eos i. 3 sin i ). where i =
O. I. .... 359.
Since 4
xr+y;= 9. /( - i , 3) = u =(- 1, 3)
we conclude thai the point (Xj. Y;) lies on the c ircle
.f! + y2 = 9. , , ,
(='=" 2

23. r=2. 3I. k = ±/f. :::::: (-2.366, 2.098)

Sectioll 1.5, p. 51 -2 2

[-l n [: iJ
2 0
7. (8) (bJ i -2

[-,
- i 0
0 5. )'

(' J -5 25
- i3 25 100 4

15. fJ = [i 3]3 I lssuChthlllAIJ = BA . There are

2
(3.2)

Infinitely m:lI1y such matrices B. "

33. (.J
u u
1 A-'= [-; -1
,bJ
-4

(-3. - 2)
-2
0 2 4
,

35. [ I 19]o . 37. ,=[In 3. '=[;j /(u)

-2

[H m
-4
4 1. (.J (bJ
7. ,
43. Possible answer: !] and

59. (a) u :{2.- I. ])

I]= 19.IU = 65.

(b) = J'

Section 1.6, p. 61 /(II) .. (2. 3. ()

1. )'

x
4
e(2.3) ••
15.
Yes . il. Yes.
(.J Reflection :Iboul the y-axis.
13. No.

2
• rr
(bJ Rotate countercloc kwIse through "2'
17. (. ) Projection on to the .f-axis.
-4 -2 2
(b) Projection onto the y-axis.
-2 i 9. (.) Coo ntercl ockwise rotation by 60°.
- (2.-3) - /(2.3)
(b) Cloc kw ise rotation by 30· .
-, (,) 12.
A-40 Answers to Odd-NLmbered Exercises

Sectioll 1.7, p. 70

I. )'

2
EJ x
-, -2 0 2 4

)'

0 2

-, -2 0 2 4
x

3. ,.
4

2
)) (-3, - 3)
( I. I) (3

-2 0 2 , " ).

,. (I-zVi, 1+2\13) 2 -l)

(2\V3, 2VJZ
4 _( - 0.366.1.366) .. (1.866, 1.232)

2 ( 1.2) -2 o

-2
0

(I , -I)
, " (-3+/YJ. -3 -/\13)
(3. -2) .. ( 1.098, - 4.098)

-,
'1
- (,
(3, -5)
II . The image of the vertices of T under L of the
points (- 9. - 18), (0, 0), an d (3. 6). Th us Ihe imu.ec of T
under L is:l line segment.
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-41

13. y

20 ...
4

2 l' +
, 10
-4 -2 a 2 4
,
-2

-4
SlIpplementary Exerciu)', p. 80

, Y
I. (a) 3. (h) 6. (el 10. " + I).
(d) '2(11

3. ';]-
where b is any real nurnber.

23. w= [1 Ir.
Chapler R e"ieM', p. 83
True/False
-2
I. F. 2. F. 3. T. 4. T. 5. T.
6. T. 7. T. 8. T. 9. T. 10. T.
Quiz
15. (a) Possible uns.....er: Firs l perform JI
(90 Q COUll IClcJod,wiN: lowliuu) then h.
2. r = O. 3. a=b=4.
rb) Possible ans ..... er: Pcrfonn II ( - 135 "
counterclockwi.o;e r013Iion). 4. II = 2. b = 10. c = any real number.

17. <:OS(OI = COSOI + sin OI sin Ol 5. [:'l where r is any rtal numbe r.
sin (OI - O!) = sin 81 cos 82 - cos 01sin 8:2.
CHAPTER 2
Seclioll J.8, p. 79 SeC/ioll 2. J, p. 94
1. A has correlation coefficient 0.93. I . (a) answer;
B has correlation coefficient 0.76. r l ...... - rl
C has correlation coefficient 0.97. r ! --I' r ! - 2rl
-2
D has corrchl\ion coefficicnI 0.88. r J ...... r l - 2r l

3.
r 1 .....
r l ...... 0 -I]
r l ...... -3r J
(b) answer;
Correlation coefficient = - 0.8482. r !-- r Z- 3r l
Angle in radians = 2.5834. 1
r , ...... r)-S r l
An.ele in dc,l!1ces = 148.0 16 1°, 0
\1odero.lcl y negatively correlated.
r4 --
0
A-42 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

4
rl r 2 +4r]
(b ) r l -+ rl - Sr ]
0 o1 0]
0 15. (a) (/ = ± J3. (II) {/ i=- ± J3.
r l -> r) - 3rj
0 o 1 (e) There is no \lalue of a such (hat (his system has
0 o 0 infinitely many solutions.

5. (a )
r 2 -+ r 2 +2rl
f J ->- f )

r J_ r ] - 2r 2
- 3rl
0
1
0
-n 17. (a) a = - 3. (b) a i=- ±3. (e) (/ = 3.
21. x= - 2 +r ,y=2 - 2r. z =r.whererisanyreal
nllmber.
23. c-b-a= O.
r 2_ r 2+ r l
r 4 -'> r4 +2rJ 27. - a+b-c=O.
r 2 -+ t r 2 0 31. 2x2+2x + l.

!]
(h) _ r 4 - 7r2 1 33. TI = Tl = 36.25". TJ = 28.75°. T4 =
0 35. Radius = 37.
r3 -'> 2r3
0
r 4 -> r4 - 39. One solution is 2C, H6 + 70 2 -4 4C0 2 + 6H, 0.
r 2 -+ r 2 +
rl -'> rl - r J
7. (a) N (b) REF (e) RREF.

[
0 0 Sectiol1 2.1, p. J24
,, 0

n
II. (a) Possi ble :l!Iswer: -4 0
-,, 3 3. (a)
1
0
0
1
0 0 0 0
0
(h) = 0 0 0 0
0 1
0 1 1 0
0 0 Ih) I,)
1 0 0 4
13 . [I0
0 0
0
0 0

Sectiol1 2.2, p. J 13 5. (a) C = 1

n -;1
I. (a) x=8. y = 1.:=4. 0

(b) x= - 2 1 +31, y =I,z=5,w=1.

3. I· ) x = 2 - )' ,Y =S. : = - 3 - I. w = I.
Ih, - I
- I - I
Ih, x = 3, )' = 0, z = I.
(e) A and B are inverses of each other.
5. I· ) x= I. )' = 2. z = - 2.
(II) x= I. )' = 2. z = - 2.
7.A - ' [ - : 1
7. (a) x= - l. y =4.z= - 3.
IhJ x=)'= z =O.
I" \" =r. y = -2r. z = r. wherer
Id, x = - 2r. y = r. Z = 0, where r
= any real number.
= any real number.
9. (a ) Singlliar. (h)

1
A- ' [ -n
•• (a) x= 1. )' = 2.
Ib) x= y = z =O.
z= 2. (e) A- I = [ -2
=:J (d) Singular.
- I
 Answers to Odd·Numbered Exercises A -43

II . (a) A - ' [
-I
:
0
-I -:]
-I
Se(lioll 1.5, p. 136

, _1, _1
_.
-!I
_1
[b) A - ' [ : _.• •1
_1

-,,• • ,•, -2
[<) Singular.

[d ) A - ' [ i -I
0 -
J 0 2
7. L [ 0; - I
(e) Singular. 0.25 - 1.5 0 5.5
[IJ
13. A -_
;J [=H
-i -;]
n
15. 0 0
A [
0
9. L [0;
17. ia) and (b). - I 0.2 1
19. A- I exists forti =fo O. Then 2 - 0.4 2
0
- 0.5 0.25
-I o
0] . U 0 0.2 2 '
x
- 2'
0 0 2 1.5
" "
S et:tioll 1.4, p. 119 S lfpplemelltary Exercise.{, p. 137

3. (a)
0 0
1 0
0 0

0 0
n [ b}
0

0
0 r] I.
8
0
1
0 n
5. (a) Multiply the j lh row of B by
3. tI =± 1.

1 0 (b) Inlerc h:lI1ge Ihe i lh and j lh rows of B.

«) 0 (d ) Ij. (el Add - k limes Ihe j lh row of fJ 10 its ilh row.
0 0
0 0
7. [ - : - :] .

n
0 0 0 - I - I I
7.
1 0 o p = [ - 2' - I 0
0] 9. (a ) The resulls musl be identical. since an in verse is
0 0 o ' -4 0
unique.
0 0 0 o 0 0 0

n
0 - I (b) The AA I and AA 2. Iflhe res ult
1 is I lo. lheli Ihe am wer submi1led by the student is
Q -- 0 correc\.
0
0 0 0 II. q!: i. 19. r=3 . .f= J. t=3 . p= - 2.
A·44 Answers to Odd-Nl..rTlbered Exercises

Chapter Re l'je w, p. 118 Seclitm 3.2, p. 154

True/False I. (n) 3. (b) 2. (c) 24. (d) 29.
I. E 2. T. 3. F. 4. T. 5. T. (.) 4. (n - 30.
3. 3. 5. 8.
6. T. 7. T. 8. T. 9. T. 10. F.
7. (a) 2. (b) - 120.
Quiz
(,) (I - 1)(/ - 2)(/ - 3) 111 - 6.
(d) , 2- 21 - 11.
23. 32. 25. (b) is nonsingular.

2. (a) No. The entry above the leading o ne in lhe second 27. The syslem has a nontri vial solulion.
row is nOl zero.
Sect;(J/1 3.3, p. 164
(b ) Infinitel y many. I. (a) I. (b) 7. (e) 2. (d) 10.
(e) No. If we tranSfOnll A toreduccd row echelon form , 3. (a) - 2. (b) 9. (e) - 2. (d) - I.
we do not obtain 14 -
5. (a) 3. (d) 29. (e) 4.

(d) [-6 + 7,].who«, ,"d, '" ru,y

7. (.) 4.
II. (a) 1 = 0.1 =5.
(,) - 30 (f) O.
(b) t = L I = 4.
15. (.) 6. (b) (3. -6). (- 1. 2),( 13.- 14).
numbers. (,) 24.
3. k = 6. 17.
",.
4. [H 5{; -I J] Secli(J/I J.4, p. 169

3. (a)
24
19
- 42
-2
-30]
-30 . (h) 150.
[ - >1 32 30
6. " = A - 1. Q=lJ.

7. Diagonal. zero. or symmet ric.

CH,uyn : R 3
SecliQI/ 3. 1, p. 145
I. (a) 5. (b) 7. (e) 4.

3. (a) Even. (b) Odd. (e) Even.

5. (U) - (b) +. (c) -.

7. (a) 9.
(b) Number o f inversions in 416235 is 6:
number of inversions in 4362 15 is 9 .

9. (a) O. (b) O.
(.) Singular.
II . (.) 9. (b) O. (, ) 144. -5
13. (.) , 2_ 3/ _ 4. (b) , l_ 41 2 +31. 7. (II)
[-30
I
- 32 , 49 46]
36
- 28 - 12 -2 -2 24 '
IS. (a) I = 4. I = - I. (b) I = l. I = 0, I = 3. 16 - 2 -2 -32
 Answers to Odd·Numbered Exercises A-45

Ibl U -1 - ]
3. Tail (- I. - 4).
Y
5

9. - ('
ad-':.<].
a
--- ---
ad - be ad - be -,
_! ;] 5. a=3,b= - I.

[n
II. [ :

7. C. ) [;] Cbl
Sectiall 3.5, p. J72
I. XI

3. ,I)
= - 2.

5. XI =X2 = X l =0.
x! = 0, x ] = I.

7. Since det(A) = 0, we cannot use Cramer's rule.

9. C· l [a (bl m
SlIpplementary Exercises, p. J74 II. (a)
l. (a) 5.
Chapler Review, p. 174
(b) 4. (c) 36. (d) 5.
2u = r:].3U-2V=
TrueIFalse
Cb)
l. F. 2. T. 3. F. 4. T.
5. T. 6. F. 7. F. 8. T.
9. T. 10. F. II. T. 12. F.
Quiz C, )
l. - 54. 3. - I. 4. - 2. 6. 19.

13. C' l m (bl [=H

CHAPTER 4
Sectiol1 4.1, p. 187
I. )'
C'l m (d)

, 15. (a)
" (b ) r = - 2 ..\' = l. I = - J.

-+++++)I4++++-x (c) r = - 2. .\' = 6.

-5 o
17. Im possible.
w
-5 19. Possible answer: c ] = - 2. 1:2 = - I. c ) = I.
A-46 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

S ectiu ll 4.2, p. 196

l. (b ) No; 0 0 pet) = 0, which does not ha ve exact degree
2.

3. (a ) Yes. (b) Yes. (e) 0 =

II . Possible answer:
WlJ)
m
0 0 0

(d) Yes. The negative of is [ _; 1 15. 0

0
0
0
I
0

m
(e) Yes. II satisfies all the propenies in Definition 4.4 0 0
0 0
7. Properties (3 ), (4), (b). (5), (6), and l7).
0 0
9. Properties (5), (6), and (8).
II. Property (8). Sectio ll 4.5, p. 226
17 . .\Jo. l. Yes.
5. No.
Seetiull 4.3, p. 205
l. Yes. Properties (a) and (b) of Theorem 4.3 are satisfied. 7. Yes.

3 . .\10. A scalar multiple of a vector in W may not lie in W. 9. No.

5. (b). (e), and (d). II . (a) and (e) are linearlydependem: (b) is linearly
7. (b) and (c).
9. (a) and (e).
independent
(' J [3 6 6] 'II I , 3] +
I I 2
13. Yes.
15. (a) and (e).
(, ) [0 0 0]
0[1 I 0] +0[0 , 3] +
0[1 2 l].
17. (a) and (b).
13. (a) and (b) are linearly independent : (e) is linearly
19. (b). (e), and (e). dependent: I + 13 = 3(21 2 +1 + I) - 2(31 2 +1 - 5).
33. (b) and (e).
15. (b) is linearly dependent:
37. (a) and (e).
39. (a ) Possible "llsweL x =2+21. ), = -3 +51.
z = I + 41.
(b ) Possible answer: x = - 3 + 81. )' = - 2 + 71. 17. Forc 'I- ±2.
t = - 2+61.
Sectioll 4. 6, p. 242
S ectioll 4.4, p. 215
I. (a) and (d).
I . (a ) Possible answers:
3. (a) and (d).

[l]· [!]. [i] )·

5. (e).
7. (a) is a basis for R l and
(b) Possible answers:

n
(, ) Possible answers:
:]1 9. (a) forms a basis.

51 2 - 3r + 8 = 5(1 2 + t) - 8(1 - I).

(1 2.1+1.1_ 1).(1 2 +1 12 _ I. 1+ I).

l. (. ) Yes.
7. (a) and (d).
(b) No. (' J y" (d ) No. II.
1m· m
9. :-.lo. 13. (I ) +1 2 - 21 + 1.12+ I}.dim IV = 2.
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A -47

15. Fora "1- - 1.0.1. «)

17. n nI
19. i· ) mHm mHm (bl

i<) mHm
21. [, 2 + 2.1 - 3}.

23. (a) 3. (b) 2.

25. (a) 2. (b) I. (c) 2. (d) 2.

27. (a) 4. (b) 3. (c) 3. (d) 4.

33. Po"ibl, ",,,we,, of ,II of ,"doon

where a and b are real numbers.

49. m n
: :] [: :] [: :
[0 ° 0] [0 ° 0] I
o 0 0 0 0 - I 0 0 0

o 0 0 . 0 0 0 : dim IV = 8.
I 0 0 0 I 0

Sectiol1 4.7, p. 251

I. (a ) x =
1,
:
+,] . where rand.f are any real numbers.
[
17. 1. = 30r - 4. 19. ).=Oorl.

21. x,) = [ Xh = r [ where r is any real number.

A-48 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Seni(J1l 4.8, p. 2(17

9. 41 - 3.

B (b) [.J,
(c) AI = - 0.3.
(d) A! = 0.25 .

(f) The approaches the zero vector.

15. (0)
(d) Sallie (c).

(b) '>.\ _r= [_: 2

0
(,) ['], [:1[w], [ -:l
I
Q,-,
IJ
(,)
0
- I -2
(d) Same as (c).
(Q Same as (a ).
-no
(e)

(f)
Qr _s = [ - :
Same (a). 21. [ : l 23. [J
25 . S=(/ + 1.51 - 2) . 27. S=I - I+5.1 - 3).

Sectioll 4.9, p. 282

"m
I. A po..... is 1"1. "2. "JI. where

" m"
(,) [In 3.,+", + 12., .

(d) Same (c).

(,) -I -: ]
(b) U] 3. , + 2. , + 2.,.

(Q [ . ], Q,- ,[ . ], en (,) [J., 2.·, +6., +

[w], 0,_, [w], [ -H (,).

3.

II
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A -49

5. (a) ([ I o - iJ.[O 0]1. Chapter Review, p. 28'

(b) ([ I 2 - iJ.[ 1 9 - iJl. TruelFalse

mmm
I. T. 2. T. 3. F. 4. F. 5. T.

6. F. 7. T. 8. T. 9. T. 10. F.
7. (. )
II. F. 12. T. 13. F. 14. T. 15. T.

/[l]f;l m
16. T. 17. T. 18. T. 19. F- 20. F.

21. T.
(h )
Quiz
9. (a) 3. (b) S. l. No. Property I in Definition 4.4 is not satisfied.
13. (a) rank = 2. nu llity = 2.
2. No. Properties 5- 8 in Definiti on 4.4 are not satisfied.
(b) rank = 3. nu llity = I .

I m
15. Band C are equiva lent: A. D. and E are equ iva lent. 3. Yes. All the properties in Definition 4.4 are satisfied.
17. .'leither.
B" i.
19. Cb).
21. (. ) (b) No.
4. No. Property (b) in Definition 4.4 is not satisfied.
23. Cb).
25. (a) 2. (b) 3. 5. If pet) and q(t) are in IV and c is a scal ar. (hen
27. Has a unique solution.
29. Linearly dependent.
(p + q)(O) = p(O) + q(O) = 0 + 0 = O.

31. Yes.
33. For c 1= ±2. (cpHO) = c(p(O)] = cO = O.
35. (a ) Li nearly dependen t.
Basis = (1 2.1).
(b) Linea rl y independent.
6. No. S is linearly depende nt.
Supplementary Exercises, p. 285
I. (b )k = O.
3. (a) No. (b) Yes. (c) Yes.
II. 1I=lora=2.
f- I.- I.

W
tlh])
13. k

17. (. ) 8.

(b) Any b .
9. 1[ 1 0 2].[0 - 2] 1·
10. Dimension of null space = II - ran k A = 3 -2 = I.

number.
A-50 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

C HAPTER 5 27. (a) - ISi - 2j +9k. (b) - 3i + 3j + 3k.

Sec/ioll 5.1, p. 297 (e) 7i +5j - k. (d) 3i - 8j - k.
I. (a) I . (b ) O. (e) ../S.
Sec/ioll 5.3, p. 317
3. (a) I. (b) ...ti.
9. (. ) - 8. (b) O. (e) I.
5. (a)./74. (b ) J58.
7. c =± J5. ,
II. (. ) 1 . (b) I. (e) sin 2 I.

9. (a)
- 14
(b)
-6 Il. (. ) 2. (b) 2,;5. (c) 2,/2.
,rsJ4i ,rsJ4i 2 sin! 1
II. (a) I. O. O. 15. Ca ) I. (b ) O. (e )
J4-sin 2 2
3
1 2
(b ) jj4. jj4. jj4 25. If u = [II I 112]andv=[vl vd, then
-I - 2 -3
(u. v) = 311 1VI - 2111 Vl - 2112 VI + 3112V2.
(e) jj4. jj4. jj4 27. (. ) J I -sinl l. (b) [i,.
4 -3 2 29. (. ) Onhonormal. (h) Neither.
(d)
,fi'i ,fi'i ,fi9 (e) Neither.
17. (. ) VI and V4. VI and Vb. V) and V) and Vb.
and vs, V5 and V6. 31. (/ = O. 33. (/ = S.
(b ) VI and V5, V4 and Vo.
(e) VI and V), V3 and V5.
35. B= [b l bll]
b21 bn
withb l +3b 21 +2b I2 +4bn = 0.

19. (b). Sec/ioll 5.4, p. 329

21. Y

400 pounds
, o
i Resultant
I 500 pou nds 300 pounds

25. 27. a= - 2. h=2.

S ec/ioll 5.2, p. 306
I. (a) - ISi - 2j +9k.
(e) 7i +5j - k.
5. {uxv) ·w =24.
(b) - 3i + 3j +3k.
(d ) Oi +Oj +Ok. 9. / [ -!l [J][!] I
II. Possible answer:

I;, [:] :. [=;] ;, nJl

13. f./iO. 15. I. 17. (al.
19. (a) x- z+ 2=O. (b)3.r+y - 14z. +47=O.
21. 4.t - 4y +z + 16=O.

fi]
23 . .r = - 2+21 . y = 5 - 31 . Z = - 3 + 41.

25. mHm Il./ [; ]

 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-51

/[ '][ ']
72 -ji;

15.

0.4082 0.8729 - 0.2673]

0.8165 - 0.2182 0.5)45.
[ - 0.4082 0.4364 0.8018

7. -t. 7. ]
*' *' "
R=
[ o0
Ul (,)(,((
0
;;;:;
23. Ih) 9 /3. -3.2660
[ .5275
OA082]
0.2182 .
o 5.0780

SUI;,-", .i ..i , p. 3411

27. Possible answer: (b) The set of all points P (x . y . z) sllch Ihat
2{ - 3)' + = 0. W.1 is the plane whose normal
is w.

3. l[ -¥ 5 I O] . [ g ! - 3 0 1]1.

29. (a)
-72::l2 - 0. 7071
0.7071]
0.7071 .
7. [=n
R
[Ji -7i72 ]
0
[1.4142
0
0.7071]
3.5355'
9. N"" , p,,,ofA h"h,,; ,

Basis for row space of A is

I[-IJ·
I
1[1 0 - 2 - 3].[0 I I 2]1.

Ih) Q
1-
-if -;J;
[0.5774 OA082]
- 0.5774 - 0.4082 .
[ If- -i 0.5774 - 0.8165 N"" , p,,,ofA ' h"b,,;,

0 :';: 0
2.8868] .
0.8165
B,,;, fo"ol"m"p", of A' ;, ! [J] I
A-52 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

II. (, ) Ul m Cbl
Sflpplementary Exercises, p. 358

13. (a) 2sin l.

I.
rr'
(h) ""3 - 4cOSI.

e W
(c) ;:r - ) + elf ) cos 1+
3.

(," -'"")
- - - si n l.
2rr

5. Vector in P closest to v is _ 1-
122 50
9
distance is Ji22.
17. w =2sin l - l. u = I- I - [2sin l - I]=1 - 2sinl.
19.

21.
1 2rr
""""3' - 4:r 2.847.
) .
9. (a) I ossible answer:

/
I
J30 '-'l ] . l"]).
I 2 I
J30
I5

23. projll'e' = - e- + If
) + cos I (h) Possible answer:
h Tf 2 2

+ -'-
:r22
- sin I +
:r55
- cos21

+ -'-
JT 5
+5 sin21.

Sectiol1 5.6, p. 356

x"'"
-1.5333]
3.
[- 4.2667
1.8667 .

II. (a) y = 752x - 1.482.059.&J. 13.

(h) Predicted value
Year
2008
2010
ro unded to whole dolla rs
27 .956
29.460
15. lis 0.2 14.

201 5 33 .220 29. (a ) 7.4. 1231.3.

13. (h) In )" = - 0.0272t + 3.2709. (h) 5.3.6055,3.

(c) /" = 26.3350 . .Y = - 0.0272. (d) 16. 14mm. (c) 2.2 . 2.
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A -53

CHAPTER 6
Section 6.1, p. 372

I. (b).

3. (a) and (b).

(a) IIxll , = I (b) IIxll, = I (e) IlxlL = J
5. (b)

[-Io 0] (b) [0 -I]

Chapter Rel·jew. p. 360
7. (a) I . I O ·
TrueIFalse
1. T. 2. F. 3. F. 4. F.

5. T. 6. T. 7. F. 8. F.

9. F. 10. F. II. T. 12. T.

Quiz IS 5 4
9. (a) [ - s _\
I. b= y..c=±y.. 10

II. (a)

numbers. ( b)
A
-3].
-I
2
3. il + hf. where (I =

4. (b) The cosine of the angle between u and v lies

5. (b )
belween - I and I.

H\'" 76 1'2. JuI'3J.

«l A
4
0
-:]
2I1 ,+ 311 2 + 211 3J
(bl [ - 411
13. (. )
[Ia , - 5112+3113 .

IS. (. ) 2f 3 _ 5f 2 + 21 +3.

, ]1".• :1'/ (b) (l f 3 + bf 2 +(1/ +c.

6. (b ) w = + ±U2+ ±U3. (c) [-± :J
2 f7
6.
17. (I = any real number. b = O.

19. (. ) Reflection aboul Ihe y- ax is.

y

L(v) I'

9. Hinf: To slari. consider the conslruction ofa basis for IV,.

A-54 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

(II) Reflection about the origin. 17. No.

y

23. (b ) =:: :+ 2113].

- 211 ) +11 2 - 11 )

25. (a) 2. (II) l.

(c) Counterclockwise rotation through n / 2 radians.
y Sectio n 6.3, p. 397

I. (a) _no
L(v)

o (d ) [-' 2]
2 .

Ie) m
a
23. Yes. 27. No. 35. The I! x II zero matrix.

S ectioll 6.1, p. 387

2
I. (a ) Yes. (b) No. (e) Yes. (d) No. - I - 2

_! :].
(c) All vectors where G is any real number: that
is, the y-axis. (b) [ _: _;

m
-5

[l
(I) All wctors where" is allY real number, th .. !
is. the x -axis. 5. (' J (h)

m
3. (a) No. (b) Yes. (e) Yes. (d) Yes.
(e) All vectors of the form [ - r
and s are real numbers.
In I[ I O].[O.llI·
- s r .f]' where r
7. (. J ['H IhJ

!
5. I. ) I[ I - I - I lJl. (b) I.

I' ) I[ I o lJ . [ I o 0].[0 1]1. (dJ 3.

7. (a) O. (b) 6. 9.
9. (a) {II. (h) 1[1 0].[0 1]1.

II. (a)
-H
_ 0023
II. (a) 0 3
[
3 - 2

-:]
3 -2
13. (a) dirnkerL=I,dimrangeL=2.
-9 -2
(b ) dimkerL=I , dimrangeL=2. (b ) 3 6 o·
(el dim ker L = O. dim range L = 4. 4 o 3
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-55

(c)
3 -2 0]
.
k" L, n ,,, L , ,II '''10'' of ,h"om, [ l
3 - I - I

(,) A'h,,,o,, of ,h"oem [ -J

Id) 3 60' (d ) They are the same.
3 -2 3

13. (a) _no (b) 7. (a)

I' ) [-l =:l (d ) [ _ : =:l (bJ _:,].

17. (a)
[0' 0,]. -j 0

'n
(b)

Ie) U-n (d ) [ ,
- ,
'].
3 9. (. )

II. (a) 6.
Uj -n [:!
(b) 6.
(b)

(e) 12. (d) 12.

15. (a) L ( I! ) = I + 3. Lit ) = 21 +4. L( I) = -21 - l.
(b) (a + 2b - 2c )I+C3a+4b -c) .
Sectiol1 6.4, p. 405
(e) - 16t - 18.
3. (a) [- 11 1+411 2- 113
411 1 + 3112 + 511]].
311 1- 112 + 311)
17. Possible answers: L ([ D l =

n-;-n
Ib) [5 - 4 - 4].
L ([" , ])
11 2
[ -- II
" !' ].

I' ) :::D l
r:1
19. Possible answers: L ([ =

(d) [211 1 + 21lJ - 411 1 - lu ! - 211 ]

- 211 1- 411 2 - 611 3].
(e) [14 - 28 14]. L ([::;]) [:::

In U n 21. [ - ;
1 1
- ;]
- 1

5. I' J ['n Sectiol1 6.5, p. 413

'"L, [-';-'1 _no

-l
IbJ
(b) B [

k" L , ,II ""0" of 'h' loem [ - , : 2, ].

Ce) 1'=[ _:
A-56 Answers to Odd-Nl..rTlbered Exercises

U 1! _'1 ]
(,)
9. 1
[ -i
13. [oI 0] I .

15. [0 -I]
J O·

SuliuI/ 6.6, p. 415

,/2/2 -./i/2
1. (a) M =
[
,/212
o (d) Q
[
-;:2
- 1/ 2 -,fj/2
112
o
(h i
(e) II is th e same as in pan (c).
<0 They are the same since AI = Q. ROI:lIions are
commutati ve.

- I
-2
, , , ,
-i--i - __ ,'- _ .1,__
, ,
-,--r- , ,
, , --r-,--
, ,
o
- I
, , , , ,
-1--!-- --!--7--:
, ,.,- - I'
, , ,,
, , - -r-
; -!
images will not be the same since A IJ =F IJ A.
!
-3_ 3 - 2 - I 0
o
[c) No. - I
o
3. (0) , ---------- ./2/2 - .fi/ 2
, -"-,--r-T-
, , , , --r-,.-,--
I
, , , , -,,
, , , , , ,
I

, ,
I I --1"-"1--1--1-1
II . 1.1 =
[
.fil l
o
3
2
,, ,, ,, ,, , ,- , , ,
-.j.---I - - I---' -

-1--I--r - 1- --b
--1-- - 1- - -1
13. (.) , ------ -- ---
, , , , , , , , I I I I

, , , , , , , ,
--t- ..... --t-- ...
- -t- ..... - - .... - .. - 3
0 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, , , I I I

--
I I I

, , , --,-"1--'--,-
, , , , ,
,
- I - "1-'--'-""1- I I I J\ I I I
, ,
-2 ,, ,, ,, ,, , , , , ,
_ .1 _ --1 __ 1-_.1 _ - - 1- -.1---1--1----
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-3 -1--1--,-1- --f--1--:--1---1 0
, , , , , , , , , I I I I I I I
-4 , , , , --,..--t-'"I--
-1'--1-- 1""-" -
, , , ,. . -;, - I
I I I I I I I

-, - 5 - 4 -3 - 2-] 0 2 3 ,, -2
_ _ I
I I I I I
__ I __ I _ _ _ _ I __ 1I __ 1 I _ _
I I
JI
I I I I I I I

n
__ I _ _ I __ L
I ____ I __ I __ I __ JI
-3
[ - 1/ 2 -,fj/2 I I I I I I I

(h ) ,fj/2 1/ 2 -,-, I

] -2
I I

-] U
I

2
I I

3 4
I

0 0
 Answers to Odd·Numbered Exercises A-57

Chapter Review, p. 432

TmclFalsc
I. T. 2. F. 3. T. 4. F. 5. F.
6. T. 7. T. 8. 1'. 9. T. 10. F.
Quiz

r 0]
,",0,
sin OJ I. Yes. 2. (b) 1 . 3. (b) No.
15. (a)
o

[-n
[
o
(b ) It appears that the length of the vector being
4. 5. -I] 5 .
"screwed" is decreasing as we move down the
z-axis. Thus a scaling in lhe,t - and y-directions by a
factor smaller than I is included.
S upplemelltary Exercises, p. 430
6. (a) -I] 1 .
0
(b )
P=

3.
5. (a) 8f +7.
7. (a) No. (b) No.
(b) t (3a + b)I + 4c3a - b).
(CJ Yes. (d) No.
(e) Q=
[l
1
2 (d ) B = [-I I]
2
- I
O.
- I

(e) (1 1 + 12.1+11. (f ) (1 3. II.

C HAPTER 7

9 I. ) : P] Sectiol1 7.J, p. 450

I. The only eigenvalue of L is A = - \. Every nonzero
vector in R2 is an eigenvector of L associated with )..
o 3. The eigenvalues are).1 = I. ),2 = - I. ), 3 = O.
1 Associated eigenvectors are I. / 2. and I. respectively.
Ib ) o 5. (a) p ().) = )..2_ 5).. +7.
II
(b ) p C).) =).1 - 4), 2 + 7.

1<) [r P (e) p C).) = V,- 4)().-2)().-3) = )..1_ 9)..2+26)._24.

(d ) p ().) =),2-n+ 6.
7. (a) ,,().) = ).. 2 - 5).. + 6. The eigenvalues are). 1 = 2
and 1.2 = 3. Associated e igenvectors are

U
- I
2
Id) o
II. (b ) ker L = the set of all continuous functions f on (b) p ().) =)..1 - 7)..2+ (4). - 8. The eigenvalues are
(0. IJ such that fr O) = 0 )..1 = 1' ).2 = 2. and 1.3 =4. Associated

u
(e) Yes. eigenvectors are
0
13. I· j 1
0
;l
-2
(b) 4f l - 4f + I.

0 0
0 0
15.
2 0
0
A-58 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

(e) p().) = ;.. 3 _ 5.1.. 2 + 2).. + 8. The e igen va lues are 13. The characteristic polynomial of A is
AI = - L /..2 = 2. and i. ) = 4. Associated
e igenvectors are p().) = p. - 1)(J.. + l)(.l.. - 3)(.l. - 2).

The eigenvalues of L arc AI = I. /1.. 2 = - I, A) = 3. and

)'4 = 2. Associated e igenvec tors are

-I]
o .

[
- 29
-9
-7] 3 .
(d ) p()..) = A1 - 3}.. 2 - 6,. + 8. The eigenvalues are
"1 = - 2').2 = 4 . and A] = l. Associated
eigenvectors are
17. (. ) mHm wm (h )

19 (. ) l[ (h ) l[
Sectiull 7.2, p. 461
9. (a) p().) = A2 + l. The eigen.values are AI = i and I. L is not di agona lizable. The eigenva lues of L are
).2 = - i. Associated eigenvectors are )'1 = 1.2 = A) = O. The set of assoc iated eigenvec tors
does not fonn a basis for P2'

5. The e igenva lues of L are A1 = 2. A2 = - 3. and A) = 4.

(b) p eA) = ,,] + 2>.. 2 + 4,. + 8. The e igenva lues are Associated eigenvectors are 12 . , 2 - 51. and
1.. 1 = - 2. /..2 = 2;. and "J = - 2i. Associated 9,2 + 4, + 14. L is diagonalizable.
eigenvectors are
7. (a) Not diagonalizable. (b ) Diagona lizable.
(c) Not diagonalizable.

(d ) Not diagonalizable.
5
3 -5]
-5 .
5 -7
(e) p()..) = ,,1 + (-2 + i ).l. 2 - 2i>... The eigenval ues are 2
AI = 0' ).2 = -i. and A) = 2. Associated II. (a) p 1
e igenvec tors are 0 -3
- I
[ - I
(h ) 0
p =
:J
(d ) p ().) = 1.2 - 8). + 17. The eigenvalues are C' ) Not possible.
',I = 4+ i and 1..2 = 4 - i. Assoc iated e igenvec tors Cd ) Not possible.
'"
13. D= "=
o 0 4 I I
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-59

15. (a ) D = 0]I .
n 27. A I, ,Imll" '0 D -2
o

I<J
0
4
0 n o

n
Supplemelltary Exercises, p. 477
0
IdJ 2
0
17. (a ) Defective.
(b) Not defective.
I<J Not defective.
(d) Not defective.

19. [768
256 -768
Sectioll 7.3, p. 475
7. I' r f> = 13.
9. (a ) If 11 is the given matrix, verify that B r B = 12

. ..
15. A IS similar to D = [00 "d P [ (d) AI = = l. 1..) = - 1:
-72 :r,
[-i} [:J [:]
17. A 1«lml]'''o D
0
0 n
[-n [-n
0 oed

0 7. (. J
,
-72
p [:
,
:r, :r, -12]
8 .
0
[ - 2
19. A is similar to D = ]
oed (e) The eigenvalues are 1..1 = O. 1.2 = 4. Associmed
0 eigenvectors are

p=
[:r,
,
-:r,
:r,
,
,
-7-
, ]
.
:r, 0

(d) The eigenvalues are 1..1 = 0 and 1..2 = Associated

n
2 1. A is similar to D =
eigenvectors are P I (t) = 51 - 5 and P2(1) = 51.

(e) The eigenspace for 1.1 = 0 is the subspace of PI

23 A 1«lmll'''o D with basis {Sf - 5}. The eigenspace for 1..2 = is
the subspace of PI with basis {51}. -

25. A is similar to D = 9. The only eigenvalue is 1..1 = 0 and an associated

eigenvector is PI(X) = I.
A-60 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Chapter Review, p. 478 , ,

[
7- -:;;
TrurIFalse (b) Possible answer: P =
,
.. T. 2. F. 3. T. 4. T. 5. F.
7-
:;;
o
6. T. 7. T. 8. T. 9. T. 10. T.
II. F. 12. T. 13. T. 14. T. IS. T. CHAPTER 8
16. T. 17. T. 18. T. 19. T. 20. T.
SectioIlS.J, p.486

. [H
Quiz

.. A I = J.X I = [-:J 3. (b) and (c) .

(b) Since all en tries of T are posi ti ve. it is regu lar:

[0.571
0.429
].

m
7. (a) and (d).

9. (. ) ( b) [:J
«l m m (d )

3. AI = - I.A2 = 2. andA) =2. II . (3) 0.69.

4. ;.. = 9. x. (b ) 20.7 percen t or the pop ul ation will be fanners.

5. m]tm 13. (a) 35 percen t. 37.5 perce nt.

(b) 40 percen t.

6. Section S.2, p. 500

7 . .\10.
003
8. No.
.. (. ) 5, I. (b) 2. O.

«l -/5. ./6 (d) 0.0. I. Js.

9. (a) Possible answer:
[-2;] 3. or
I .

12. (.) 5. (. )
-72
10.83 10. 0.83 10.
:;;

(b ) 18.9245 . 3.8400. 0.3440.

«l 25.4368.1 .7226, O.
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A -61

Sectiotl 8.J, p. 514 S. The origin is a saddle point. The ph3SC portrait shows
trajectories not in the direction of an eigenvector heading
I. (a ) 3. (b) 3.
toward the origin. but bending awa y as t ..... 00.
3. (a) 7. (b) 10. (r) 13.
S. (a) 5. (b) 7. 7. The origin is a stable eq uilibriu m. TIle phase portrait
shows (Ill trajectories te nd ing toward the origin.
=
II. S:llllple mean 65. variation = 58.
",andurd deviation 7.6 158. 9. The origin is called marginally st:tble.
1.3. S3nlpie means ::t;
Secliotl 8.6, p . 541
. . [11.01 4.96 9.822 .88] .
COV3n unce matnx ::t;
9.822.88 25.092 .64

IS. Fi" t principal component ::t;

826.7
746.9

(,) [." x, x, ] [ _;

3. (a )

(") n
000

(,) -n
S. _ 2y't .

7. Yr - y;.
9. - 2yf + 5yi - 5y;.

Secliotl 8.5, p. 5J4

13. Yr + yi - y;'
I. lllc origin is a stable equilibrium. TIle phase portrai t
shows all trajectories tending toward the origin. 15. - yi-
3. The origin is a stable equilibrium. The phase portrait
shows all trajectories tendin g tow3 rd Ihe origin with
17. )'r - y;. ranI:. = 2. signature = O.

those passing through points nOl o n the eigenvector 21. 8 1.81. and 84'
al iAninA themselves to be tan.cent 10 the eigenvector at
the origin. 2.3. (3 ). (b). (lnd (c).
A-62 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
), "2 :"2
Sec/ifJII 8.7, p. 551 25. Hype rboloid of two sheets: T - T - T = I.
I. Ellipse. • • •
3. Hyperbola. 27. Cone: .rill + )""2 _ :."" = o.
S. Two intersccting lines.
C HAPTER 10
7. Circle.
Basic Matrix I'roperties, p. 598
9. Point.
ML.1. (a ) Commands; 1\(2,3), 8 (3,2), 8 (1,2).
II . Ellipse: " + >,'2 = I.
(b) For row l (A), U.'>e command A(I .:).
. .r>2 >,'2
For colj (A), command A(:,3).
13. CIrcle: 52 + 51 = I. For row l(B), use command n (2,:).
(In this (;omext the colon means '·all .")
15. Pair of paral lel lines; y' = 2, y' = - 2: ),'2 = 4. (c) Matrix IJ in rornmt long is
17. Point ( 1. 3): X '2 + /2 = O.
.t 'l \,'2 8.llOOOllOOOOOJ()
19. Possible answer: e ll ipse; 12 + 4 = l. 0.004975124378 11
[ 0.0000 I000000000
2
21. Possible answer: pair of parallcllincs y' = r.;:; and
v 10
, 2 Ma/rix Opera/iolls, 1'. 598
)'--.Ji(j' 2.2500
37500]
23. Possible answer: IWO inte rsccti ng y' = 3x' and ML.1. (. J 1.5833 0.9167 1.5()()() .
y' = -3x ': 9X'2 _ y'2 = 0, 0.9667 0.5833 0.9500
25. Possible :m5wer: parabola: >,"2 = - 4x".
l uI
(bj ??? Error using *
Inner matrix dimens ions must
-->
27. Possible answer: hyperbola. 4"" - 9"" = I agree.
X"l
29. Possible answer: hyperoola: T - T = t. (' J 1.5833 2.2500 .
• • 2.4500 3. 1667
Sectioll 8.S, p. 560
I . Hyperboloid of one sheet.
(d j ??? Error using -->
*
Inner matrix dimensions must
3. Hyperbolic paraboloid. agree .
5. Parabolic cylinder. (,j ??? Error using --> •
Inner matrix dimensions must
7. Parabolic cylinder. agree,
9. Ellipsoid.
II . Elliptic paraboloid.
(r) ? ?? Error using
Inner mat rix dimensions must
-->
13. Hyperbolic parnboJo id. agree .

15. Ellipsoid: X '2 + )"2 +

-"
, =L ( g)
[ 18 .2500
7.4583
7.4583
5.7361 8.9208 .
".2833]
12.2833 8.9208 14.1303
.( "2 )""2
17. Hyperbolic paraboloid: 4"" - 4"" = z".
[j
2

19. Elliptic paraboloid:

.t'2 )"2
4"" + 8"" = l.
ML3.
4
0
2 ,
7 .

n
),"2 0 0
21. Hyperboloid of one sheet: 2"" + 4"" - "4 = I. 2 0
M.L.5. (. j
4 0 3
23. Parabolic cylinder: = J2 )'H. 0 0
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A -63

o o o
I.OCOO 0 o
0.5000
2.5000
05000]
5.5000
(0)
o 0.5000 o 2.5000 .
(b) [
o o 0.3333 0 5.0000 5.0000
o o o

[I.l
0 .2500
o o o o
0.5000
2.5000
05000]
5,5000

l
5 o o o (d)
- 0.5000 2.5000 .

!l
o 5 o o - 3.5000 2.5000
o o 5 o

[I.l
(0)
o o o 5
o o o o
0.5000
- 3.5000 05000]
2.5000
(,)
- 0.5000 2.5000 .
Powers of a Matrix, p. 599
2.5000 5.5000
MLI. (a) k = 3. (b) k = S.

ML3. (.) U -n
ML5. The sequence seems to be converging to
(b)
o
o
o ML.3.
o
o
o
1
1 .
o
0.7500] ML.S. x = - 2 + r. y = - I, z =8 - 2r, w =r,
o . r = <lny real number.

= - r + l,x2 =r + 2.x) = r - 1.x.J =r.

[-; -i]
!\fl.,. Xl
- 3
r = any real number.
ML.7. (a) A T A = 9
- I 2
ML..9. , -_ [0.,5'].
AA T = [ -n- 3
- I
6
4
ML.11. (a) X l = l - r . .12 =2.x) =

any real number.

= r.wherer is

(b)
B [ -i H - 3
2
4
(b) _t l=l - r . .T2 =2 + r.x3 = - I+r.x4 =r.
where r is any real number.
ML.J3. TIle \ command yields a matrix showing that the
- I
C [ 0
- IH 0
0
system is inconsistent. TIle rref command leads 10
the display of a warning that the result may contain
large roundoff errors.

(0)
-4
2
n LU· FactoriUllitm, p. 601

n
4
B + C=2A. 0
ML.1. L [ : 1
Row Operatiolls and Ecl/elol1 Forms, p. 600 0.5 0.3333
1.0000 0.5000 0.5000]
8

-n
-3.0000 1.0000 4.0000
ML.1. (a) 1.0000 0 3.0000 ' - 6
[ 0
5.0000 - 1.0000 S.OOOD
0.5000
05.5000
.5000] o 0
0oo].
1.0000 1.0000
2.5000 _
0.5000 1.0000 0
(b) ML.3. L -
o 3 .0000 . - 2.0000 - 2.0000 1.0000
[
5.0000 - 1.0000 5.0000 [
- 1.0000 1.0000 - 2.0000 1.0000
A-64 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

U =
6
o
0
- 2
- 2
0
-4 4]
- 4 -I
Bases 11l1d Dimellsioll, p. 604
MLI. Basis. l\.'IL.3. Basis. ML.5. Basis.
5 - 2 .
[
o 0 o 8 ML.7. di m span S = 3, span S i= R4.

ML.9. di m span S = 3. span S = 1'2.

-S 2] [4.5000]
6.9000
ML.11. If 3 - / + I. f 3 + 2.1. I I.
Z=
[ - 322 . X= - 1.2000 .

m
- 4.0000

m
Coordillates alld Change of Basis, p. 605
Matrix In verses, p. 601
l\U.1. (3) and (c). MLL (a) (b) «)

ML3. (a) [-; -;J 0.5000 1

, , ML.3. (a)
- 0.5000 1.0000]
0.5000

-,,, [ - 0.5000OJ· (b)

[
(b)
[=! -, 00..5000]
ML5. (a) I = 4. (b )t=3. 1667

Determillallts by Row Redllctioll, p. 601 [ - 1.5000

- 0.3333 .
(c)

l\U.1. (a) - 18. (b) S.

I.J].
- 0.5000 - 1.0000 - 0.5000
ML.3. (a) 4. (b) O.
l\.IL5. - 0.5000 0 1.5000
ML.5. 1 = 3.1 = 4. [ .0000 0 - [ .0000
[
Determillallts by Co/actor Expamitm, p. 602 o 0 0 1.0000
Ml.l. A ll = - II. A !) = - 2. Al l = 2. - 1. 6667
[ 1.0000 2.3333 ]
l\U.3. O. ML.7. (a) 1.0000 0.6667 - 1.3333 .

r '0
32 -4
I -9
-4
-Mil
- 36
0 1. 111l - O.Mfi7

H -;]
I
Ml.5. (a)
'28l - 1612 2
2
2
2
-24J
32
(b)
- I
0

-H
- 6
-14I [ - 23I
U -H
-2
(bJ 10
2 «)
2
I (d) Q I' .

« ) I [4
18 3
-2]3 . Homogeneolls Linear Syslems, p. 606

SlIbspaces, p. 603
ML.3. (a) No. (b) Yes.
l\U .S. (a) O VI+ \'2 - Vl - \'4 = v.
(b) PI(f) + 2p2 (t) + 2pl(t ) = p ( I).
ML.7. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) Yes.
Lillear Il1depelldellcelDepelldellct, p. ()04
l\U.1. (a) Li nearly dependent.
(b) Linearly independent.
(c) Linearly independe nt
 Answers to Odd·Numbered Exercises A -65

The Gram-Schmidt Proceu, p. 608

Rail/.: of a Matrix, p. 606

MLI [IJ])
ML.3. (a) The original columns of A and

![rl[
ML.3. (a)
[-14142]
1.4142 . (h)
10000 10000
(b) llie first two of A and
[ 07071]
«) 0.7071 .
- 1.0000

ML.5. (a) [-;J

til) ", t, [;] U2 = 7s [ _no
ML.5. (a) Consistent. (b) Inconsistent.
Projectiolls, p. 609
(e) Inconsistent.

Stalldard IlIlIer Prodflct, p. 607

ML.3. (a) 2.2361. (b) 5.4772 (e) 3.1623. ML.1. (a) (hI

l\U.5. (a) 19. (b) - II. (e) - 55.

[ ;l,. l·

ML.9. (a) [ or in mtional form [ ].

ML.3. (a)
- 0.3333
7.901 1

(b) V + (3.9341 _ 4) 2 + (7.9011 _ 8)2

"" 0.4448.

0.8571 ]
0.5714
ML.S. P = 1.4286.
[ 0.8571
0.8571
Least Sqllares, p. 609
ML.1. y = 1.87 + 1.3451.
Prodllct, p. 608 ML.3. (a) T = - 8.278/ + 188.1. where I = time.
ML.1. (a) [ - II 2 5]. (b) [3 - I]. (b) T(I) = 179.7778° F.
T(6 ) = 138.3889° F.
« ) [ I - 8 - 5]. T(8 ) = 121.8333° F.
l\U.5. 2.055 rad. or 117.7409° (e) 3.3893 minutes.
A-66 Answers to Odd-NLmbered Exercises

)'= + 3. 1238x + 1.0507. DiagollafizatiO/I. p. 6/3

when x = 7.), = 72.9 169.
_ _ '). _ [ 0.707 1 0.707 1]
ML.J. (:..) AI - 0 , A1 - L . P - - 0 .707 1 0.7011 .
Kem el (/lid Rallge of Lil/ear 1'rtlm/l1rmotiolls, p. 6//

( II) AI =- 1. ).2 = - I. Al = 5;
p =
0.7743
- 0.6115
- 0.2590
- 0.54 11
00.5774
.5774] .
[ -0. 1629 0.800 1 0.5774

(e) A, = 5.4142 . .1.1 = 4.0000. Al = 2.5858.

o.5<XXl - 0.7071 - 0.5000]
P = 0.7071 - 0.0000 0.7071.
[ O.5(XX) 0.7071 - 0.5000

D omimm t £igelll'aille, p. 6/4

ML I. (u) AI 7.6904. XI::::: [-0.77"']

- 0.6308

- 0.8846]
Malrix of " Vllear Tram:/ort/UI(iOll , p. 61J ::::: [ 0.4664 '
A] is dominant.
ML.1.

1.3333 - 0. 3333] (h) A] 8.8655. x ] :::::

MLJ. (a ) A = [ -1.6661 - 3.3333 .
- 0.658 1]
A) -5 .8655. ::::: [ 0.7530'
-3.6667 0.3333 ]
(b) B = [ - 3.3333 1.6667 ' AI dominant.
( ) ) _ [-0.3333 0.6667]
c J 1.6667 - 0.3333 .
API'ENDIX B
alld EigelWtctors, p. 611
Sectioll B.I , p. A- II
l\'Il.1. (a) ;.l_5. (b) ;.1_ 6).1+ 4>.+8.
(e) - )i..} - 3,\1 + I U. - 6. I. (a) 4 + 2;. (h) - 4 - 3;. (, ) II - 2i .

MLJ. (.)[:1 (d) -3+ ; ,

(g) 7 - Ii i.
(. ) -3+6i.

(h) - 9 + 13,. .
(r ) - 2 - i,

- I 3. (a)
MLS. 0
0
"
l\'IL7. TIle sequence A. AJ . . ... co nverges to
2

-2 2-1
=:]. o
The seq uence A 1 . A . A b. . .. converges 10 -2 2

:J -2
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A -67

(II) )' (h) [3 - 61]

- 2 - 6i .

2
9. A! = 0]
- I . - 0i -a
= ,
0]. A';" = - = A.

0 A"",+l = A! = - /2. = A J = - A.
-2 2
17. (. ) (b) I!J.
2

(, ) [ - 5 51] (d) 71 ]
51 - 5 . - 3 .
I' )

2
y
19. 0][ - '
2·
Sectioll 8 .2, p. A-20
0
-n
I. (3) No solution. (b) No solution.
(, )
-2 0 2 3. (. ) XI = i ..t! = I.x) = I I.
(b) XI =0.X2 = - i.x ) = i.
-2
5. (. ) [2 +i 2 - 4i].
5 3- i - 2- i
Id) y
(hi
,[
6 - 2
I
3i
I - 3i
21
21 -,
1
9. (. ) Yes. (b) Linearly independent.

2 II. (. ) The eigenvalues are A I = I + i. A2 = I - i.

Associated eigenvectors are

-2 0
x
" [-:] and
[:1
-2 (b) The eigenvalues are AI = O. A! = 2. Associ<lted
eigenvectors are

7. I' J [2 + 4i
- 2
51 ]
4 - 2i .
(b) [4 - 31]
-2 - I and
[:1
I' )
[-4+4i -2+ 16i]
- 4i - 8i . (, ) The eigenvalues are A I = I. "2 = 2. A3 = 3.
Assocklted eigenvectors are
Id) [ 31 ] (, ) [ 21 - I + 3iJ

In
- I - 3i .

[-gl 1 - 2i]
3+; . (g) [
- 2

HI ]
- 3 + 3i .
- 1- 1

[-:] 'F[:]
This page illlenriollally left blank
A Bunyakovsky. Viktor Yakovle vich. 313 Complex inner product. A- 19
Absolute value of complex numbers. Complex inner product space, A-20
A-8 c Complex number( s), A-5
Addition Canonical fonn absolute value of, A-8
of complex numbers. A -6 Jordan. 475 addition of, A-6
oflinear transformations. 339 of a quadratic form, 541 conjugate of. A-6
of matrices. 15 Cartesian coordinate system. 177 difference of. A-6
properties of. 34 Cauchy. Augustin -Louis, 312 division of. A-7
ofveclors. 183. 186. 189 Cauchy- Schwarz inequality. 312 equality of. A-6
Adjoint. 166 Cayley, Arthur, 452 imaginary pan of, A-5
Affine transfonnation. 434 Cayle y- Hamilton Theorem. 452 modulus of. A-8
Angle between vectors. 73. 293. 313 C BS incquality. 312 product of. A-6
Angle preserving linear operalor. 432 Change re.:ll part of. A-5
Antecedent, A -24 of basis, 261 sum of. A-6
Area of coordinates. 262 Complex plane. A-7
of a parallelogram, 162. 302 Characteristic Complex vector space, A- I 5
of a triangle, [60. 30 I equation, 444
Complex vector subspace, 189. A-16
Aumctor, 528 polynomial, 444
Componentsofa vector. 178, 179,183
Augmented m,ltrix, 28 value. 437
Composi te
Autonomous system. 526 vector, 437
function, A-3
Ax is(es) Characteristic polynomial
linear transfonnation. 404
coordinate. 177. 182 of a linear operator, 444, 460
Computer graphics, 63
imaginary. A-7 of a matrix. 444
Conclusion, A-24
pnncipal theorem. 538 Chemic.. l b..lance equ<ltions. 109
Conditional. A-24
real. A-7 Circle, 104
Cone, 555
X -,177 Circulant, 83
Congruent matrices, 536
Y-, 177 Closed. 189
Z-, 183 Conic section(s), 535. 544
Closure property, 189. 198
Codomain. A- I Conjugate of a complex number. A-6
B Coefficient matrix, 28 Conjugate of a matrix. A-9
Back substitution. 97. 131 Coefficients of a linear combination. 17 Conjunction, A-23
Cofactor, 157 Comequent, A-24
Backward building. A-2S
Basis. 229 Column Consistent linear system, 2
change oC 261 f'chf'lnr1 form , Rfl Contraction, 60. 70. 364
for inner product space, 312 equivalent matrices, 89 Contrapositive, A-28
natural. 229 jth, II CO!ll'erse of. A-25
ordered. 253 of a matrix. I 1 Coordinate(s). 178.253
onhogonal. 322 opemtions. elementary. 87 axes, 177, 182
onhononnal. 320 rank. of a matrix. 272 change of. 262
standard. 229 reduced echelon Conn, 86 homogeneous. 420
Biconditional. A-2S space of a matrix. 270 system. 177
Block diagonal matrix. 81 Complement vector, 253
Block multiplication of matrices. 45 orthogonal. 332 with respect to a basis. 253

I-I
1-2 Index

Coordinate system, 177 fundamental sysnm for. 516 di;tinct.458

CWesian, 177 general solution. 516 ofa complex matrix. A-20
left-handed, un homogeneous. 515 of a linear transfonnation. 437
rectangular, 177 initial cond itions. 5 16 of a matrix. 442
right-handed. 183 panicular solution. 5 I 6 ffiJltiplicity of. 459
Correlated 76 qualitative theol) of. 526 Eigenvector.
Correlation coeOlcient. 77 solution space. 516 of a lincar transfomlation. 437
Cour.terexample, A-29 sol ution. 516 of a matrix. 442
Cov:w-iance matri x. 508 Diffusion process. 522 Element
Cramer. Gabriel. 170 Dilation. 60. 70. 3tH (i. j)th. of a ma tri x. 1 I
Cramer's rul e. 170 Dime nsio n ofaset.A- 1
Cross product of \'ectors. 299 of inne r product space. 3 12 Elementary column ope ration. 87
properties of 300 of \'ector space. 238 Elementary matrix
term. 546 Direct proof. A-27 oftypl! I. IL or 111. 117
Direct sum of subspaces. 287, 334. 336 Elcmcnlary row opcr::ttion. 87
D Directed line segment. 178 Elimination
Decomposition direction of. 178 Gaussian. 97
L V-, 132 head of. 178 method of. 2
matri x. 462 magni tude of. 178 69. 473. 493. 55 1
Defective malrix, 462 tail of. 178 554
Degree and vectors. 178 Elliptic cyli ndcr. 555
ofa polynomial, 192 Direction Elliptic paraboloid. 554
ofa tri gonometric polynomi:li. 344 of a directed line segment. 178 Empty SCt. A·I
Descartes. Rene. 177 Di rection cosines. 292 Entry. (i. j). of a matrix. II
Descriptive statistics, 507 Disjunction. A-23 Encooi ng matrix. 371
Del. .fU Determinant Distance between 291. 3 15 Equ nl matrices. 14
Determinant. 142 Distinct eigenvalues. 458 Equ nlit y
com putation by reducti on to Distinct points. 103 of complcx numbers. A-6
triangular form. 15 1 Di vision of complex numbers. A-7 of matrices. 14
expansion aloug a column. 158 Domain. A-I of scts. A-I
expansion along a row. 158 Dominant e igenvalue. 501 o f \·CCIOrs. 179
propenies of. 146 Dot proouct. 21 Eqllnl sets. A-I
Vandermonde, 156 on H2. 294 Eqllnl \·ectors. 179. 183. 184
Determi nant o f2 )( 2 matrix. 143 on H3. 294 Eqll::tion(s): SI'I' also Linear system(s)
Determi nant of 3 x 3 matrix. 143 characteristic. of a matrix. 444
Determinant of compl ex malrices. A- 15 Dragon curve. 434 diffl!rential. 515
Diagonal lllotrix. 42 Dual space. 432 lincar. I
Diagon<ll system of differe ntial Dynamical system. 526 of a planc. 303
equations. 5 I 7 orbit. 527 p:lrnmctric.204
Diagonali1.able phase plane. 527 qLadratic.544
linear 454 phase portr::til. 528 form. 544
ma trix , 456 tr::tjectory. 527 Equilibrium in a Markov process. 484
Difference Equilibrium point. 528
between complex numbers. A-6 E anr:lctor. 528
between matri ces, 16 Echelon form nllrgina lly stable. 529
between vec tors. 182 column. 86 repelling point. 529
Differential e(luati on(s), 515 reduced column. 86 saddl e point. 529. 532
autonomous, 526 reduced row. 86 stable point. 528
diagonal,5 17 row. 86 unstable point. 529. 530
dynamical system. 526 Edges. 13 Equivalent
fir.t-order homo,e.eneous linear Ei j!enspace. 45 1 col umn. matrices. 84
system of. 515 Eigenval ue. linear systems. 2
 Index ]·3

matrices. 126 H preserving linear operator. 432

quadratic forms. 536 Hamilton. William Rowan. 452 space. 312
row. matrices. 89 Head standard. on e". A- 19
statements. A-24 of a directed line segment. 178 standard. on R2. 294
Euclidean space. 312 of a lIector. 178 standard. on R3. 294
Ellen permutation. 142 Hermite. Charles. A-IO standard on R". 21
Hermitian matrix. A-IO Inner product space. 312
F Homogeneous coordinates. 420 basis for. 3 [2
Factorization Homogeneous linear system. 2. 28. complex. A-20
L V-.132 108.244 dimension of. 312
Fibonacci sequence. 51. 480 solution space of. 203 length in. 312
Field. 189 Homogeneous linear system of real. 312
Finite-dimensional vector space. 232 differential equations. 515 Iteratille process. 502
First-order homogeneous linear general solution. 516 Interpolation polynomial. 104
differential equations. 515 Householder. Alston. 82 Invarial1l subspace. 398
First principal component. 509 Householder matrix. 82 Inverse
Fixed point. 528 Hyperbola. 551 function. A-3
FOlV.'ard building. A-28 Hyperbolic cylinder. 556 linear transfonnation. 384
FOlV.'ard substitution. 131 Hyperbolic paraboloid. 556 matrix. 46 : see al.\'O Nonsingular
Fourier. Jean Baptiste Joseph. 317. 344 Hyperboloid matrix
Fourier polynomial. 345 of one sheet. 552 Inversion. 142
Fourier series. 343 of two sheets. 556 Invertib[e
Fractals. 434 Hypothesis. A-24 function. A-3
Full rank of a matrix. 500 linear transfonnation. 384
Function. A-I Invertible matrix. 46
codomain of. A-I Idempotent matrix. 81 Involutory matrix . 289
composite. A-3 Identity [sometry.467
domain of. A- I function. A-3 Isomorphic lIector spaces. 258
identity. A-3 linear operator. 374 Isomorphism. 258
image under. A- I matrix. 42
inverse. A-3 (i.j) entry ofa matrix. II J
invertible. A-3 (i. nth element of a matrix. II Jacobi identity. 306
matrix. 43 Image Jordan. W.. 97
one-to-one. A-2 under a function. A- I Jordan canonical form. 475
onto. A-2 under a linear tratlsformation. 378
projection. A-2 under a matrix transformation. 57 K
range of. A- I Imaginary axis. A-I Kernel. 376
Fund1mental system. 516 Imaginary part of a complex number.
Fund1mental vector spaces associated A-5 L
with a matrix. 335 Incidence matrix. 13 Latent
Inconsistent linear syste m. 2 value. 438. 442
G Index of summation. 17 vector. 442
Gauss. C. F.. 97 Indirect method of proof. A-28 Law of cosines. 293
Gaussian elimination. 97 Inertia of a symmetric matrix. 553 Leading one of a row. 86
Gauss-Jordan reduction. 97 Infinite-dimensional lIector space. 232 Least squares solution to a linear
General solution. 516 oo-nonn.360 system. 350
Global positioning system. 104. 139 Initial condition. 521 Left-handed coordinate system. 183
Google. 14. 512 Initial state vector. 484 Left singular lIector. 495
GPS. 104. 139 Initial value problem. 5 [6 Legendre. Adrien-Marie. 359
Gram. Jorgen Pedersen. 320 Inner product. 21. 307 Legendre po[ynomials. 359
Gram-Schmidt process. 321 matrix of. with respect to an ordered Len.{!th in inner product space. 312
Graph. 13 basis. 3 [ 1 Length of a lIector. 73. 290. 292
1-4 Index

Length preserving linear addition of. 399 Markov matrix. 483

transfomlation,467 angle preserving, 432 Markov process. 483
Linels). characteri,<;tic polynomial of. 460 equilibrium. 484
parametric equations of. 204 characteristic vallie of. 437 initial state vector of. 484
Line segment. directed, 178 characteristic vector of. 437 regular. 485
Linear combination, 20 I composite. 404 state vector of. 484
of matrices. 17 contraction, 60, iO. 364 steady-state vector of. 484
Linear dependence, 218 diagonalizable, 454 MATLAB commands. 592
Linear equation(s), I dilation. 60, 70, 364
Matrices
equivalent. 2 eigenvalue of. 437 addition of. 15
solution to, I eigenvector of. 437
properties of. 34
sy;;tem of. I identity. 374
block multiplication of. 45
Linear independence. 218, A-17 image of. 378
change of basis. 261
Linear operator, 363 inner product preserving. 432
column equivalent. 84
angle preserving, 432 inverse of. 384
invertible, 384 columns of. I I
characteristic polynomial of. 460
characteristic value of. 437 kernel of. 376 congruent. 536
diagonalizable,454 latent values. 43i diagonal. 42
eigenvalue of. 437 length preserving. 467 dbgonalizable.456
eigenvector of. 437 matrix of. 389 difference between. 16
identity. 374 nullity of. 382 eigenvalue of, 442
inner product preserving, 432 one-to-one. 375 eigenvector of. 442
latent value of. 437 onto. 378 elementary. I 17
orthogonal. 476 orthogonal. 476 entry of. I I
proper value of. 437 projection. 59. 364 equality of. 14
Linear system(s), l, 27 proper values. 437 equivalent. 128
augmented matrix of. 28 wnge of. 378 (; . j) entry of. I I
coefficient matrix of. 28 rank of. 409 (i. j)th element of. II
consistent. 2 reflection, 364 linear combination of. 17
Cramer's rule, 170 representation of. 394. 396 of linear transfonnations. 369, 389
eyuivalent. 2 [olatiun. Gl, 66. )64 rn!lltiplication of. 22
Gaussian elimination method of scalar multiple of. 399 nonsingular.46
solution. 97 sum of, 399 order of. I I
Gauss-Jordan method of SOhllioo, 97 zero. 374
partitioned. 44
homogeneous. 2. 28, J08. I II Linearly dependent
postmultiplication of. 118
homogeneous. of differential vectors, set of. 218
powers of. 42
equations, 5 I 5 Linearly independent
premultiplication of. 118
inconsistent, 2 vectors. set of. 218
product of. 22
squares solution, 350 Lines in Rl. 203
Lower triangular matrix. 43 properties of scalar multiplication.
method of elimination. 2
L U _decomposition. 132 37
nonhomogeneous. 111.280
L U -factorization, 132 properties of transpose. 38
nontrivial solution. 2
row equivalent, 89
null space of. 203
solution, 2 M rCM'S of. I I
solution space of homogeneous, 203 Maclaurin series. 343 scalar multiple of. 16
trivial solution, 2 Magic square, 85 scalar multiplication of. 16
uncoupled. 82 Magnitude of a vector, 73. 290. 292 similar. 410
with complex entries, I I I. A- 13 Main diagonal singular, 46
with nonsingular coefficient matrix, of a matrix. I I size of. I I
49 Mapping. 57 subtraction of. 16
with unique solution, 49 Mar.c,inally stable point. 529 sum of, 15
Linear transfonnation(s), 363 Markov, Andrei Andreyevich, 483 trace of. 33
 Index ]·5

transpose of. 18 Markov. 483 from a basis, 261

properties of. 38 multiplication. 22 of a Markov process. 483
type I. II. or Ill. 117 properties of. 35 trJnspose. 18
Matrix. negati ve of. 34 properties of. 38
addition. 15 nilpotent. 81 triangul:lr.43
adjoint. 166 noninvertible.46 type I. II. or III operation. 117
augmented. 28 nonsingular.46 unitary. A- I0
block diagonal. 81 normal. A- II upper triangular, 43
characteristic equation of. 444 nullity of. 247 zero. 34
characteristic pol ynomial of. 444 order of. II Matrix representation. 394. 396
circulant. 83 orthogonal. 466 Matrix transfonnation. 57
coefficient. 28 partitioned. 43 range of. 57
column echelon form. 86 polynomial. A- I I Matrix-vector product. 25
column rank of. 272 positive definite, 31 I as a linear combination of columns.
column space of. 270 positive semidefinite. 359 2S
columns of. II powers. 42 Maximal independent subset. 238
complex. A-8 probability. 483 Member of a set. A-I
conjugate of. A-9 product of. 22 Method of elimination. 2
covariance. 508 QR-factorization, 326 Minimal spanning se t. 239
defective. 462 of a quadratic form . 535 Minor. 157
definition of. I I rank of, 272 Modulus of complex numbers. A-8
determinant of. 142 reduced column echelon form. 86 Multiple
diagonal. 42 reduced row echelon fonll. 86 scalar. 16
diagonalizable.456 representation of a linear scalar. of a matrix. 16
eigenvalue of. 442 transformation, 369 Multiplication
eigenvector of. 442 row echelon form. 86 block. of matrices. 45
element of. II row equivalent, 89 of complex numbers. A-6
elementary. of type 1. 11 . or II I. 11 7 row rank of. 272 of matrices, 22
elementary column operation. 87 row space of. 270 differences from multiplication of
elementary row operation. 87 rows of. II real numbers. 39
enwding.371 sl:alar.42 propenies of. 35
entry of. II scalar multiple of. 16 of partitioned matrices. 43
equality. 14 scalar multiplication of, 16 Multiplicity, of an eigenvalue. 459
fu ll rank of. 500 properties of. 37 Multipliers. storage of. 135
Hermitian. A- IO similar. 410 Multivariate data matrix. 507
Householder. 82 singular. 46
idempotent. 81 singular value decomposi tion of. 495 N
identity. 42 size of. II Natural basis. 229
(i.j) entry. II skew Hermitian. A- 12 Negation of a statement. A-22
(i. j)th element of, II skew symmetric. 43 Negative
incidence. 13 spectral decomposition of. 488 of a matrix. 34
inertia. 553 square, II of a vector. 182. 184. 189
of inner product with respect to square root of. 80 Network analysis. 140
orderetl basis. 311 standard representing. 369 Nilpotent matrix. 81
inverse of. 46. 121. 165 stochastic. 483 Nonhomogeneous linear system. III.
invertible. 46 storage of multipliers, 135 280
involutory. 289 sub-.43 Noninvertible matrix. 46: Jee a/so
leading one of row, 86 subtraction. 16 Singular matrix
of a linear transformation. 389 sum of. 15 Nonlinear transformation. 434
lower triangular. 43 symmetric. 43 Nonsingular matrix. 46
main diagonal of. I I trace of. 33 properties of 48
II! X I!, II transition. 483 Nontrivial solution to a linear system. 2
1·6 Index

Norm r Principal axes theorem. 538

1·.360.503 Parabola. 551 Principal component 506. 509
2·.360 Parabolic cylinder. 557 Prolxlbility
00·.360 Parallel vectors, 30 1 lIIltriX, 483
Normal matrix. A· II Parallelogram law, 318 vettor, 484
Normal system. 350 Parametric equation(s). 204 Prod!ct
Normal to a plane, 303 Parlial sums, 494 complex inner product space. A-20
",space. 190 Particular solution. 516 of complex numbers. A-6
Null space, 203 Partitioned matrices, 44 cross. of vectors. 299
Nullity multiplication of, 44 dot. 2 1
ofa linear transfOmliltion, 382 Pearson product.moment correlation inner, 21. 294, 307. A-19
ofa matrix. 247 coefficient. 78 in:Jcr product space. 312
Number, complex. A·5 Pennut.1lion(s ).14 1 of matrices, 22
/I·vector,12 even. 142 ol.ler, 49 1
inversion. 142 standard inner, 294. A-19
o odd. 142 Projection. 59. 364
Odd permutation. 142 sign associated wilh. 142 into the xy.plane, 59
I· norm. 360 Perpendicular vectors. 294 orthogonal. 34 I
of a matrix. 503 Phase plane. 527 Projection function, A·2
of a vec tor. 503 Phase portrait, 528 Prod by contradi ction. A-28
One·to·one Pivot. 90 Prod by contrapositive, A-28
fU:1Ction.258 Ph'ot column, 90 Proper
linear transformation. 375 Plane value, 437
Onlo complex. A-27 vector, 438
function. 258 equation of. 303 Properties
linear transformation. 378 normal to. 303 of cross proouc\, 300
vcctor in the, 178 of dot product, 295
OpcrJtion
Planes, 303 of matrix addition, 34
elementary column, 87
Poincare. Jules Herri. 526 of matrix multiplication, 35
elementary row. 87
Point. 178 of scalar multiplication of matrices,
type I. 117
Polynomialts), 37
type II. 117
characteristic. ofa matrix. 444 of transpose. 38
lypelll.l17
degree of. 192 Propasition. A·22
Opposite of a statemcnt. A·22
Fourier. 345 Pythlgorean theofCm. 318
Orbit. 527
imcrpolation. 103
Order of a square matrix, I I Q
Lege ndre, 359
Ordered basis. 253
in a ma trix, A·II QR·factorization, 326. 352
Origin. 177. 182
roots of. A-I I Quadratic eq ua tion. 544
Orthogonal
second.degree equation, 552 Quadratic form(s)
322 zcro. 192 canonica1. 475, 541
complement. 332 Polynomial equation cquivalent. 536
lillear operator. 476 second-degree. 552 nlltrix of. 535
matrix. 466 Positive definite positive definite, 542
projection. 341 rn.'1trix, 3 1I ranK of. 54 1
vcctor. 294. 315. A-20 quadratic fonn, 542 rro!. 535
vectors. set of. 315 Positl\'e semidefinite matrix, 359 sign:Lture of, 541
Orthogonal vectors. 3 15 Postmultiply. I 18 in three variables. 552
Orthonomlal Power method. 506 Quadratic interpolant. 104
basis. 320 Powcrs of a matrix. 42. 52 Quadratic interpolation. 104
vet tors, set of. 315 Preimage.374 surface. 535. 552
Outer product. 491 Premultiply, 118 Qualitative theory of differential
Outliers, 77 inner prodJcts. 432 equations, 526
 Index 1-7

R Scalar multiple. 16 of a linear system of differential

Range of a linear trnnsfonnation. 399 equations. 5 16
of a runelion. A-I o f a matrix. 16 Spare(s)
of a linear Ir:msfonnation, 378 of a \'ector. 181 column, 270
Scalar multiplication complex inner product. A-19
col umn. of a mimix. 272 of a linear trnnsfonnation. 399 complex \'ector. A-IS
of a linear lr3nSfOnn alion. 409 of a matri x. 16 dual. 432
of a matri x. 272 properties of. 37 eigenspace. 45 1
of a qu adratic form. 54 1 ofa vector. 18 1. 184. 186. 189 Euclidean. 3 12
row. of a malrix. 272 Scalars. 177 fin ite-dimensional vector. 232
Real axis. A· 7 Scaling. 68 infinite-d imensional vector. 232
Real pari o f:t complex number. A-S Scatter plot. 74 inaer product. 3 12
Real quadr:lIic fonn(s). 535; )'ee (1)'0 Schmidt. Erhard. 320 isomorphic vec tor. 258
Quadr,uic Schwarz. Hermann Amandus. 312 11 -. 190
Real vec tor space. 189: of,1'f} Vector Screw transformation. 430 111.. 11,203

space(s) Search engine. 14 rell vector. 189

Rec langulM coordinate system, 177 Second-degree polynomial eq ualion. row. 270
Recursion relation. 5 1 552 sol ution, 203
Reduced column echelon form, 86 Second principal cCfl\ponen1. 509 3-. 183
Reduced row ec helon form. 86 Set(s). 2-. 178
Reducti on 10 lri:mgular fonn. 151 e lement of. A- I vector in. 183
Reflection. 58, 62. 364 empty. A- I Span. 209. 21 I
Regular Markov process, 483 equality of. A-I Spanning set of vectors. 211
Repellent point. 529 memberoLA- 1 Spectral decomposition. 488
Representation of a lincar subset o f. A-I Sphere. 554
lranformalion by a matrix, 394, Shear(s), 68. 70 Sq uare matrix. I I
396 Sign associated with a pennutation. 142 Square root of a matrix. 80
Resul tant force. 296 Signature o f a quadratic fonn. 541 Stable age distribu tion. 482
Ri ghi-handed coordinate system. 183 Similar matrices. 4 JO Stable point. 528
Ri ghi singular vector. 495 Singular matrix. 46 Standard basis. 229
Rums of I:hamclcrislic polynoluiul. oMS val u!: uf a Stand.u'li r01111
Roo!> of poly nominIs. A-II matrix. 495 equation. 544
Rotation. 6 1. 66. 364 Singular val ues, 495 Standard in ner product
Singular vec tors. 495
echelon form. 86 Size of a matrix. II on R1. 294
equi va lem 89 Skew Hermitian matrix. A-12 on Rl . 294
ilh. II Skew symmetric matrix. 43 on R" .2 l
ofa malrix. II Solution Slandal\llllalrix represen ting a linear
operntions. e leme ntary, 87 ge neral. to a system of diffe ren tial 369
mnk. of a mmrix. 272 equalions. 516 Standard position. 544
reduced ec helo n fonll. 86 least squares. to linear system. 350 Slal e vee lor, 4&4
sp:ICe of a matrix, 270 to a linear equation. I Slatcment(s), A-22
to a linear system. 2 antecedent. A-24
S infinitely many to a linear system. 6 biconditional. A-25
Saddle point. 529 none to a linear system. 6 conclusion. A-24
Sample nontrivial. to a linear syste m. 2 co nditi onal. A-24
covariance. 508 particular. to a linear sys tem of conju nction. A-23
mean. 77. 507 differential equations, 5 16 conseque nt. A-24
size. 76 trivial. to a linear sys tem. 2 co nl rapositi\'e. A-28
stmdard deviation. 507 uniqu e to a linear system. 6 cClwer.;:e of. A-25
variance. 507 Solution space di; iunct ion. A-23
Scal::r matrix. 42 of a homogeneous system. 203 equivalent. A-24
1-8 Index

Statement(s) (Coll/illlled) Taylor series. 343 2-veclOr.178

hypothesis. A-24 Temperature distribJtion. 104 3-veclOr. 183
implication. A-24 3D transformation. 4[4 addition of. [86, 189
negation of. A-22 Time, 526 angle between. 73. 293, 313
opposite of. A-22 Trace. 33. 480 229
Steady-state vector, 484 properties of. 33 characteristic. 437
Stochastic matri.>;. 483 Trajectory. 527 complex space, A-IS
Storage of multipliers. 135 Transformation complex subspace. A-16
Strang. Gilbert. 337 30 .414 components of. 178, 179.183
Submatrix.43 20.415 coordinate. 178
197 affine. 434 coordinates of. [78
maximal independent, 238 matrix. 57 cross product of. 299
minimal spanning. 239 nonlinear. 434 difference between. 182
Subspace(s), 197 Transition matrix directed line segment. 178
complex vector. 189. A- 16 from a basis. 26 [ direction of. 73.178
direct sum of. 287. 334. 336 of a Markov process, 483 direction cosines of. 292
invariant, 398 Transition probability. 483 di, tance between. 219. 315
onhogonal complement of. 332 Translation. 374, 416 dot product of. 21
zero. 198 Transpose entry of. 178
Substitution of a matrix. 18 equality of. [79
back. 97, 131 properties of, 38 head of. 178
forward. 131 Triangle inequality, 314 in the plane. 178
Sum Triangular matrix infinite-dimensional space, 232
of complex numbers. A-6 lower. 43. 131 initial state, 484
of linear tranformations, 399 upper. 43. 130 inner product of. 21
of matrices. 15 Trigonometric polynomial. 344 inner product space. 3 [2
of vectors. 178. 183, [86. 189 degree of. 344 latent. 437
Summation Trivial solution lelt singular. 495
index of. [7 to a linear system. 2 length of. 73. 290. 292
Summation notation. 17 2D transformation. 415 linear combination of, 201
Sweeps. 428 2-norm.36O linearly tlepenueru set ur. 218
Symmetric matrix. 43 2-space. 178 linearly independent set of. 218.
System Truth table. A-22 m3gnitudeof. 178.290
autonomous, 526 Type I. 11. or 111 elementary matrix, 117 ll -vector.12
C::.rtesian coordinate. 177 Type I. II. or III elementary operation. negative of. 182. 185. 189
dynamical. 526 88 nonn.360
of first -order homogeneous linear normal to a plane. 303
differential equations. 515 U orthogonal. 294
left-handed coordinate, 183 Uncorrelated variables. 76 orthogonal complement. 332
linear, [, 27 Uncoupled linear system. 82 orthogonal projection. 341
of lin ..ar equations. I: w'e ,,/;-o Unit circle, 69. 472, 493 orthogonal set or. 294. 315. A_20
Linear system(s) Unit vector. 295, 315 orthonormal set of. 315
nonhomogenous linear. 111. 280 Unitary matrix. A- lO 301
normal. 350 Unknowns. 1 perpendicular. 76
rectangular coordinate, 177 Unstable point. 529 in the plane, 178
right-handed coordinate. 183 Upper triangular matrix. 43 probability. 484
proper. 437
T V right singular, 495
3-space. 183 Vandermonde. Alexandre-Theophile, scalar multiple of. 181. 184. 186,
Tail 156 189
ofa directed line segment. 178 Vandermonde determinant. 156 in space, 183
of a vector. 178 Vector(s), 12. 177 span. 209
 Index ]·9

spanning set of. 21 I infinite-dimensional. 232 y

st3te.484 inner product in. 294. 307 y-axIs. 177
steady-state, 484 isomorphic. 258
sum of. 180. 184 of linear trnnsfonnations. 399 z
tail of. 178 real. 189 z-axis. 183
unit. 295 subspace. 197. A-16
velocity. 296 Zero
zero. 15
zero. 15, 185. 189 linear trnnsformation. 374
Velocity vector. 528
Vector plot. 76 matrix. 34
Vertices. 13
Vector space(s). 189. A- IS polynomial. 192
Volume of a paJ'allelepiped. 302
basis for. 229 subspace. 198
complex. 189. A-IS
definition of. 189
x vector. 15. 182. 185. 189
vector space. 198
dimension of. 238 I"-axis. 177
finite-dimensional, 232 XI-. X!-lxes. 256
This page illlenriollally left blank
Page Index to Lemmas, Theorems,
and Corollaries
Page Page
Lemma 2.1 119 3.8 152
3.1 151 3.9 153
3.10 158
Theorem 1.1 34
3. 11 165
1.2 35
3.12 167
1.3 37
3. 13 170
1.4 38
Theorem 4. 1 186
1.5 46
4.2 195
1.6 48
4.3 198
1.7 48
4.4 210
1. 8 48
4.5 222
Theorem 2. 1 89 4.6 223
2.2 92 4.7 225
2.3 96 4.8 232
2.4 108 4.9 233
2.5 117 4.10 236
2.6 118 4.11 240
2.7 118 4.12 241
2.8 119 4. 13 241
2.9 120 4.14 259
2.10 122 4. 15 260
2. 11 124 4. 16 261
2. 12 126 4. 17 270
2. 13 128 4.18 275
2.14 129 4. 19 276
Theorem 3.1 146 4.20 278
3.2 147 4.21 280
3.3 147 Theorem 5.1 295
3.4 147 5.2 309
3.5 148 5.3 312
3.6 148 5.4 3 16
3.7 149 5.5 320

I-II
1-12

Page Page
Theorem 5.6 321 Theorem 8. 1 498
5.7 325 8.2 499
5.8 326 8.3 503
5.9 332 8.4 504
5.10 334 8.5 504
5. 11 334 8.6 lIO
5. 12 335 8.7 liD
5. 13 343 8.8 520
5. 14 351 8.9 538
Theorem 6. 1 367 8.10 541
6.2 368
Corollary 1.1 48
6.3 369
Corollary 2.1 96
6.4 376
2.2 119
6.5 378
Corollary 3.1 152
6.6 381
3.2 154
6.7 384
3.3 154
6.8 386
3.4 168
6.9 389
6. 10 401 C:ornllnry 4.1 217
6. 11 404 4.2 238
6. 12 407 4.3 239
6. 13 409 4.4 239
6.14 411 4.5 239
6. 15 4 12 4.6 26 1
4.7 279
Theorem 7. 1 445
4.8 279
7.2 454
4.9 279
7.3 456
4.10 279
7.4 456
7.5 458 Corollary 5. [ 314
7.6 463 Corollary 6.1 377
7.7 464 6.2 384
7.8 467 6.3 409
7.9 467 Corollary 8. [ 499
Chapter 1
Page 82
Alston Householder: Oak Ridge National
Chapter 2
Page 97
Carl Friedrich Gauss: Corbis
Wilhelm Jordan: Bavarian State Li brary. Munich
Chapter 3
170
Gabriel Cramer: Bibliotheque publique et universitaire. Geneve. Collections ieono-
graphiques
Chapter 4
Page 178
Rene Descartes: Academie des Sciences
Chapter 5
Page 312
Augustin-Louis Cauchy: Academie des Sciences
Karl Hennann Amandus Schwarz: Humboldt zu Berlin
Page 313
Viktor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky: Scientific Il lustralors
Page 320
Jorgen Pedersen Gram: Institul Miltag-Leffier. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Erhard Schmidt: I ltunholdt Universit:il zu Oerlin
Page 337
Gilbert Strang: Gilbert Strang
Page 344
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier: Academie des Sciences
Page 359
Adrien-Marie Legendre: Bavarian Slate Library. Munich
Chapter 7
Page 452
Arthur Cayley: Corbis
William Rowan Hamilton: Corbis
Page 483
Andrei Andreyevich Markov: Margarita lvanovna Markova (with help from Andrey I.
Bovykin)
Chapter 8
Page 526
Henri Poincare: Corbis
Appendi x B
Page 624
Charles Hennite- Academie des Sciences
pol