I am logic is a summary of the course Practical Logic and it introduces the Logic to the readers.

Others
might say that logic is a boring course but I am Logic presents logic in a creative and practical way.
I am Logic contains definition of logic, truth, validity, different methods and principles that helps you to
be aware and to attain correct thinking and reasoning. And, of course, this contains examples and
realizations of the author.
The author hopes that you, the readers, might get learnings ang realizations about this course and you
might use this in your daily lives.
Logic - is from the Greek word ‘logos’ to study.
- is the process of correct reasoning.

I. Language and its function

language makes us distinct from other being.

a. Definition. – it is the greatest invention of humanity.

Herbert Machar – Language is our ability to talk and write, and this differentiates us from
animals.

b. Logic and Language

Logic are the ideas, thoughts, concepts, philosophy.
Language is the expression of logic.
⸫ Logic needs language in order to be communicated or expressed.

c. General Feature of language

1. Written Language – is using “visual pattern” (Words)
2. Spoken Language – is using “sound pattern” (Tune)
 If the pattern interchange, the meaning changes.
Example:
1. John is handsome.
Is John handsome?
2. John is handsome.
John is handsome?

d. Elements of language and general Characteristic of language.

1) Symbol – is the word that we utter
2) Referent – is the actual thing of the word
3) Reference – the understanding of the word uttered
4) Subject – the one who uttered the word or the one who uses the thing.
the one who uses the thing.
Example: Symbol – “notebook”
Referent – “that notebook”
Reference – “use for writing”
Subject – me/ the one who use

Question: How can we know the meaning of the thing?

Answer: We can the meaning of the thing if we are all agree (agreement of many), that’s what we
call CONVENTION.

e. Science and Language

1) Pragmatic – by knowing its etymological meaning. (origin)
2) Semantics – by knowing things through conventions.
3) Syntactics – understanding language based on grammar.
 f. Functions of Language
1) Information – to deliver an information.

2) Command – when you want to do a task.

3) Expression – when you want to express an idea or feelings.

4) Performative – when you act what you say.

5) Ceremonial – signs of greeting.

6) Logical Function – if you identify the words.

II. Logic, Validity and Truth.

1. Logic is the study of method No more debatable for the philosophers already
and principle to identify correct accepted these.
from incorrect reasoning in a
simple way.

Two things to remember in correct reasoning:

2. Validity – when reasoning is in 1. Formal – it talks about validity.
lined with methods and
principles of logic.

3. Truth – when the idea conforms 2. Material – it talks about truth.

to reality.
If reasoning is factual
and has evidence, it is true.

III. Acts of intellect.

3 activities of the mind.
1. Simple apprehension – use only senses, perceived, no judgement
 Idea – Inside the mind, internal product
 Term – word uttered, external product
2. Judgment- It is when you judge after perceiving.
 Enunciation – compare and contrast things, internal product
 Proposition – it is the expression of enunciation, external product
3. Reasoning – it is judging proposition
 Argument – internal product
 Syllogism – external product
These comes together, simultaneously, and automatic.
IV. Formation of Ideas.
1. Use your senses and find the Individuating Characteristics of a thing.
Example: The bag, that with color -yellow and white, sizes- small and big, side pockets, zipper,
that has main pouch and strap/string is use to load small things.
2. The Individuating Characteristics become your sense image.
Example: color -yellow and white, sizes- small and big, side pockets, zipper

3. Remove the Individuating Characteristics in order to get the essence.

Example: The bag that has main pouch and strap/string is use to load small things.
4. After getting the essence, our minds understand it. This will become the new idea.

Example: Therefore, the essence of bag that has main pouch and strap/string is use to load small
things.
V. Imagination
- does not use act of intellect.
- our mind is very powerful because can still get an idea through imagination.

 Phantasm – the product of imagination.

Question: Is it PERCEIVABLE or not?

Answer: It can be both.

Perceivable – example: Inventions

Not perceivable – example: Idea of peace

VI. Properties of ideas

1. Comprehension – the sum total of all essences grasps by the mind.
2. Extension – objects that are representations of an idea.

Question: How do we know the essence of an idea?

Answer: The answer lies on the ‘tree of being’.
VII. Tree of Being

Substance

Body Spirit Accidents

Organism Mineral

Being
Animal Plant

Brute Man
 Being - anything that exist
 Substance – anything that exist by itself
 Accident – anything that exist by others
 Body – anything that visible, extended, immeasurable and it has quantity
 Spirit – it is invisible has no quantity and opposite of body
 Organism – it is the body that meaning with life
 Minerals – it is being but has no life
 Animal – living alive and have senses
 Plant – being alive but has no senses
 Brute – it’s lower than man, has senses but no reason
 Man being complete with all essential roots
VIII. Classification of ideas.
a) According to comprehension
1. Simple – is the idea expresses only one thought or concept.
Example: Equality, truth.
2. Compound – an idea which expresses two or more thoughts or concepts.
Example: God, Religion.
3. Concrete – is the idea expresses something has external attributes- perceivable.
Example: Mug, Table, Chair
4. Abstract – it is when we learn an idea from concrete.
Example: The toughness of the chair.
The Roughness of table.
The Softness of mug.

b) According to Extension
1. Singular – an idea represents only one object.
Example: That box. This marker
2. Universal – idea represents not only a class but each member of the class.
Example: All seminarians. All Priest. All staff
3. Particular – idea represents only part of universal
Example: Some Seminarians. Some Priest. Some staff
4. Collective – idea represents a number of things constituting a group of whole.
Example: Choir. Lectors

c) According to Origin
1. Immediate – when we get knowledge directly through our senses.
Example: The paper is plain white
2. Mediate – it is when we grasp an idea before understanding other idea.
Example: The paper is a tool for writing

d) According to relation.
1. Compatible – when idea co-exist in a subject
Example: Small and fat

2. Incompatible
a. Contradictory – when two ideas exist exclusively.
- The idea AFFIRMS, white other DENIES
Example: Sem. – Non-Sem.
b. Contrary – ideas that are both extreme but belonging only to one class.
- They are opposite
Example: Black – white/ short - tall/ big – small/
c. Privative – idea expresses a certain degree of perfection, while other
expresses absence.
Example: Sight – blind, talkative – mute, hearing – deep.
 d. Correlative – two opposing ideas that bear mutual relationship.
Example: Priest – parishioners/ driver- passengers/ teacher – students/.

e) According to Meaning
1. Univocal – when two ideas have same meaning.
Example: Jimrod is a seminarian
Mark is a seminarian
2. Equivocal – same term/pronunciation but carries different meaning
Example: bag-bug/ cap-cup/ fan- fun/ mud- mad/.
3. Analogous – terms that are used are partly the same but partly different.
Example: Right – right arm, right answer/ Left -alone, arm/ head – body, position

IX. Supposition – it is the understanding of the meaning of the term by its usage.
it is functional.

Example:
Question: What is Bible?
Answer: A bible has two syllables.
A bible has five letters.
It starts with letter B.

X. Definition – a verbal expression of the meaning of the term

Question: Why do we Define?
Answer: In order to put limit on the meaning of the term.

1. Nominal Definition – when we only give simple meaning of the term.

a. Simple definition – we point out the thing to define it.
b. Illustrative definition – we illustrate it in order to define it.
c. Example – we give example to define it.
d. Synonym – we give same meaning in order to define it.
e. Etymological – going back to its origin in order to define it.

2. Real definition – defining terms by giving true NATURE of the term.

Midterm

I. Judgment – it is the second activity of the Mind.

- it AFFIRMS or DENIES two ideas.

A. Proposition – external product of Judgment

- True on two things.
 Matter – true in reality
 Form - means grammatically correct.

Parts of proposition:
1. Quantifier (Q) – it indicates either subject is universal or particular.

2. Subject (S) – it is thing which is affirmed or denied.

3. Copula (C) – indicates the agreement/ disagreement between subject & predicate.

4. Predicate (P) – the one not describes the nature of the subject

Example:
All saints are holy. Some men are faithful.
Q S C P Q S C P

A. Simple Categorical Proposition - Simple Categorical Proposition – a simple proposition

because it only uses declarative sentence.
Present base form of linking verb; is, are, is not, are not

B. Properties of Simple Categorical Proposition.

1. Quantity of Proposition:
a. Universal (U) – takes the entire or the subject as whole.

b. Particular (P) – takes only a part of the subject

Example: (U) All Catholics are Christian.

All men are mortal.
No girls are boys. – All girls are not boys
(P) Some boys are feminine.
Some seminarians are not obedient.

2. Quality of Proposition
a. Affirmative (+) – uses copulas that are; is, are
b. Negative (-) – uses that are; is not, are not.
Example: Affirmative (+)
 All Catholics are Christian
Some Catholics are prayerful All Christian are monotheism
Negative (-)
All monkeys are not human No monkey are human
Some seminarians are not obedient No Christian are polytheism
C. Symbols of Proposition
“A” – Universal affirmative (all are). All whiteboards are white

“E” – Universal negative (all are not, no – are). No whiteboards are black

“I” – Particular affirmative (some are). Some whiteboards are smooth

“O” – Particular negative (some are not) Some whiteboards are not clean

D. Square of Proposition