• The direct current (dc) machine can be

used as a motor or as a generator.

• The major advantages of dc machines are

the easy speed and torque regulation.

• However, their application is limited to

mills, mines and trains. As examples,
trolleys and underground subway cars
may use dc motors.

• In the past, automobiles were equipped

with dc dynamos to charge their batteries.
• Even today the starter is a series dc
motor

• However, the recent development of

power electronics has reduced the use of
dc motors and generators.

• The electronically controlled ac drives are

gradually replacing the dc motor drives in
factories.

• Nevertheless, a large number of dc motors

are still used by industry and several
thousand are sold annually.
The parts of a dynamo or related equipment can be
expressed in either mechanical terms or electrical terms.
Mechanical
Rotor: The rotating part of an alternator, generator, dynamo
or motor.
Stator: The stationary part of an alternator, generator,
dynamo or motor.
Electrical
Armature: The power-producing component of an
alternator, generator, dynamo or motor. The
armature can be on either the rotor or the
stator.
Field: The magnetic field component of an alternator,
generator, dynamo or motor. The field can be on
either the rotor or the stator and can be either an
electromagnet or a permanent magnet.
A DC machine consists of the
following essential parts

1. Magnetic frame or Yoke

2. Pole-cores and Pole-Shoes
3.Field Poles
4. Field Coils
5. Armature Core
6. Armature Windings or
Conductors
7.Commutator
8. Brushes and Bearings
Yoke
Yoke is the outer frame. It serves two purposes.
(i) It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a
protective cover for the whole machine. and
(ii) It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
Pole Cores and Pole Shoes
The field magnet consist of pole cores and pole shoes.
They have two purposes:
(i) they spread out the flux in the air gap and also, being
larger cross section, reduce the reluctance of the magnetic
path
(ii) they support the exciting coils (field coils)

The pole cores can be made from solid steel castings

or from thin laminations of highly magnetic steel alloy.
Field Coils

•The field coils are those windings, which are located on the
poles and set up the magnetic fields in the machine.
•They also usually consist of copper wire are insulated from
the poles.
•The field coils may be either shunt windings (in parallel with
the armature winding) or series windings (in series with the
armature winding) or a combination of both.
 Armature Core
• The armature core is made up thin magnetic steel
laminations stamped from sheet steel with a blanking die.
• Slots are punched in the lamination with a slot die.
• The laminations are welded, riveted, bolted or bonded
together.
• It houses the armature conductors or coils, and causes
them to rotate and hence cut the magnetic flux of the field
magnets.

Air Gap
• The space between the armature and the pole shoes.
(from top of teeth to pole face)
Armature Winding
The armature winding fits in the armature slots and is
eventually connected to the commutator.
•It either generates or receives the voltage depending on
whether the unit is a generator or motor.
•The armature winding usually consists of copper wire, either
round or rectangular and is insulated from the armature stack.
 ARMATURE and its WINDINGS

Gramme -Ring armature

The old Gramme-Ring armature, now obselete is

shown below.
Drum-type armature :

•A drum-type armature is shown in figure.

•The armature windings are placed in slots cut in a

drum-shaped iron core.
•In drum-type armature: each winding
completely surrounds the core so that the
entire length of the conductor cuts the main
magnetic field.
•Therefore, the total voltage induced in the
armature is greater than in the Gramme-ring.
•The drum-type armature is much more
efficient than the Gramme-ring.
•This accounts for the almost universal use of
the drum-type armature in modern dc
generators.
Commutator

•The commutator is the mechanical rectifier, which changes

the AC voltage of the rotating conductors to DC voltage.
•It consists of a number of segments normally equal to the
number of slots.
•The segments or commutator bars are made of silver bearing
copper and are separated from each other by mica insulation
Brushes
• The brushes, whose function is to collect current
from commutator, are usually made of carbon or
graphite and are in the shape of a rectangular
block.
• These brushes are housed in brush-holders
usually of the box type variety.
Pole-pitch

• The periphery of the armature divided by the

number of poles of the generator;
• the distance between two adjacent poles
• It is equal to the number of armature conductors
per pole
Pole arc
• Radial length of the pole face measured in
inches, cm., number of slots, number of
conductors, or mechanical degrees.

Slot pitch or Slot span (Sp)

• This is the distance from the center of one slot
to the center of an adjacent slot, measured on the
surface of the armature.
Conductor Coil and Winding Element
The length of a wire • With reference to the
lying in the magnetic figure, the two conductors
field and in which an AB and CD along with
e.m.f is induced is their end connections
called a conductor,
(as,for example
constitute one coil of the
length AB or CD in armature winding.
figure). • The coil may be single
turn or multi-turn coil.
• A single turn coil wil have
two conductors.But a
multi-turn coil may have
many conductors per coil
side.
Coil-span or Coil-pitch
• It is the distance, measured in terms of armature slots,
between two sides of a coil.
• It is, in fact, the periphery of the armature spanned by the two
sides of the coil.
• If the coil-pitch is equal to the pole-pitch,then winding is
called full-pitched. It means that coil span is 180 electrical
degrees.
• If the coil-pitch is less than the pole-pitch, then the winding is
fractional-pitched.

Back Pitch (YB) Commutator Pitch (YC)

The distance, measured in It is the distance between
terms of the armature the segments to which the
conductors, which a coil two ends of a coil are
advances on the back of the connected.
armature is called back pitch.
Two types of windings:
1. Lap Winding - This type of winding is used in dc generators designed
for high-current applications
2. Wave Winding - This type of winding is used in dc generators employed
in high-voltage applications.

The difference between the two is merely due to the different

arrangement of the end connections at the front or commutator end of
armature .
Each winding
• can be arranged progressively or retrogressively, and
• connected in simplex, duplex and triplex.

In simplex lap winding, the ends of each coil are

connected to adjacent commutator segments.
• In this way, all the coils are connected in series.
• In a duplex lap winding, there are in effect two separate sets of coils,
each set connected in series.
• Similarly, in a triplex lap winding, there are in effect three separate
sets of series-connected coils.

In a wave winding, the ends of each coil are connected

to commutator segments two pole spans apart.

If, after passing once round the armature, the winding falls
in a slot to the left of its starting point then winding is said to
be retrogressive. If, however, it falls one slot to the right,
then it is progressive.
GENERATED EMF, EG

EG  NPZ
60a
Where, EG – generated emf
N – speed in rpm of the armature rotation
P – number of generator poles
Z - total number of armature conductors
Φ – flux per pole in Weber
a – number of parallel paths
a = mP ………. for lap winding
a = 2m ………. for wave winding
m – multiplicity; m=1 for simplex
= 2 for duplex
= 3 for triplex
PROBLEMS:
1. A conductor of active length 30 cm carries a current of 100A and lies at right
angles to a magnetic field of strength 0.4 Wb/m2 Calculate the force in
Newton exerted on it.
2. If the force causes the conductor on problem no. 1 to move at a velocity of
10 m/s, calculate the emf induced in it.
3. Find the induced emf of an 8-pole, wave-wound dynamo having 4mWb per
pole and rotating at 600 rpm. The armature has 123 slots, and there are 3
coils per slot, each having 2 turns.