Synchronous Machines Rev 1
Synchronous Machines Rev 1
Synchronous Machines Rev 1
Synchronous Machines
Introduction
Designed to operate at synchronous speed, n s. Hence, the name.
Has a field circuit supplied by an external dc source.
Can be used to operate as:
o Synchronous generator (also known as alternator)
o Synchronous motor
Used primarily as generator
Construction
It has 2 parts:a) Stator
b) Rotor
It has 2 types of windings:a) Field winding
o Create magnetic field
o On the rotor
o Fed by a dc current
thru
Slip rings & brushes, or
Permanent magnet
b) Armature winding
o Voltage is induced on it
o On the stator
o Always connected in Y-connection. Preferred because: The voltage per phase is only 1/3 or 58% of the line voltage,
Synchronous Generator
Principle of Operation
1
f
p
120 f
p
Equivalent Circuit
Consider only 1
EG
VT
Ia
Xs
Ra
Stator Circuit
Xs is 10 to 100 times greater than R a.
Ra is normally negligible (Ra=0)
EG I a Z s VT
IL
P3
S
3
3VL cos
3VL
Ia
IL
(For connection)
3
Phasor Diagram
To show the summation of the vectors
EG I a Z s VT
Example 1
A 3 star-connected generator supplies a load of 10 MW at power factor 0.85 lagging and
the terminal voltage is 11 kV. The armature resistance is 0.1 ohm/phase and synchronous
reactance of 0.66 ohm/phase. Calculate the line value of emf generated. Draw the phasor
diagram.
Synchronous Motor
Principle of Operation
It has 2 supplies:o DC supply connected to the rotor
o 3 ac supply connected to the stator winding
The 3 ac supply produces a 3 current flow in the stator winding that will produce a
rotating magnetic field.
DC supply to the rotor produces a 2nd magnetic field.
Since stator magnetic field is rotating, the rotor rotates as it tried to keep up with the
moving stator magnetic field, supplying mechanical power to the load.
Equivalent Circuit
Consider only 1
EA
VT
Ia
Xs
Ra
Rotor Circuit
Stator Circuit
E A VT I a Z s
IL
P3
S
3
3VL cos
3VL
Ia
IL
(For connection)
3
Phasor Diagram
To show the summation of the vectors
E A VT I a Z s
Example 2
A 2300 V 3, star-connected synchronous motor has an armature resistance of 0.2
ohm/phase and a synchronous reactance of 2.2 ohm/phase. The motor is operating on 0.5
power factor leading with a line current of 200 A. Determine the value of generated or
counter emf per phase. Draw the phasor diagram.
Voltage Regulation
In general,
V .R.
VNL VFL
VFL
V .R.
EG VT
VT
V .R.
VT E A
EA
Example 3
A 200 kVA, 600 V, 50 Hz 3 synchronous generator is Y-connected. The generator has a
synchronous reactance 0.10 ohm/phase and armature resistance of 2.0 ohm/phase.
Calculate the voltage regulation if the generator is operating at 0.75 leading power factor.
Pm PCL Pout
Pout
3VT I a cos
Synchronous Motor
3VT I a cos
Example 4
A 2000 V, 500hp, 3 Y connected synchronous motor has a resistance of 0.3 and a
synchronous reactance of 3.0 per phase respectively. Determine the induced emf per
phase if the motor works on full-load with an efficiency of 92 % and p.f = 0.8 leading.