Synchronous Machines Rev 1

Electrical Power & Machines EPE491/KJK559
Synchronous Machines
Introduction
Designed to operate at synchronous speed, n s. Hence, the name.
Has a field circuit supplied by an external dc source.
Can be used to operate as:
o Synchronous generator (also known as alternator)
o Synchronous motor
Used primarily as generator
Construction
It has 2 parts:a) Stator
b) Rotor
It has 2 types of windings:a) Field winding
o Create magnetic field
o On the rotor
o Fed by a dc current
thru
Slip rings & brushes, or
Permanent magnet
b) Armature winding
o Voltage is induced on it
o On the stator
o Always connected in Y-connection. Preferred because: The voltage per phase is only 1/3 or 58% of the line voltage,
permitting a reduction in the amount of dielectric insulation

Under load, the voltage can become distorted and no longer
sinusoidal due to third harmonic voltages. With a Y-connection, the 3 rd
harmonic voltages cancel between the line-to-line voltages but with a

-connection, the 3rd harmonic voltage add and appear on the line-toline voltages
There are 2 types of rotor:a) Salient pole
o Driven by low-speed hydraulic turbine
o Require large no of poles
o Posses large diameter to provide space for the poles
b) Cylindrical (non-salient/round)
o Driven by high-speed steam turbine
o No of poles cannot be less than 2
o Smaller compared to salient pole
Synchronous Generator
Principle of Operation
1
A dc current is applied to the rotor winding to produce magnetic field.

Rotor is turned by a prime mover, producing a rotating magnetic field within the air gap.
The rotating magnetic field induced 3 voltage within the stator winding
The rotating magnetic field & the rotor rotate at the same speed called synchronous
speed, ns given by:
ns
f
p
120 f
p
- Freq of induced voltage (Hz)`

- No of poles
Equivalent Circuit
Consider only 1
EG
VT
Ia
Xs
Ra
induced voltage, per phase

terminal voltage, per phase
phase current
synchronous reactance,
per phase
armature resistance,
per phase
The direction of Ia is out of the

generator because generator supply
power to the load.
Rotor Circuit
Stator Circuit
Xs is 10 to 100 times greater than R a.
Ra is normally negligible (Ra=0)
EG I a Z s VT
IL
P3
S
3
3VL cos
3VL
I a I L (For Y connection) and
Ia
IL
(For connection)
3
Phasor Diagram
To show the summation of the vectors
EG I a Z s VT
Depends on type of load

a) Pure resistive load (unity power factor)
b) Inductive load (lagging power factor)
c) Capacitive load (leading power factor)
Example 1
A 3 star-connected generator supplies a load of 10 MW at power factor 0.85 lagging and
the terminal voltage is 11 kV. The armature resistance is 0.1 ohm/phase and synchronous
reactance of 0.66 ohm/phase. Calculate the line value of emf generated. Draw the phasor
diagram.
Synchronous Motor
Principle of Operation
It has 2 supplies:o DC supply connected to the rotor
o 3 ac supply connected to the stator winding
The 3 ac supply produces a 3 current flow in the stator winding that will produce a
rotating magnetic field.
DC supply to the rotor produces a 2nd magnetic field.
Since stator magnetic field is rotating, the rotor rotates as it tried to keep up with the
moving stator magnetic field, supplying mechanical power to the load.
Equivalent Circuit
Consider only 1
EA
VT
Ia
Xs
Ra
Rotor Circuit
induced voltage, per phase

(generated/counter emf/back
emf)
terminal/ac supply voltage,
per phase
phase current
synchronous reactance,
per phase
armature resistance,
per phase
The direction of Ia is coming towards

the motor because motor needs
current to rotate.
Stator Circuit
E A VT I a Z s
IL
P3
S
3
3VL cos
3VL
I a I L (For Y connection) and
Ia
IL
(For connection)
3
Phasor Diagram
To show the summation of the vectors
E A VT I a Z s
Depends on type of load

(a) Pure resistive load (unity power factor)
(b) Inductive load (lagging power factor)
(c) Capacitive load (leading power factor)
Example 2
A 2300 V 3, star-connected synchronous motor has an armature resistance of 0.2
ohm/phase and a synchronous reactance of 2.2 ohm/phase. The motor is operating on 0.5
power factor leading with a line current of 200 A. Determine the value of generated or
counter emf per phase. Draw the phasor diagram.
Voltage Regulation
In general,
V .R.
VNL VFL
VFL
For synchronous generator
V .R.
EG VT
VT
For synchronous motor
V .R.
VT E A
EA
Example 3
A 200 kVA, 600 V, 50 Hz 3 synchronous generator is Y-connected. The generator has a
synchronous reactance 0.10 ohm/phase and armature resistance of 2.0 ohm/phase.
Calculate the voltage regulation if the generator is operating at 0.75 leading power factor.
Power Flow Diagram

Synchronous Generator
From the power flow diagram:

Pinput P Pm
Pm PCL Pout
Pout
Pinput = Pout + total losses (P+PCL)

PCL 3 I a Ra
2
3VT I a cos
Synchronous Motor
From the power flow diagram:

Pinput PCL Pm
Pm P Pout
Pinput
3VT I a cos
Pinput = Pout + total losses (P+PCL)

PCL 3 I a Ra
2
Example 4
A 2000 V, 500hp, 3 Y connected synchronous motor has a resistance of 0.3 and a
synchronous reactance of 3.0 per phase respectively. Determine the induced emf per
phase if the motor works on full-load with an efficiency of 92 % and p.f = 0.8 leading.

Synchronous Machines Rev 1

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Electrical Power & Machines EPE491/KJK559

permitting a reduction in the amount of dielectric insulation

harmonic voltages cancel between the line-to-line voltages but with a

Electrical Power & Machines EPE491/KJK559

A dc current is applied to the rotor winding to produce magnetic field.

- Freq of induced voltage (Hz)`

induced voltage, per phase

The direction of Ia is out of the

I a I L (For Y connection) and

Electrical Power & Machines EPE491/KJK559

Depends on type of load

b) Inductive load (lagging power factor)

c) Capacitive load (leading power factor)

Electrical Power & Machines EPE491/KJK559

Electrical Power & Machines EPE491/KJK559

induced voltage, per phase

The direction of Ia is coming towards

I a I L (For Y connection) and

Electrical Power & Machines EPE491/KJK559

Depends on type of load

(b) Inductive load (lagging power factor)

(c) Capacitive load (leading power factor)

Electrical Power & Machines EPE491/KJK559

For synchronous generator

For synchronous motor

Electrical Power & Machines EPE491/KJK559

Power Flow Diagram

From the power flow diagram:

Pinput = Pout + total losses (P+PCL)

From the power flow diagram:

Pinput = Pout + total losses (P+PCL)

Electrical Power & Machines EPE491/KJK559

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