2.7 Transferencia de Calor y Masa Simultáneos
2.7 Transferencia de Calor y Masa Simultáneos
2.7 Transferencia de Calor y Masa Simultáneos
where qD /A is the heat flux due to the diffusion of mass past the given plane and H i is the
partial molar enthalpy of species i in the mixture. When a temperature difference exists,
energy will also be transported by one of the three heat-transfer mechanisms. For example,
the equation for total energy transport by conduction and molecular diffusion becomes
n
q
¼ k=T þ å Ni H i (26-63)
A i¼1
If the heat transfer is by convection, the first energy-transport term in equation (26-63)
would be replaced by the product of the convective heat-transfer coefficient and a DT
driving force.
A process important in many engineering processes as well as in day-to-day
Condensate Boundary of
liquid film
events involves the condensation of a vapor upon a cold surface. Examples of this
gas film
process include the ‘‘sweating’’ on cold water pipes and the condensation of moist
vapor on a cold window pane. Figure 26.12 illustrates the process that involves a
film of condensed liquid flowing down a cold surface and a film of gas through
which the condensate is transferred by molecular diffusion. This process involves
T = T (z)
T1
the simultaneous transfer of heat and mass.
The following conditions will be stipulated for this particular steady-state
physical situation. Pure component A will condense from a binary gas mixture. By
T2
psychrometry, the composition, yA, and the temperature, T1, are known at the plane
yA = yA(z) yA1
T3 z1. The temperature of the condensing surface, T3, is also known. By heat-transfer
considerations, the convective heat-transfer coefficients for the condensate liquid
yA2 film and the gas film can be calculated from equations given in Chapter 20. For
example, in the gas phase, when the carrier gas is air and the vapor content of the
diffusing species is relatively low, the heat-transfer coefficient for natural con-
vection can be estimated by equation (20-5)
z3 z2 z1
0:670RaL1/4
Figure 26.12 Vapor condensation NuL ¼ 0:68 þ (20-5)
on a cold surface. ½1 þ (0:492/Pr)9/16 4/9
480 Chapter 26 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion
Using the general differential equation for mass transfer, equation (25-11), we see that
the differential equation that describes the mass transfer in the gas phase is
d
NA, z ¼ 0 (26-64)
dz
Equation (26-64) stipulates that the mass flux in the z direction is constant over the
diffusion path. To complete the description of the process, the proper form of Fick’s law
must be chosen. If component A is diffusing through a stagnant gas, the flux is defined by
equation (26-3)
cDAB dyA
N A, z ¼ (26-3)
1 yA dz
As a temperature profile exists within the film, and the diffusion coefficient and total gas
concentration vary with temperature, this variation with z must often be considered.
Needless to say, this complicates the problem and requires additional information before
equation (26-3) can be integrated.
When the temperature profile is known or can be approximated, the variation in
the diffusion coefficient can be treated. For example, if the temperature profile is of the
form
n
T z
¼ (26-65)
T1 z1
the relation between the diffusion coefficient and the length parameter may be deter-
mined by using equation (24-41) as follows:
3/2 3n/2
T z
DAB ¼ DAB jT1 ¼ DAB jT1 (26-66)
T1 z1
The variation in the total concentration due to the temperature variation can be evaluated
by
P P
c¼ ¼
RT RT1 (z/z1 )n
The flux equation now becomes
n/2
PDAB jT1 z dyA
NA, z ¼ (26-67)
RT1 (1 yA ) z1 dz
This is the same approach used in Example 15.2, which discussed heat transfer by con-
duction when the thermal conductivity was a variable.
Over a small temperature range, an average diffusion coefficient and the total molar
concentration may be used. With this assumption, equation (26-3) simplifies to
at z ¼ z2 yA ¼ yA 2
26.4 Simultaneous Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer 481
EXAMPLE 5 An ethanol/water vapor mixture is being distilled by contact with an ethanol/water liquid solution.
The ethanol is transferred from the liquid to the vapor phase and the water is transferred in the
opposite direction. The condensation of water vapor provides the energy for vaporization of ethanol.
Both components are diffusing through a gas film 0.1 mm thick. The temperature is 368 K and the
482 Chapter 26 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion
reduces to
dyEtOH
NEtOH, z ¼ cDEtOHH2 O
dz
which upon integration yields
cDEtOHH2 O
NEtOH, z ¼ (yEtOH, 1 yEtOH, 2 )
d
So we see that equimolar heats of vaporization result in an equimolar-counterdiffusion flux for an
adiabatic-distillation process.
x=0
W L
∆x W
∆x
∆y
∆y
x=L y