BusinessLogic (Lesson1 3)
BusinessLogic (Lesson1 3)
BusinessLogic (Lesson1 3)
Business Logic
It is the link in an information system between a user interface and a database. Typically, it contains
formal rules, translated into computer programs that control how data will be processed to achieve the
objectives of the information system.
Information Sytem
In general perpective:
An information system will typically contain the following components
1. Hardware: computer –based information systems use computer hardware, such as processors, monitors,
keyborad and printers.
2. Software: these are the programs used to organise process and analyse data, eg databases.
3. Users: different elements of an organizations need to be connected to each other, especially if many
different people in the organization use the same information system.
4. Procedures: these describe how specific data is processed and analysed in order to get the answers for
which the information system is designed.
In a more specific perspective: which is our most concern is the accounting information system.
Accounting information system: is a formal process for collecting data, processing the data into
information, and distributing that information to users. The purpose of an accounting information system is to
collect, store, and process financial and accounting data and produce informational reports that can managers or
other interested parties can use to make business decisions. Although an Ais can be a manual system, today
most accounting information systems are computer-based.
User Interface
The user interface is the point of human computer interaction and communication in a device.
The user interface is the point of human computer interaction and communication in a device. This can
include display screens, keyboards, a mouse and the apperance of a desktop. It is also the way through
which a user interacts with an application or a website. The growing dependence of many businesses on
web appilcations and mobile appilcations has led many copanies to place increased priority on UI in an
effort to improve the user’s overall experience.
Types of user interfaces
The various types of user interfaces include:
1. Graphical user interface 5. Voice user interface
2. Command line interface 6. Form- based user interface
3. Menu-driven user interface 7. Natural language user interface
4. Touch user interface
Examples of users interfaces include
1. Computer mouse 4. Atms
2. Remote control 5. Speedometer
3. Virtual reality 6. The old ipod click wheel
Database
a systematic collection of data. They support electronic storage and manipulation of data. Databases
make data management easy.
Let us discuss a database example: an online telephone directory uses a databses to store data of people, phone
numbers, and other contactr details. Your electricity service provider uses a databse to manage billing, client-
related issues, handle faults data, etc.
Let us also consider facebook. It needs to store, manipulate, and present data related to members, their friends,
memebers activbities, messages, advertisements, and a lot more. We can provide a countless number of
examples for the usage of database.`
Types of database
1. Distributed database
a type of database that has contributions from the common database and information captured by local
computers. In this type of database system, the data is not in one place and is distributed at various
organizations.
2. Relational databases:
defines database relationship in the form of tables. It is also called relational DBMS, which is the most
popular dBMS type in the market. Database example of the RDBMSsystem include Mysql, Oracle, and
Microsoft SQL server database.
3. Object-oriented database
it support the storage of all data types. The data is stored in the form of obj3ects. The objects to be held
in the database have attributes and methods that define what to do with the data.
PostgresSQL is an example of an object oriented relational DBMS.
Centralised database: it is a centralized location, and users from different backgrounds can access this
data. This type of computers databases store application procedures that help users access the data even
from a remote location.
4. Open source databases:
Database that stored information related to operations. It is mainly used in the field of marketing,
employee relations, customers service, of databases.
5. Cloud databases:
a database which is optimized or built for such a virtualized environment. There are so many advantages
of a cloud databse, some of which can pay for storage capacity and bandwidth. It also offers scalability
on-demand, along with high availability.
6. Data warehouse:
It is to facilitate a single version of truth for a company for decisionb making and forecasting. A data
warehouse is an information system that contains historical and commutative data from single or
multiple sources. Data warehouse concept simplifies the reporitng and analysis process of the
organization.
7. Personal database
used to store data stored on personal computers that are smaller and easily manageable. The data is
mostly used by the same department of the company and is accessed by a small group of people.
Business Rules
In general, business rules define specific intructions or contraints on how certain day to day actions should be
performed .
For example, business rules can include
1. A decision making approval structure for invoice processing where only certain managers can sign off
on invoices totaling a specific amount.
2. Calculations in which a formula may be used to calculate revenue or expenses.
3. Policies where an organization requires its employees to wok with a preferred list of vendors.
Common types of business rules.
To account for different types of policies and decisions, business rules can be modled in multiple ways.
Two common types of business rules are formula rules and decision table rules.
A formula rule allows employees to maintain calculations in a no code format similar to creating
formulas in microsoft excel. Once a formula is defined, it can be reused as appropriate in multiple process
designs. If the formula needs to be updated, only the formula itself needs to be changed without requiring an
end user to manipulate code or individually adjust each applicable process. Many stanmdard formulas are
already built into the software, such as determining an average, sum date, and maximum, among many others.
A decision table rules, is a powerful feature that lets non developers represent realted conditional
decisions or if-then logic in concise manner as a spreadsheet style table. Decision tables use column as the
conditions, while rows specify the appropriate outcomes. Approvals, application acceptance criteria, and loan
eligibility checks are all general examples where decisions tables can be applied and owned by an domain
experts themselves.
In traditional approaches, these decisions can be hard coded directly as part of process designs, leading
to complex implemetations that require developers to make maula updates as they arise. When complex logic is
modeled as a table, it provides a much more relatable and visual format that is easier to maintain for borth
business and IT.
Workflow
a sequence of tasks that processes a set of data. Workflow occur across every kind of business and
industry. Anytime data is passed between humans and or systems, a workflow is created. Workflow are
the paths that descrivbe how something goes being undone to done or raw to processed.
LESSON 2
Software
is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work.
Based on the goal, computer software can be divided into:
1. Application software
2. System Software
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
a type of computer program that performs a specific personal, educational, and business function.
Each program is designed to assist the user with a particular process, which may be related to
productivity, creativity, and/or communication.
Functions of Application Software
Application software programs are created to facilitate a variety of functions, including but not limited to:
1. managing information
2. manipulating data
3. constructing visuals
4. coordinating resources
5. calculating figures
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If
we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the
hardware and user applications. The operating system is the best-known example of system software.
The OS manages all the other programs in a computer.
used to manage the computer itself. It runs in the background, maintaining the computer's basic
functions so users can run higher-level application software to perform certain tasks.
Operating systems
The computer's OS is a well-known example of system software. Widely used operating systems include
Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux.
System software and application software are also triggered differently. System software is generally
triggered when a computer or device is turned on, and it remains on until the device is powered down.
Application software is triggered by an end user after the computer is turned on. Application software needs
system software to function, whereas system software can run independently of application software.
LESSON 3
What is a User Interface? Definition, Types and User Interface Example
Business—and life in general—has become increasingly dependent on the internet, web apps and mobile
apps. As a result, companies have found that the best way to compete at a web level is to prioritize building an
attractive and efficient user interface that optimizes the user experience.
More specifically, here are the most important overarching elements of a great UI:
1. Information architecture:
The functionality of a site is built according to the IA. Structuring and organizing your website's content
in a logical way is important to help users navigate the site with minimal effort. Components of IA
include three main types of organizational structures: hierarchical (level of importance), sequential
(logical order of steps) and matrix (in which the user chooses the organization of the content they see).
Example: Navigation elements (buttons, tabs, icons), labels (terminology), search features (search bar)
and organization systems (categories).
2. Interactive design:
Elements of ID aim to turn passive readers into active participants by presenting instances of user input.
Keeping the user in mind while creating the UI will help to improve the interactivity and execution of
specific behaviors that satisfy user needs. Additionally, efficiently-designed interactive UIs can 'learn' to
anticipate and remedy any problems that may come up before they negatively impact the user's
experience.
Example: Social-share features, toggles, buttons.
3. Visual design:
The importance of your site's aesthetic value cannot be underestimated. Effective design utilizes color,
contrast, font, video and photo elements to attract visitors and make it easy for them to read and works
with the content, rather than around it, to create a logical, intuitive flow of functionality.
Example: Contrast, color, white space, typography, mobile optimization.
What is the difference between user interface and user experience?
User interface and user experience are related and equally important to the execution of a project, but the
specifics differ. Mainly, UI is designed around the intended look and feel of the site, app or program while UX
spans the entire process of conceptualization, development and delivery. Additionally, UX can be referenced in
relation to nearly any product, while UI can only pertain to digital products.
Designing a user experience begins by identifying the pain points of the target users and figuring out
how to meet the needs of said users. This includes details such as logical flows or steps to take to reach a goal.
Once the interface is programmed to be useful, the prototype is sent to a user interface designer, where the
processes are made visually appealing.