COnsolidated Studies

1. Lucagbo, M., et. al., 2015.
“Incidence of Crimes and Effectiveness of Interventions in the National Capital Region:

Evidence from Panel Data”. School of Statistics, University of the Philippines Diliman.
2. Philippine National Police, 2015, PNP Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) in Managing Police Operations.
3. Philippine National Police, 2013, PNP Guidebook on Human Rights Based Policing.
4. Andresen, M. and Malleson, N., 2014, Police Foot Patrol and Crime Displacement: A Local Analysis, Journal of
Contemporary of Criminal Justice (May 2014).
5. Queensland Police, 2014, Police Beats, State of Queensland (Queensland Police Service). Retrieved from:
https://www.police.qld.gov.au/programs/cscp/p_beat
Crime Prevention Strategies

Urban crime prevention strategies include both social crime prevention and situational crime prevention policies.
Social crime prevention measures are those which deal with the fundamental causes of crime or the criminogenic factors
of crime. On the other hand, situational crime prevention measures, sometimes called defensive prevention measures, are
those intended to reduce the opportunities for committing a crime, attempting to increase the risk and difficulties of crime
through environmental design and management (Lucagbo, et. al., 2015).
Police checkpoints. Checkpoints are important in maintaining public safety and reducing criminality on the streets.
PNP (2015) describes checkpoints as “the conduct of at least 2 hours police check of vehicular and/or pedestrian traffic by
at least 8-man complement in a place normally considered chokepoint or crime hotspot to enforce control measures,
laws, ordinances, and other regulations; police stations shall be required to organize a minimum of 3 teams and conduct
simultaneous checkpoints within 8 or 12-hour shift.” Moreover, checkpoints must not cause inconvenience or intimidate
citizens. Instead, they should provide a real sense of safety and security (PNP, 2013).
Oplan Bakal operations. Oplan bakal operations are defined by PNP (2015) as the “conduct of spot checks on
persons at bar joints and/or areas considered crime-prone or hotspots to confiscate loose firearms and deadly weapons
and prevent them from being used in crimes. It further aims to arrest or neutralize would-be motorcycle riding and
walking criminals.”
Mobile patrols. A mobile patrol is described by PNP (2015) as “one or more police officers conducting patrol within
designated sector using land-based conveyance such as bicycles, motorcycles, and motor vehicles to maintain order,
prevent crimes and enforce laws and local ordinances. The number of operations shall be based on the number of mobile
patrols per 8 or 12-hour shift.” Because of their increased efficiency of coverage, car patrols are sometimes preferred over
foot patrols.
Beat patrols. Police beats ensure that the policing needs of local areas are met with a service customized to each
locality. PNP (2015) defines a beat patrol as “one or two police officers (usually 2 or buddy system) moving about on foot
within the designated beat to maintain order, prevent crimes and enforce laws and local ordinances. The number of beat
patrol operations shall be based on the given number of beats per 8 or 12-hour shift.” Beat policing is a strategy designed
to make individual police officers responsible for the community’s policing needs in a defined geographical area
(Queensland Police, 2014). Beat patrols are also commonly known as “foot patrols.” The theoretical expectation of an
increased police presence would be crime reductions as a result of an increase in perceived risk by offenders (Andresen
and Malleson, 2014).
Social Media and Community Policing
The use of social media offers police agencies the ability to get their messaging to the public without the influence
or bias of the media (Hoffmeister, 2014). Agencies can distribute information and create a sense of transparency with
their social media accounts (Edlins, 2016).
Community policing promotes a mutual relationship between the community and the police, which allows both
parties to become more integrated and active within each other’s setting (Bertot, Jaeger, & Hansen, 2012). The role of
social media is to build connections between individuals and groups; therefore, it is reasonable to propose social networks
between police and the community will assist community policing strategies. Community engagement helps reduce crime
and tackle other issues facing police departments.

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1. Lucagbo, M., et. al., 2015.

“Incidence of Crimes and Effectiveness of Interventions in the National Capital Region:

Crime Prevention Strategies

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