Anatomy Part 1

Necessary life functions
1. Necessary boundaries
- Integumentary system
2. Movement
- Locomotion (skeletal and muscular)
- Movement of structure (cardiovascular system)
3. Responsiveness
- Primary messenger (nervous system)
- Secondary messenger (endocrine system)
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
- Digestive system
- Endocrine system
6. Respiration
7. Excretion
- Urinary system
- Endocrine system
8. Reproduction
9. Growth
- Endocrine system
- Nervous system
- Muscular system
- Skeletal system
10. Immunity
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. Chemical level- how atoms, how elements make up a certain cell.

2. Cellular level- functions of cells, different types of cells and structures of particular cells.
3. Tissue level- consists of similar types of cells and how a particular tissue works.
- Tissue makes up of a particular organ.
Types: Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
4. Organ level- parts of the heart, made up of different types of tissues.
5. Organ system level- consists of different organs that work together closely.
6. Organismal level- human organisms made up of many organ system.
Pathophysiology- associated with disease or injury.
If the skin is damage it can cause disease, the bacteria and microorganisms can enter.
If the body temperature is increase, it means that the cells are rapid. It stimulate rapid stabolism
Anatomy- study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and how they relate in each other.
Ana means open
Tomy means cut
Gross anatomy (large organs)
Microscopic anatomy (smaller organs)
Catabolism- is the breakdown of complex molecules.
Anabolism- complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of
energy (require energy).
Tendons- connecting or attaching bones and muscles.
Calcium- helping muscles to contract normal heart rhythms.
Factors of Vitamin D- Sunlight
Nitrogen- most abundant gas in the atmosphere.
ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Integumentary (organismal level)

2. Skeletal- the bones (protect and supports body organs, provides muscles attachment for
movement, site of body cell formation and stores minerals.
3. Muscular- (locomotion) focus on skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles such as heart and skeletal
muscle. Maintain posture
4. Nervous system- the blue type. The fasting acting control system the primary respondent the
main is the (brain and spinal cord).
5. Endocrine system – the secondary respondent, it secretes regulatory hormones and it also helps
in metabolism.
6. Cardio vascular system- main organ is the heart. It transport material in a body
Via- movement in the body throughout.
7. Lymphatic system- its main purpose is to return the fluids to blood vessels. It also disposes
(debris or worn of cells). And it also involved in immunity.
8. Respiratory system- keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Is carbon dioxide helpful in the body? Yes. It is essential for internal respiration in a human
body. It helps in acid levels and also stimulates our brain.
9. Digestive system- breaks down food (excretion)
10. Urinary system-the neutral ph is 7 and the normal ph is 7.5. It eliminates nitrogenous wastes
and maintains acid-base balance.
(kidneys control) the blood is alkaline.
SURVIVAL NEEDS- are factors required to maintain life.
1. Nutrients- taken in via the diet and contain chemicals used for energy.
- cell buildings and other necessary functions to maintain life.
2. Oxygen- required by chemical processes\reactions that release energy and nutrients from
food.
3. Water- when growing water decreases1
HOMEOSTATIS
-MAINTENANCE OF A STABLE INTERNAL.
-ENVIRONMENT (A DYNAMIC STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM)
3 MAIN TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTATIS
- RECEPTOR (SENSOR) NAKAKADETECT KAPAG MAYROONG CHANGE, COMPONENT
WHERE IN STIMULIES HAPPEN
- ANY CHANGES IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CAN DETECT BY THE
RECEPTOR
- INFOFMATION NA SINESEND SYA AY TINATAWAG NA INPUT SENSORY PATHWAY
-
- CONTROL/INTERGRATING CENTER
- SINENEND NG CONTROL SA EFFECTOR AY OUTPUT PARENT PATHWAY
- EFFECTOR -MOTOR PATHWAY MAGRERELEASE NG INSULIN
- PROVIDE A MEANS OF RESPONSEAS DICTATED BY THE CONTROL CENTER
- 2 TYPES
- TO NIGATE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS DROP THE THERMOSTAT
- STIMULUS IS DROP IN THE TEMPERATURE
- WHEN A COLD IN YOUR BODY
- PARENT PATHWAY TO DETECTOR

NEGATIVE MECHANISM
- SHIVERING INCREASE THE BODY TEMPERATURE NA DETECT NG BRAIN.
- UMINOM NG MARAMING GATAS MARAMING LAMAN NA CALCIUM IT CONTAIN LOTS
OF CALCIUM STIMULUS YUNG RECEPTOR SEND TO THE BRAIN OUTPUT TO THYROID
GLAND RELEASE CALCITUNIN
BLOOD CLOTHING( BUO BUO YUNG DUGO) MAMAMATAY KA POSIVE REINFORCEMENT
BIRTH OF THE BABY
BREASTFEEDINGTHE INFORMATION SEND TO THE BRAIN AND THE BRAIN RELEASE INFORMATION NOT
USUAL CONDITION
- GLOCUSE KAPAG NAIWAN SA LOOB NG KATAWAN AT HINDI NAKUHA NG CELLS AY

DANGEROUS
- SEND THE RECEPTOR IS CALLED INPUT
HOMEOSTATIS IS PROVIDED BY THE VARIABLE THAT IS BEING REGULATED.
HIGER TEMP CALLED STIMULUS MADEDETECT NI RECEPTOR UUTUSAN NYA YUNG CONTROL
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK OF HOMEOSTATIS
THE STIMULUS IS PROVIDED BY THE VARIABLE THAT IS BEING REGULATED. THE STIMULUS
INDICATES THAT THE VALUE OF THE VARIABLE HAS MOVED AWAY FROM THE SET POINT OR
HAS LEFT THE NORMAL RANGE.
THE SENSOR MONITORS THE VALUES OF THE VARIABLE SENDS DATA TO THE CONTROL
CENTER.
THE CONTROL CENTER MATCHES THE DATA WITH NORMAL VALUES. IF THE VALUE IS NOT
AT SET POINT OR
STANDING ERECT THE FEET IS FLAT ON THE FLOOR
THE PALMS ARE FACING FORWARD.
TWO TERMS DESCRIBE A RECLINING BODY, IF THE BODY IS LYING FACE
SUPINE IS LYING FACE BACK
FACE IS LYING FACE DOWN PRONE POSITION
DIRECTIONAL DEFINITION
SUPERIOR- toward the head or the upper part sample the nose is superior to the mouth it
means the
Inferior the mouth is inferior to the no
Anterior nasa harap
Posterior nasa likod
Medial- the eyes are medial to the ear
Lateral - The ears are lateral to the eyes
Intermediate – the trachea is intermediate to the lungs, the heart is intermediate to the
lungs.
Ipsilateral- right ear is ipsilateral to right eye
Contralateral the right ear is contralater.al to left ear
Proximal- the kness are proximal to the toes
Distal- the hand is distal to the shoulder
Superficial the epidermis is to the dermis
Deep- The dermis is deep to the epidermis, the bones in an appendage are located deeper
than the muscles.
ITS BECAUSE HISTORY IS A SCIENCE. THAT IS WHY IT IS SOMETIMES CALLED SOCIAL SCIENCE.
HISTORY IS THE SCIENCE OF THE PAST. AND LIKE SCIENCE THERE ARE CERTAIN LAWS OR
RULES WHICH THE DISCIPLINE IS BOUND TO. LIKE FOR EXAMPLE A HISTORIAN CAN’T JUST
MAKE UP WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST. AS HISTOR\Y IS BASED ON EVIDENCE. PRIMARY
SOURCES ARE KEY FORMS OF EVIDENCE WHICH GUIDES HISTORIANS. PRIMARY SOURCES
ARE THOSE SOURCES CREATED DURING THE TIME BEING STUDIED. THEY CONTAIN
FIRSTHAND KNOWLEDGE OR INFORMATION. AND THIS BRINGS US TO WHAT WE CALL
HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY. HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH A
HISTORIAN CONSTRUCTS AN ACCOUNT OF THE PAST. FOR EXAMPLE HISTORICAL
METHODOLOGY INVOLVES HISTORIANS EXAMINING SOURCES, PROPOSING HYPOTHESES,
TESTING THOSE HYPOTHESES, AND FINALLY ARRIVING AT CDONCLUSIONS
THERE ARE LITTLE USABLE MATERIALS LEFT FOR HISTORIANS TO USE AS EITHER THEY ARE
ALREADY USED OR HAVE DEPLETED OVER TIME. THE SOURCES OF STUDY ARE REFEERRED
TO AS THE FIRSTHAND TESTIMONY OF THE HISTORY TOPIC TO BE STUDIED. GENERALLY
SOURCES ARE COMPOSED OF THREE TYPES , THESE ARE THE PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND
TERTIARY. THESE INCLUDE POEMS, PUBLICATIONS, EXTRACTS, DICTIONARIES, JOURNALS
AND ETC. WITH TIME, MANY HISTORIANS HAVE CARRIED OUT VARIOUS STUDIES AND HAVE
ALREADY USED THE AVAILABLE HISTORICAL RESOURCES, THEREBY LEAVING NO ROOM FOR
OTHERS. MANY RESOURCES SUCH AS ARTIFACTS, WEAPONS AND MORE HAVE BEEN SEIZED
BY THE GOVERNMENT AND PUT IN MUSEUMS FURTHER LEADING TO THE SCARCITY OF
MATERIALS. THE RAPID CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT HAS ALSO LED TO THE DEPLETION
OF VARIOUS RESOURCES. ACCORDING TO A HISTORIAN “RAPSON” HISTORY IS SOMETHING
THAT IS A CONNECTED ACCOUNT OF THE COURSE OF EVENTS OR IDEAS PROGRESSION.

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Anatomy Part 1

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Necessary life functions

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

1. Chemical level- how atoms, how elements make up a certain cell.

Ana means open

Tomy means cut

Gross anatomy (large organs)

Microscopic anatomy (smaller organs)

Catabolism- is the breakdown of complex molecules.

Tendons- connecting or attaching bones and muscles.

Calcium- helping muscles to contract normal heart rhythms.

Factors of Vitamin D- Sunlight

Nitrogen- most abundant gas in the atmosphere.

1. Integumentary (organismal level)

- STIMULUS IS DROP IN THE TEMPERATURE

- WHEN A COLD IN YOUR BODY

- PARENT PATHWAY TO DETECTOR

BLOOD CLOTHING( BUO BUO YUNG DUGO) MAMAMATAY KA POSIVE REINFORCEMENT

BIRTH OF THE BABY

- GLOCUSE KAPAG NAIWAN SA LOOB NG KATAWAN AT HINDI NAKUHA NG CELLS AY

HOMEOSTATIS IS PROVIDED BY THE VARIABLE THAT IS BEING REGULATED.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK OF HOMEOSTATIS

THE PALMS ARE FACING FORWARD.

TWO TERMS DESCRIBE A RECLINING BODY, IF THE BODY IS LYING FACE

SUPINE IS LYING FACE BACK

FACE IS LYING FACE DOWN PRONE POSITION

Inferior the mouth is inferior to the no

Anterior nasa harap

Posterior nasa likod

Medial- the eyes are medial to the ear

Lateral - The ears are lateral to the eyes

Ipsilateral- right ear is ipsilateral to right eye

Contralateral the right ear is contralater.al to left ear

Proximal- the kness are proximal to the toes

Distal- the hand is distal to the shoulder

Superficial the epidermis is to the dermis

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