SCIENCE 3RD QUARTER

HEREDITY – is transmission of the characteristics of potentialities genetically derives from one’s genes.
GENES- are segments of DNA molecule that make up a chromosome, where it controls the production of
proteins.
VARIATION- it means the diversity or uniqueness in the structural or functional characteristics of an
organism from the species or population.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS- it is a process that takes place in the ribosome.
PROTEINS- are substances that determines the size, shape, and characteristics of living things.
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA- ribonucleic acid
CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULES BIOLOGY- it as a principle that unites the process of
replication, transcription, and translation.
DNA- molecules packed in threadlike structure called chromosome.
DNA PROTEINS- are tightly wound around proteins called “histones”.
CHROMOSOMES- may comprise the complete or partial genetic material of an organism.
- Vary in shape, sizes, ad number depending on the species of organisms or where the
species are found.
CHROMATIDS- is one of the two arms of chromosomes.
P-ARM (short arm)
Q-ARM (long arm)
AUTOSOMAL CHROMOSOMES- the first 22 pairs that are identical in both male and female is called.
MITOSIS- developed body cells
MIEOSIS- formed the germs cell.
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS- a type of mutation that involves a long segment of DNA.
- It may involve changes in pats of chromosomes or the entire set of chromosomes.
- Usually occurs during mitosis and meiosis.
2 TYPES OF GENERAL MUTATION:
- Numerical Mutations
- Structural Mutations
NUMERICAL MUTATIONS- result from nondisjunction, or failure at a pair of homologous
chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis and meiosis.
EG. OF NUMERICAL MUTATION:

1) Aneuploidy- changes in chromosome numbers, such as the addition or deletion of one or more
chromosomes.
*Examples of aneuploidy*
> TRISONOMY (2N+1) – the addition of one chromosome in normal 2N
> MONOSOMY (2N-1)- the deletion of a chromosome from the normal chromosome number: 2N
> TRISONOMY 21 OR DOWN SYNDROME- is a human chromosome trisonomy involving
nondisjunction of the 21st pair of autosomes.
2) POLYPLOIDY- nondisjunction involving entire sets of chromosomes

HOMEOSTASIS REGULATES:
 Body temperature
 Fluids
 Salts
 Acids
 Nutrients
 Gases
DIFFERENT CONTROL SYSTEM
 Sensors
 Control center
 Communicating system
 Targets
CALCITOCIN – controls the calcium level in the bloodstream.
ADH- ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
THE ONES THAT ARE STIMULATED BY THE PITUITARY GLAND
 Adrenal gland
 Thyroid gland
 Skeletal system
 Milk production
THYMUS- located at the upper chest behind the breast bone.
ARE THE COMMUNICATING SYSTEM OF THE BODY
 Nervous system
 Endocrine system
PARTS OF NEURONS
 Dendrites
  Cell body
 Axon
THE COMPONENTS OF THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
 BRAIN
 RECEPTOR
 EFFECTOR
THE PRIMARY REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
 TESTES
 OVARIES
TWO HORMONES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR REPRODUCTION
 Luteinizing Hormone
 Follicle- stimulating hormone
HORMONES IN THE OVARIES
 Estrogen
 Progesterone
 Prolactin
3 PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 Proliferative Phase
 Ovulation
 Luteal Phase

ENDROCRINE SYSTEM- is made up of organs called endocrine glands.

- Is also known as the “system of checks and balances.”
- Consists of hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the daily activities of
the body and control its overall development.
ENDOCRINE GLAND- is a group of organs that made up the endocrine system.
HORMONES- chemical substance
- Acts as the chemical messenger in the body which stimulates many organs such as
ovaries and testes.
GLAND- produces and releases a chemical substance called hormone.
TERMOSTAT- temperature regulator
HOMEOSTASIS- is responsible for the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment of the
body.
HYPOTHALAMUS- it is a small gland located at the base of the brain.
OXYTOCIN- these are released from the hypothalamus which controls the muscle constructions of the
uterus and milk production.
ANTIDIURETIC HORMOONE- it increases water uptake in the kidney.
PITUITARY GLAND- it stimulates the adrenal gland to release specific hormone.
INSULIN- it controls the level of sugar in the blood.
GLUCOGEN- it stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose.
HYPOGLYCEMIA- it can occur if there is low sugar in the blood.
SENSORS- are receptors that are responsible for gathering information about the condition inside and
outside the body.
HUMAN BODY- is made up of sensory neurons which carry impulses to the brain or spinal cord.
BRAIN- control center of the body.
- Receives information from the sensors.
TARGETS- is any organ, tissue, or cell that is responsible for the changes in the electricity of the body.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK- is a control system to reduce or minimize any changes or conditions of the
body.
SET POINT- refers to the normal value and ideal requirement of the body to maintain homeostasis.
OXYGEN- is necessary for breathing for the proper functioning of the body.
RECEPTORS- it detects changes within the body.
EFFECTOR- is responsible for the response to change.
STIMULUS- it produces a change to a variable.
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF RECEPTORS
 INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS
 CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS
INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS- are the receptors that are found inside the cell.
CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS- are the receptors which are located in the plasma membrane.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM- is a control system that uses information from sensors to
increase the rate of processes.
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- it is important to produce offspring.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- produce and transports sperms cells.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- it the one the receives the sperm and produce the egg cell.
URETHRA- is the tube that passes through the penis to the outside of the body.
PENIS- is a soft, tubular organ that hangs in front of the body.
TESTES- are made up of coiled tubules in which the sperms are produced.
TESTOSTERONE- the produces the male sex hormones.
EPIDIDYMIS- is a coiled J-shaped tub e that is located on the back of each testicle.
VAS DEFERENS- is the tube that receives the sperm from the epididymis.
SCROTUM- is a pouch of skin that hangs from the penis which houses the testes and protects the sperm.
SEMINAL VESICLE- is at the base of the urinary bladder that secrete a thick fluid that nourishes the
sperm.
EJACULATORY DUCTS- to force the semen out of the body.
SEMEN- is what the combination of sperm with the nutrient secretions from the prostate gland and
seminal vesicle.
OVARIES- are small almond-shaped organs

THE 2 HORMONES IN THE OVARY

 Estrogen
 Progesterone
ESTROGEN- are the secrete hormones in the ovary.
PROGESTERONE- matured eggs is called.
OVULATION- the process where the ovary releases one ripened egg every 28 days.
PUBERTY- the ovaries start to mature.
FALLOPIAN TUBES- two tubes that extend from each ovary into the uterus.
UTERUS/WOMB- is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located between the two ovaries.
MENSTRUAL DISCHARGE- if the egg remains unfertilized, the uterine wall sheds and passes through
the vagina.
CERVIX- a narrow structure within an inch long canal connecting the end of the uterus and upped portion
of the vagina.
VAGINA/ BIRTH CANAL- is a hallow tube leading from the cervix to the outside of the body.
MONS VENERIS- is the hairy skin covered pad of fat over the pubic bone.
VULVA- the external genetalia that includes the mons veneris.
LABIA MINORA- is the small lips covered with modified skin.
LABIA MAJORA- the large lips covered with pubic hair.
CLITORIS- is the small almond-shaped erectile tissue located below the tissue of the two minora.
VAGINAL ORIFICE- is the opening into the vagina.
REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS- is controlled by the pituitary gland.
LUTEINIJZING HORMONE- it sends signal to the testes to produce testosterone.
FOLLICLE- STIMULATING HORMONE- it controls the production of sperm and growth of facial hair.
ENDOMETRIUM- a mucus membrane lining the womb.
- It breaks down and is discharged out of the body if pregnancy does not successfully
occur.
MENSTRUATION- is the monthly shedding of the lining of the womb.
MENTRUAL CYCLE- it begins when the egg matures or ripens in any of the ovary.
MATURED EGGS- are released from the ovary.
PUBERTY- is a stage when a child’s body starts to develop or change as he/she becomes an adult.
DYSMENORRHEA- is characterized by severe pain during menstruation.
AMENORRHEA- is the abnormal absence of menstrual period.
OLIGOMENORRHEA- is the abnormal and infrequent menstrual period.
GAMETE- sperm and egg.
GAMETOGENESIS- is the formation of gametes.
OVERPOPULATION- results in an increase demand for natural resources consumption.
IMMIGRATION- transfer of individuals from one population to another due to weather.
EMIGRATION- transfer of individuals out of a population.
BIRTH- refers to the emergence of a young animal or human.
DEATH- the size of a population declines individual to die.
NATURALIST- who theorize that these evolutionary changes occurred.

EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION-
 Fresh water for potable water is inadequate.
 Natural resources are depleted, especially fossil fuels.
 Deforestation and loss of ecosystem occur.
 High infant and child mortality.
 Changes in atmosphere conditions resulting in global warming.
WATER- is the most essential abiotic factor which helps most living organism survive.
- Is the lifeblood of earth.
TEMPERATURE- is the heat and cold equilibrium in combination with many environmental factors that
governs several psychological and biological process on earth.
LIGHT- is the main source of energy of plants and algae.
NATURAL LIGHT- has an important part to play in the life of many living things.
PLANTS- utilize light for the process of photosynthesis where light energy is converted into complex
organic substances.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE- is due to gravitational force of earth in which the atmospheric gases are
pulled towards the surface.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SURVIVAL OF ORGANISMS
 Water
 Temperature
 Light
 Atmospheric pressure
 Chemical components
ADAPTATION- happens when a gene mutates or changes by accident.
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION- refers to the physical characteristics of an organism that help them to
survive on its ecosystem.
CARRYING CAPACITY- is the maximum number of individuals of a given species than an area’s
resources can sustain without significantly depleting or degrading those resources.
GLOBAL WARMING- is the rapid increase of temperature in the atmosphere.
POPULATION GROWTH- the faster the increase of human population.
CHEMICAL SMOG- is a very hazardous compound that may cause species to be instinct.
HABITAT DESTRUCTION- can occur because of the negligence and irresponsibility of human being.
CAUSES OF HABITAT DESTRUCTION
 Logging
 Agriculture
 Forest fires
 Building roads and bridges

LOGGING- is an act of trimming and transporting trees.

AGRICULTURE- wildlands are converted for farming and agriculture.
FOREST FIRES- happen when humans illegally clear an area of trees.
BUILDING ROADS AND BRIDGES- human are cutting down trees and clearing wild lands to build
roads and bridges.

WAYS TO MINIMIZE HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

 Forest Management
 Soil Management
 Air Quality Management (AQM)
 Marine water and Freshwater Management
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3572- AN ACT TO PROHIBIT CUTTING OF TINDALO, ANKLE AND
MOLAVE TREE.
JOHN- BAPTISTE de LAMARCK (1744-1829)- made observation of fossil and existing organisms.
- He saw pieces of evidence that organisms had change through time.
1809- Lamarck proposed that organisms evolve in response to their environment.
EVOLVE- means to change from one form to another.
TWO BASIC FACTS WHERE LAMARCK’S OBSERVATION WAS BASED ON
 FOSSIL RECORDS – showed that organism in the past were different from those living today.
 ORGANISMS- are well-adapted to their environment.
ASSUMPTION THAT HIS OBSERVATION DEVELOPED
 THE THEORY OF NEED
 THE THEORY OF USE AND DISUSE
 THE THEORYB OF TRANSMITTING ACQUIRED TRAITS
THE THEORY OF NEED- organisms change because they need to
THE THEORY OF USE AND DISUSE- organisms develop specialized characteristics by the use or
disuse of the organs.
THEORY OF ACQUIRED TRAITS- these traits are passed on from their parents.
VARIATION- the different types of the same category
- the uniqueness or diversity in structural characteristics
CHARLES DARWIN (1804-1836)- made the observations about nature or evolutionary trends.
MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION
 mutation
 natural selection
 migration
 genetic drift
MUTATION- is the result in an error or failure in DNA replication.
NATURAL SELECTION IN CLASSIFIED INTO
 STALALIZING SELECTION
 DERICTIONAL SELECTION
 DIVERSIFYING SELECTION

NATURAL SELECTION- a series of action inducing to an end.

DESCENDANTS- there are many characteristics compared to the ancestors distinct, that is enough
To be grouped as separate species.
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE- reinforced the Dain of Darwin.
AP 3RD QUARTER

Karapatang pantao-ay mga pamantayang moral o kaugalian na naglalarawan ng mga tiyak na

pamantayan ng paggawi ng tao at palaging protektado bilang mga karapatang likas at legal sa batas-
munisipyo at batas-pandaigdigan.
URI NG KARAPATAN
*Karapatang Likas o Natural
*Karapatang Ayon sa Batas
Constitutional Rights- ito ang mga karapatang kaloob at pinangangalagaan o binibigyang proteksyion ng
konstitusyon ng bansa
Statutory Rights-ito ang mga karapatang kaloob ng mga batas na pinagtibay ng konggreso o tagapagbatas
Karapatang Sibil (Civil Liberties/Rights)- nakapaloob dito ang pagiging malay sa lahat ng bagay
Karapatang Pang-ekonomiya o Pangkabuhayan- Karapatan magkaroon ng ari-arian at Karapatan sa
pagpili ng kabuhayan, Negosyo, hanapbuhay nang ayon sa nais.
Karapatang Pampolitika- Karapatan na bumoto, pagkandidato sa eleksiyon at pagiging kasapi sa
anumang partibong political.
Karapatang Pangkultura- Karapatan sa pagsasabuhay ng sariling tradisyon, gawi, at pag-uugali.
Mga Karapatan ng Akusado/Nasasakdal (Rights of the Accused)- pinangangalagaan nito ang mga
taong akusado o nasasakdal sa anumang paglabag sa batas.
Bill of Rights- kung saan nakapaloob ang karapatang pantao na dapat ay tinatamasa ng bawat
mamamayan.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights- ito ay nabuo at nilagdaan noong Disyembre 10,1948
Child and Youth Welfare Code-ito ang nilikha upang pangangalagaan ang mga Karapatan ng bata.
Extrajudicial Killing - Ang pagpatay nang taong di umano'y nagkasala sa batas.
Republic Act No. 8371- Ang nilikha ng batas bilang pagtupad sa Artikulo II, Seksiyon 22 ng Saligan
Batas
Komisyong Pantao - Ang komisyong ito ay may layong ipagtanggol ang karapatang pantao.
Philippine Commission on Women- Ang ahensyang nangunguna upang maisulong ang pagpapa-unlad ng
Women's Empowerment at Karapatan ng kababaihan
Mga Magulang - Ang ilan sakanila ay nang-aabuso at nanakit sa kanilang sariling anak.
Bantay Bata 163- Layunin nitong makahanap ng paraan upang maiwasan ang pang-aabuso sa mga bata,
habang nangunguna sa pangangalaga sa Karapatan at Kalagayan ng bata.
Iba't ibang uri ng Paglabag
- Pisikal na Paglabag
-Sikolohikal at Emosyonal na paglabag
- Estruktural o Sistematikong Paglabag

Halimbawa ng seksuwal na pananakit

-panghahalay
-rape
-pagsasamantala
-marital rape
-domestic violence

KARAPATAN NG KABABAIHAN
 Karapatang makaboto
 Karapatang makapagtrabaho
 Karapatang makapag-aral
 Karapatang magplano ng pamilya
 Karapatang mangapalagaan ang mga anak

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9710 or THE MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN- ang nagsasaad ng iba pang
Karapatan ng kababaihan.

FILIPINO 3RD QUARTER

Pitong pangyayari:
1: Isang araw ay naglalakbay si Mullah at ang kanyang anak.
2 : Pinasakay niya ang kanyang anak sa buro habang sya ay naglalakad.
3: Hinimok niya ang kanyang ama na sumakay sa buro kapalit niya at siya na lamang ang naglakad.
4: Si Mullah ay sumakay na rin sa buro kasama ang anak.
5: Sila ay bumaba sa buro at parehas ng naglakad.
6: Naglalakad sila sa ilalim ng mainit na araw.
7: Pinasan ni Mullah ang buro sa kanyang balikat.
Apat na panghuhusga:
1: Wala raw galang ang mga kabataan ngayon sa matatanda. Hinayaan lamang ng anak na maglakad ang
kawawang ama habang sya ay nakasakay.
2: Ang bata ay naglalakad habang ang ama kay nakasakay.
3: Pasan-pasan ng buro ang bigat ng dalawang tao.
4: Naglakad daw sila sa ilalim ng mainit na araw samantang maaari naman silang sumakay sa buro.
ANG KAMATAYAN NI IVAN ILYICH A
SA ISANG KORTE- nagsimula ang nobela
PETER IVANOVICH- ang nakapansin ng isang pahayagan sa pagpanaw ni IVAN
SHWARTZ- isa pa sa kaniyang katrabaho na nagimbita sakanya ng maglato ng bridge
PRASKOVYA FEDOROVNA- ang asawa ni Ivan
malaking salapi- ang iniisip ng kangiyang asawa na makukuha galing sa gobyerno sa pagkamatay ni Ivan
tatlumpong taon- ang pagbalik nang nakaraan ng buhay ni Ivan sa sumunod na bahagi ng nobela.
Abogasya- ang tinapos ni Ivan
EXAMINING MAGISTRATE- ang natangga na posisyon at inilipat sa ibang lalawigan
IVAN ILYICH- ang namatay
- Naglalaro ng bridge
- Umiikot ang mundo sa pagtatrabaho at pagbabarkada
PUBLIC PROSECUTOR- ang natanggap niya na bagong posisyon
ST. PETERSBURG- saan lumipat ang mag-asawa
KAGAWARAN NG KATARUNGAN- ang nakuha ni Ivan na posisyon sa St. Petersburg
APENDIKS- ang ugat ng kaniyang kamatayan
KAMATAYAN- ang nakikita ng ivan at kaniyang kinakatakutan, nakalauna’y ipinaubaya din ang kaniyang
sarili.
GERASIM- ay natirang iisang pinanggagalingan ng kaniyang ginhawa
- Ang tanging nakakainitindi sakamya
- Ang tumulong kay ivan sa kaniyang pangangailangan
VASYA- ang anak ni ivan at praskovya
- Ang anak na nakakintindi kay Ivan.
sarilinng interes- ang nakita ni Ivan Ilyich sa kaniyang asawa at nagalit ito.
asawa at doktor- ang pinalayas ni Ivan
artipisyal- ang inamin niya na nagging buhay
tatlong araw- nagpatuloy ang sakit ni Ivan
MITO- ay hango sa kwentong ang kadalasang pinapaksa ay relihiyon o paniniwala, mga diyos at dyosa at kung
paano nilikha ang daigdig.
ELEMENTO NG MITO
 Tauhan
 Tagpuan
 Banghay
ANG PAGBABALAT- isang karakter o tauhan ang tiyak na kakainisan dahil sa Pagkakamaling kaniyang
ginawa.
- Salin ni FELICIDAD Q. CUAÑO
isang kariton- kung saan inihalintulad ang buhay.
Manlilikha- siya an umugit at humubog sa mga galla
KATANGIAN NG MGA GALLA
 Matangkad
 Kapansin-pansin
 Magaganda tulad ng isang ebony
Masisira at mangungulubot- ang mangyayari sa mga balat ng mga galla sa ilalim ng mainit na araw
HOLOWAKA- ang ibon na inutusan ng manlilikha
Paruparo- nagtatago sa isang bago at sariwang kagandahan
KATANGIAN NG IBON
 Pakpak ay kulay lila
 Ang tuka ay kulay rosas
ANG NAKITA NI HOLOWAKA ISTEAD ANG MGA GALLA
 RHINOSEROUS
 GIRAFFE
 HYEANA
 LEON
TINGIN NI HOLOWAKA SA KANIYANG NAKIKITA
 WALNG PAKPAK
 WALANG TUKA
 WALANG BALAHIBO
PAGONG- ang unang Nakita ni holowaka
PAGAKAKALARAWAN NIYA SA PAGONG
 Maliliit
 Mababa
 Bilog ang mukha at makayo sa sinasabi ng manlilikha na Maganda
AHAS- ang ikalawang Nakita ni holowaka
EMERALD- ang kaniyang naalala imbes na ebony
PAANO BALATANG AT TANGGALIN ANG KANIYANG BALAT- ang ipinakita ni holowaka
LABIS NA INTERES- ang ipinakita ng ahas sa sipnabi ng ibon
NAWALA ANG AHAS at IKINALAT ANG SEKRETO SA KANIYANG MGA ANAK- ang hindi napansin ni
holowaka habang siya ay dumadaldal
PAANO INILARAWAN ANG NATANGGAL NA BALAT/ SAAN MAIHAHALINTULAD ANG BALAT
 PAPEL
 HUGIS DIYAMANTE
 SINAG NA SINAG
ANG MGA NILALANG AY MAY PAKPAK AT BALAHIBO UPANG MAKALIPAD- kung si holowaka ang
manlilikha.
SA HULI NIYA NAPAGTANTO ANG KANIYANG PAGKAKAMALI- ang wakas
ANEKDOTA- isang maikling salaysay na maaaring hango sa hindi o tunay na buhay
PAGSULAT NG ISANG ANEKDOTA
 PAKSA
 TAUHAN
 TAGPUAN
 LAYUNIN O MOTIBO NG PAGSULAT
 PARAAN NG PAGSULAT
 MENSAHE
ANG PANGHUHUSDA- salin ni FELECIDAD Q. CUAÑO
SI MULLAH AT KANIYANG ANAK- ang naglalakbay
BURO- kung saan pinasakay ni Mullah ang kaniyang anak habang siya ay naglalakad.
- Pinasan ni mullah
TULA- ang pinakamagandang salita sa kaniyang pinakamagandang kaayusan
ELEMENTO NG TULA
 PENSONA, TUGMA, TALINGHAGA, SUKAT
BISA NG TULA
 BISA SA ISIP (tumino sa isip ng mambabasa ang anumang akdang babasahin)
 BISA SA KAASALAN (may naituturo itong aral na magagamit sa pangaraw-araw na buhay)
 BISA SA DAMDAMIN (naantig ang damdamin ng mambabasa, at nagiging mabisa ang pagkakasulat
sa akda)
TATLONG MATATAAS NA URI NG TULA
 TULA NG DAMDAMIN- ang lyric poetry sa wikang ingles, nagpapahayag ito ng damdaming
pansarili
 TULANG PASALAYSAY- tulang nagsasalaysay ng isang kawit ng mga pangyayari na maaring sa
tunay na buhay o guni-guni lamang.
  TULANG PANDULAAN- ay binibigkas ng patula at itinatanghal sa entablado o tanghalan
TULA NG DAMDAMIN
 KANTAHIN- payak ang mga salita at sukat na
- Nahahati sa ilang taludturan, maaaring pansarili o panlipunan
 ODA- masiglang damdaamin, isang papuri o panaghoy ang nlalaman nito
 ELEHIYA- hinggil sa kamatayan
 SONETO- palagiang kaanyuan na may labing-apat na taludturan at ang huling dalawang taludtud
TULANG PASALAYSAY
 Epiko- nagsasalaysay ng kabayanihan at uring angat sa kalikasa o kababalaghan
 AWIT AT KORIDO- ukol sa pakikipagsapalaran ng mga prisipe at prinsesa at mga kabalyerong
mandirigma
AWIT1- may labing dalawang taludturan
KORIDO- may walong taludturan sa bawat pantig
PANLAPI- ay ikinakabit sa salitang ugat upang bumuo ng isang salita.
MAIKLING KWENTO- ay akdang pampanitikan na inilahad ang isang pangyayari sa buhay ng pangunahing
tauhan na maaring totoo o hango sa guniguni.
ELEMENTO NG MAIKLING KWENTO
 TAUHAN- nagpapahayag ng kaniyang iniisip, nadarama at ikinikilos at gustong ipahatid sa
mambabasa
 TAGPUAN- ito ang pook o tagpuan na pinangyarihan ng mga tagpo sa akda
 BANGHAY- ito ang sa aayos na kawing-kawing o pagkasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayari sa isang
akda.
BAHAGI NG MAIKILING KWENTO
 PANIMULA- ito ay ang kawili-wili at kapana-panabik upang utloy-tuloy ang mga mambabasa
 TUNGGALIAN- suliranin o labanan sa kwento
 KASUKDULAN- ang pinakaantig sa mga pangyayari, nagdudulot ito ng pinakamataas na pananabik
 KAKALASAN- naglalahad ng solusyon sa problema o palatandaan sa pagwawakas ng kwento
 WAKAS- ang kahihinatnan ng mga pangyayari sa kwento
ANG CAROUSEL- salin ni REYNALDO V. CUAÑO
APAT NA TAONG GULANG- edad ng bata
Ina- nagpasimuno ng paglabas
Zari- pangalan ng ina/ asawa
Carousel- kung saan sumakay ang bata
Kalungkutan- ito ay nanggaling sa ating kaibuturan
Sine- pumunta ang lalaki sa araw ng kanilang kasal
Apat na buwan- ilang buwan ng naghiwalay ang mag-asawa
Target shooting- sinabi ng bata sa ama upang siya ay malibang habang nakasakay siya sa carousel
TAGABANTAY- ang sumagip/sumigaw sa bata ng muntik na itong mahulog sa pagkakasakay
Isang matandang babae- ang nagtitinda ng ticket at sakanya bumili ang lalaki
Ang ama- ang pumunta sa anak
SA KANIYANG INA- saan naninirahan ang bata
ANG SINABI NG BABAE SA KANIYANG ASAWA
 MAGSAYA KA
 TUMA
 AT MAGSALITA
ANG PINAGPIPILIAN NG MGA BATA
 KAHOY NA GANSA
 MALIIT NA KABAYO
ENGLISH 3RD QUARTER

HOW TO DEFINE A TERM? Or WHAT ARE THE WAYS TO DEFINE TERMS?

 WORD
 PHRASE
 SENTENCE
 SENTENCES
 PARAGRAPH

EXPANDED DEFINITION- is a paragraph or composition explaining a complex or abstract term.

WHAT ARE THE WAYS OF GIVING EXPANDED DEFINITION?
 SYNONYNS
 ANTONYMS
 RESTATEMENT
 NARRATION
 EXEMPLICATION
SYNONYM- it’s a way of giving expanded definition using the word’s same meaning.
ANTONYM- it’s a way of giving definition using the word’s opposite meaning.
RESTATEMENT- it’s a way of giving expanded definition using through/ concept that has previously been
said.
NARRATION- it’s a way of giving expanded definition using little story to further explain the idea.
EXEMPLIFICATION- it’s a way of giving expanded definition using the examples in explaining or defining
something.
COHESION- connection of ideas at sentence level.
COHERENCE- holistic unison of ideas of a written text or discourse.
EULOGY- is a speech or a written text that pays tribute to someone who just passed away.
VOLUME- I is the loudness or softness of voice.
PITCH- it is the highness or lowness of voice.
RESONANCE- it is the fullness of voice.
PACE- it is the speed at which you speak.
PAUSE- it is the interval of silence in speaking.
INTONATION- it is the rise and fall of voice.
STRATEGIES OF DELIVERING VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 VOLUME
 PITCH
 PAUSE
 PACE
 INTONATION
 RESONANCE
STRATEGIES OF DELIVERING NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATON
 GESTURES
 POSTURE
 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
 AUDIENCE RAPPORT
GESTURES- movement of the parts of the body.
POSTURE- how you sit and stand.
FACIAL EXPRESSION- motion or positions of the muscles beneath the skin or the face.
AUDIENCE RAPPORT- connection of the speaker to the audience.
WRITTEN- type of communication using pen and paper.

TECHNIQUES IN WRITING:
PERSUASIVE WRITING
 USE RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
 CONSTANTLY REPEAT KEYPOINTS
 USE GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS
INFORMATIVE WRITING
 INFORM AND EDUCATE YOUR AUDIENCE
 GATHER VITAL INFORMATION FROM AT LEAST 4 SOURCES
 ANALYZE FACTS AND RESEARCH DETAILS
ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
  HAVE A STRONG THESIS STATEMENT IN YOUR INTRODUCTION
 HAVE SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE IN YOUR BODY
 GUVE FURTHER EMPHASIS OF YOUR THESIS STATEMENT IN YOUR CONCLUSION
TOAST SPEECH- it is a tribute to honor someone.
ROAST SPEECH- same as toast speech but with humor or jokes.
PARTS OF TOAST AND ROAST SPEECH
 Hook
 Background
 1-2-3 punch
 Clink
THE HOOK- the first seven seconds of your speech
- It is a one-to-three-line description of the toastee.
- Should be juicy, funny, or mysterious.
THE BACKGROUND- some background on why you’re giving a toast speech in the first place.
1-2-3 PUNCH- stories depending on how much time you have been allotted.
- Comes after you hook and a brief background.
CLINK- after your final story and your last audience tie-in for the clink.
- It’s your opportunity to offer well wishes, thanks, and gratitude towards the toastee.
TOAST FELONIES
 SCRIPT
 SUPERLATIVES
 LITANY OF APOLOGIES
 CLICHÉ
 TOO STEADY
TOAST QUICK TIPS
 WHEN IN DOUBT, ASK PERMISSION
 NEVER CURSE
 BRING A GLASS
THE PREFECT STORY HAS
 SOMEONE IS A LITTLE BIT EMBARRASSED
 STRONG SENSORY ELEMENTS
 REFERENCE AUDIENCE MEMBERS
 A PUNCH LINE
 A TIE-IN
DON’Ts IN YOUR BACKGROUND
 DON’T WASTE THE OPPURTUNITY FOR A GOOD JOKE
 DON’T SKIM OVER THE DELICIOUS DETAILS
  DON’T MAKE IT SOUND LIKE ANYONE ELSE’S
DO’s IN YOUR BACKGROUND
 PUNCH UP THE CONTEXT
 KEEP IT SHORT
 CUE UP A STORY TO COME LATER

A GREAT TOAST IS AN EVENT GAME CHANGER

HOW?
 PEOPLE PERK UP THEIR SEATS
 GUESTS PUT AWAY THEIR PHONES
 JOVIAL BACK SLAPPING AND GLASS CLINKING INCREASES THREE-FOLD
 THE TOASTER BECOMES A CELEBRITY

GIVING A GREAT TOAST IS A GIFT.

GOOD LUCK SA EXAM, EYY!!!