ABSTRACT

Modernization of the farming process is one of the crucial steps for a country like India. Various
architectural and technological improvements have been suggested in the past and have been
widely adopted over the years to improve the productivity of the agricultural field. One of the
major challenges of the agriculture is the proper monitoring of the soil health, the environment,
and adjusting the irrigation as well as the plant clear Issues which results in less efficient and less
productive crops.

The proposed work is about having control over the irrigation and monitoring of the agricultural
field using IOT. The system connects physical sensing devices with the cloud and connects the
irrigation control mechanism with the cloud. This keeps an immense analysis and problem
solving capability to the overall architecture.

The Internet of Things can be defined as a global, immersive, invisible, ambient networked
computing environment built through the continued proliferation of smart sensors, cameras,
software, databases, and massive data centers in a world-spanning information fabric known as
the Internet of Things. The basic idea of the lOT is that virtually every physical thing in this
world can also become a computer that is connected to the Internet. Internet of Things (IOT)
aims to extend Internet to large number of distributed devices by defining standard, interoperable
communication protocols.

Fluctuations in rainfall or market prices can cause profits to quickly rise or plummet. Obtaining
accurate, ongoing data on operations has historically also been a challenge. Unlike cars or
microprocessors, you can‘t mass produce identical tomatoes. Between efforts to eat more food
grown locally, a younger generation of farmers and cheaper component-farming is getting an
infusion of data and technology. As the concept of the Internet of Things becomes increasingly
prevalent, many systems are being devised to allow all manner of data to be gathered and
analyzed and devices controlled via wireless data networks.

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 Chapter -1

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the basic source of livelihood of people in India. In past decade, it is

observed that there is no much crop development. Some of the factors which are responsible for
this may be wastage of water, low soil fertility, fertilizer abuse, climate change, diseases, etc. It is
very essential to make effective intervention in agriculture and the solution is IOT in integration
with wireless sensor network. Internet of things (IOT) is a method of connecting everything to
the internet- it is connecting object or things(such as car, home, electronic devices, etc. ...) which
are previously not connected with each other main purpose of IOT is ensuring delivery of right
information to right people at right time. In agriculture irrigation is the important factor as the
monsoon rain falls are unpredictable and uncertain.

Internet of things (IOT) is a cloud of interconnected physical devices, which can

communicate with each other over the Internet. Physical devices such as microcontrollers and
sensors will not directly communicate with the Internet; they do so by using an IOT gateway.
This entire infrastructure is known as IOT infrastructure.

Agriculture uses 85% of available fresh water resources worldwide. As the demand on
water consumption is increasing, there is an urgent need to create strategies for sustainable use of
water. As the world is trending into modern technologies it is necessary to trend up in agriculture
also. Latest technologies such as Internet of Things and Cloud in combination with Wireless
Sensor Networks can lead to agricultural modernization. IoT can benefit from virtually unlimited
capabilities and resources of cloud. Cloud can offer an effective solution for IoT service
management. IoT is an ecosystem of connected physical devices that are accessible through the
Internet. It consists of objects, sensor devices, communication infrastructure, computational and
processing units. The objects have certain unique features and are uniquely identifiable and
accessible to the Internet.

There is different weather at different places and weather plays an important role in
farming. Humidity, temperature, soil moisture are important factors in farm. All these factors are
difficult to monitor manually in farm, so there is need of automation. Considering above factors
we thought to design an automation system useful for farmer. So in order to reduce farm
irrigation problem along with resource extinction drawbacks, we motivated ourselves to create
this project. Even though farmer is at remote place, he can get the information with the help of

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such system as well as can monitor it. The data will sensed by sensor and converts physical data
into an electrical signal. Collected data will be sent to the receiver by wireless communication.
The data will be read and displayed in IOT application. Thus the system is very useful and
farmers can do their work timely and require less effort.

This system introduces wireless operation on farm, easy calibration of temperature, soil
moisture and humidity in surrounding a farm, and to identify breakage, blockage in the pipeline
supplying water. Even though farmer is at remote place, he can get the information with the help
of such system as well as can monitor it. Farm automation system consists of soil moisture
sensor, temperature sensor and humidity sensor which gives information about physical quantity
in surrounding. The data will sensed by sensor and converts physical data into an electrical
signal. Farmer can read the above technical details on control panel and can take immediate
decision for crops. In farm irrigation controller takes decision for prevailing condition.

1.1 THEME

The Internet of Things is the network of "things" that are connected to a common network
path to communicate, exchange data or control each other. The network path can be
interconnected or with the "things" being embedded software, hardware or any sensor. It
represents the state where the things can have additional data and information linked with them
and has an ability to communicate, create new information and become the integral part of the
free world wide web. It also features internet connectivity and all other fields concerned with the
era of internet. The Internet of Things is a new revolution of internet. It can transform a number
of areas such as home automation, transportation, energy, healthcare, financial services, and
logistics. IoT technology can also be useful to build a new model and extensive improvement
space for smart paddy crop field and greenhouses to provide intelligence, comfort and to improve
the quality of crops. Different devices and electrical appliances, sensors in the field for
monitoring and security systems are nowadays being connected to the Internet so that it can be
controlled remotely using the Smart phones or Tablets

1.2 ORGANIZATION

The organization of the report is divided into following way:

Chapter 1 includes the introduction of the overall work of the system and objectives.
Chapter 2 includes the literature survey of the work.

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Chapter 3 includes the system development in which block diagram and description and circuit
diagram is included.
Chapter 4 contains the component description used in the hardware of the system.
Chapter 5 contains advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system. Also includes
application of the system.
Chapter 6 contains conclusion of the work done.

1.3 NECCESSITY

For continuously increasing demand and decrease in supply of food necessities, it’s
important to rapid improvement in production of food technology. Agriculture is only the source
to provide this. This is the important factor in human societies to growing and dynamic demand
in food production. Agriculture plays the important role in the economy and development, like
India. Due to lack of water and scarcity of land water result the decreasing volume of water on
earth, the farmer use irrigation. Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial application
of water to the land or soil that means depending on the soil type, plant are to be provided with
water.

With advancement of Automation technology, life is getting simpler and easier in all
aspects. In today’s world Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. Wireless
Smart Irrigation System (WSIS) using GSM is a system that uses mobile devices to control basic
functions and features automatically from anywhere around the world, an automated farm is
sometimes called a smart farm. It is meant to save the electric power and human energy. The
automation in irrigation system differs from other system by allowing the user to operate the
system from anywhere around the world through internet connection.

1.4 OBJECTIVE:

1) Update the farmer regarding farm environment.

2) Soil moisture measurement.
3) Automatic Operation of farm irrigation system.
4) Reduce manual efforts.
5) Reduces work time.
6) User friendly.
7) Water saving.

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 Chapter -2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Experts have analyzed collected data for finding correlation between environment work
and yield for standard work. They are concentrated on crop monitoring, information of
temperature and rainfall is collected as initial spatial data and analyzed to reduce the crop losses
and to improve the crop production. An IOT Based Crop-field monitoring an irrigation
automation system explains to monitor a crop field. A system is developed by using sensors and
according to the decision from a server based on sensed data, the irrigation system automated. By
using wireless transmission the sensed data forwarded towards to web server database. If the
irrigation is automated then that means if the moisture and temperature fields fall below the
potential range. The user can monitor and control the system remotely with the help of
application which provides a web interface to user.

[1] Prof. K.A.Patil and Prof. N.R.Kale propose a wise agricultural model in irrigation
with ICT (Information Communication Technology).The complete real-time and historical
environment is expected to help to achieve efficient management and utilization of resources.

[2] IOT Based Smart Agriculture Monitoring System develops various features like GPS
based remote controlled monitoring, moisture and temperature sensing, intruders scaring,
security, leaf wetness and proper irrigation facilities.

[3] Mahammad shareef Mekala, Dr.P.Viswanathan demonstrated some typical application

of Agriculture IOT Sensor Monitoring Network Technologies using Cloud computing as the
backbone.

[4] Prathibha S.R., Anupama Hongal Jyothi M.P. Created monitoring temperature and
Humidity in agriculture field through sensor using CC3200 Single chip. Camera is interfaced
with CC3200 to capture images and send that pictures through MMS to farmers mobile using
Wi-Fi [5].

Several studies have suggested so many approaches that increase the efficiency of the
automated irrigation system using wireless sensor networks to reduce the power consumption by
using low voltage sensors. Automatic irrigation system using wireless sensor networks and
GPRS, in this method PIC16F877A microcontroller unit has been used to control the entire
system. The operating voltage of the PIC is quiet high compared to other microcontrollers [1].

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Here ZIGBEE module is used to transmit the sensor’s information while the range of the
ZIGBEE module is very low compared to other devices.

Water-Saving Irrigation System Based on Automatic Control by Using GSM Technology,

In this proposed work an embedded system for automatic control of irrigation. This project has
wireless sensor network for real-time sensing and control of an irrigation system [3]. This system
provides uniform and required level of water for the agricultural farm and it avoids water
wastage. These paper have real time sensing and control of an irrigation system. When the
condition of water in the agricultural farm is abnormal then the system automatically switches
ON the motor. When the water level reaches normal level the motor automatically switch OFF.
In this project they are interfacing microcontroller through temperature sensor, humidity sensor
and also interfacing to GSM through MAX 232.

Arduino Based Automatic Plant Watering System, This project uses Arduino board,
which consists of ATmega328 Microcontroller. It is programmed in such a way that it will sense
the moisture level of the plants and supply the water if required. This type of system is often used
for general plant care, as part of caring for small and large gardens. Normally, the plants need to
be watered twice daily, morning and evening. So, the microcontroller has to be coded to water
the plants in the greenhouse about two times per day. For most people it becomes challenging to
keep them healthy and alive. To accommodate this challenge they have developed a prototype,
which makes a plant more self-sufficient, watering itself from a large water tank. The pro-To
type reports status of its current conditions and also reminds the user to refill the water tank.

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 Chapter -3

PROPOSED SYSTEM

To overcome the above stated problem in the monitoring of farm we introduced this
system. This system introduces wireless operation on farm, easy calibration of temperature, soil
moisture and humidity in surrounding a farm, and to identify the water level supplying water
resource. Even though farmer is at remote place, he can get the information with the help of such
system as well as can monitor it.

In this work low cost soil moisture sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, are used.
They continuously monitor the field and send it to the web server using Wi-Fi transmitter. The
IOT application is designed in such a way to analyze the data received and to check with the
threshold values of moisture, humidity and temperature. The decision making is done at server to
automate irrigation. If water level is less than the threshold value the motor is switched ON and if
the soil moisture exceeds the threshold value the motor is switched Off. This method can also be
used in green houses where in addition light intensity control can also be controlled and
automated.

Monitoring of soil moisture and groundwater levels using ultrasonic waves to predict
slope failures, Used an ultrasonic wave to predict the slope failures when there is a heavy rainfall,
and they have used a method of monitoring of soil moisture. Optimal sensor placement strategy
for environmental monitoring using Wireless Sensor Networks, has used wireless sensor
networks to determine the optimal sensor placement method for the monitoring of environmental
changes. They have also been used age statistical analysis and Monte Carlo theory to develop the
strategy. The system architecture is composed of sensors (temperature, moisture, rainfall and the
light), which are installed in the agriculture field. These sensors will be collecting the
environmental parameters. The sensed data is mitigated into the cloud through an IOT gateway.
Blynk gives a real time data visualization.

3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

There is different weather at different places and weather plays an important role in
farming. Humidity, temperature, soil moisture are important factors in farm. All these factors are
difficult to monitor manually in farm, so there is need of automation.

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3.2 EXISTING METHOD

The existing method in agriculture is the manual method of checking the parameters, in
which farmer uses their manpower to identify their growth level of their crop .The farmers
themselves check the parameters in their crop field. They uses only the sensor not the advanced
level of notification it may consume more time and huge number of manpower .Continuous
monitoring of the crops and maintenance is very difficult. Accurate results cannot be obtained. It
is impossible to be there in the crop field and analyzing the temperature, humidity and safety for
the crops may not be accurate and satisfied. This may lead to the decrease in crop yield due to
insufficient manpower and monitoring.

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 Chapter -4

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure. 1. Block Diagram

4.1.1 Block Diagram Description

The block diagram of the proposed work “IOT Based Agriculture Monitoring System” is
as shown in the figure above. This system consists of various sensors for the monitoring the
meteorological parameters. The system consists of a microcontroller, which is the main block of
the system and acts as brain of the system.

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 A WEMOS Wi-Fi controller board is used and programmed to perform desired operation
of the system. In this system a DHT11 sensor is interfaced with the microcontroller. This sensor
is used to monitor the humidity and temperature of the agricultural field. This DHT11
Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor complex with a
calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and
temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-term
stability. This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and an NTC
temperature measurement component, and connects to a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller,
offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and cost-effectiveness.

The hardware of the system also consists of soil moisture sensors used to detect dampness
content of the earth. A moisture sensor is used for sensing the soil condition to know whether the
soil is wet or dry, and the input signals are then sent to the microcontroller, which controls the
whole circuit. Whenever the soil condition is ‘dry’, the microcontroller sends commands to the
relay driver and the water pumps gets switched on and supplies water to the field. And, if the soil
gets wet, the water pump gets switched off. In this system we have used two soil moisture
sensors for two different parts of the farm field. Also we have designed the system in such a way
that it can also monitor the humidity in the surrounding. This sensor measures Relative Humidity
and Temperature and outputs in simple serial interface of two types. We have used a SY-HS-220
humidity sensor in this work.

In this system we have interfaced a water pump to supply water to the plants in the field
based on the signal transmitted by the controller. This water pump is controlled by the relay.

In this system we have used a 12V relay to operate the water pump and interfaced it with
the microcontroller. This relay turns the water pump ON and OFF on the basis of moisture
content in the soil of the garden area.

In this system we have used a fire sensor which is used to detect the fire in the farm field.
This fire sensor is interfaced with the microcontroller and placed in the suitable place in the farm.
This fire sensor sends signal to the controller as soon as it detects the fire due to any reason in the
farm. Also an obstacle sensor is used and interfaced in the system as shown in the architecture of
the system. This obstacle sensor is used to detect animals enters the farm and destroys the crops
in the farm.

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 To check the water level in the water resources in the farm field an ultrasonic sensor as
water level sensor is interfaced with the microcontroller. Ultrasonic sensor are the sound sensors
which measures the distance from 2cm-400cm.it has two pins trigger and Echo these two pins
used to calculate the distance of the object. This sensor generates sound waves which calculate
the time duration of the echo that is generated. The ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with the
microcontroller to monitor the water level in the resources in the farm field. For demo purpose
we have used a single sensor in the system.

In this system we have used an IR obstacle detector sensor which is used to detect the
obstacles in the farm field. This sensor is interfaced with the microcontroller and placed in the
suitable place in the farm. This sensor sends signal to the controller as soon as it detects the
obstacles like animals in the farm. This obstacle sensor is used to detect animals enters the farm
and destroys the crops in the farm.

To operate the system by means of an android application, all the data from the system
need to be gathered on the android device that a smart phone having android operating system.
To obtain this data from the system we have interfaced a Wi-Fi module with the microcontroller.
This module is used to transmit the readings of the sensors wirelessly to the Android device.

In controlling android device we have designed a program that is graphical user

interface/application which contains indications for the water level, sensors data, lamp status, soil
moisture, temperature/humidity and for pump status. From this we can ON and OFF pump 1 as
per the requirement of the field. All the parameters monitored by the sensor network of the
system will also display on the same screen of the device.

4.1.2 Block Diagram Application

In controlling android device we have designed a program that is graphical user

interface/application which contains indications for the status of the devices used in the system
i.e. pump status of the system. From this we can ON and OFF pump as per the requirement of the
field. All the parameters monitored by the system will also display on the same screen of the
device.

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4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure .2 Circuit Diagram Descriptions

4.2.1 Circuit Diagram Description

The above diagram represents the circuit implementation of the proposed system. In this
system all the circuit components require regulated power for their working functionality. To
fulfill this requirement of the circuit we have designed a power supply unit to provide regulated
power supply to the circuit components. The supply is provided through mains i.e., 230v. The
supply is stepped down to 12v from 230v through transformer. Hence at the secondary terminal
of the transformer we get 12v AC. This ac output of the transformer is converted into DC with
the help of the full bridge rectifier. The output of the rectifier is 12v DC. This 12v is provided to
the regulator IC. This regulator IC used is LM7805. The input to the regulator is provided at pin
no 1 of the regulator and the output is taken out at pin no 3 of the regulator IC. The ground is
provided at pin no 2 of the regulator. The 5v from one IC is provided to the controller. An LED is

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connected in between the regulator and the controller to indicate whether the power is on or off.
The capacitor at the input and the output of the regulator is used to remove the ripples in the
signal i.e., this are filter capacitor.

Circuit implemented in the farm field consists of a controller board to control the
complete circuit action of the unit and to collect the data from the sensor network, process the
data and to transmit it to the controlling android device. To complete all these functions we have
used a WEMOS controller board in this work. This controller requires regulated 5V power
supply for its operation. This power supply is provided by the power supply unit in the system.

All the sensors in the system used to monitor the parameters temperature, humidity and
soil moisture are interfaced with the microcontroller to provide the signal to it. To monitor the
temperature and humidity in the surrounding environment we have used a DHT 11 temperature
and humidity sensor. This DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature &
humidity sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. This sensor has 3 pins for the
connection. One pin is used to provide power supply, one is used to connect the sensor with the
microcontroller and one pin is a GND pin used to connect it with ground terminal and one
terminal of the sensor is a NULL terminal. This sensor requires regulated 5V supply for its
working. This power supply is provided to the pin number 3 of the sensor. This sensor provides
monitored parameters readings to the microcontroller. This DHT 11 temperature and humidity
sensor is connected to the pin number 12 of the controller board as shown in the circuit diagram
of the system.

The proposed system is also designed to monitor the water level in the well from which
water is supplied to the farm field. We have used an ultrasonic sensor for this purpose. This water
level sensor is connected to the pin number 8 and 9 of the controller respectively.

To provide the water to the farm field according to the output of the soil moisture sensor
provided to the microcontroller, a water pump is used in this system. This water pump is also
interfaced with the microcontroller and is controlled by controlling the relay used to connect it
with the system. A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries,
by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method
they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps. Pumps operate by some
mechanism (typically reciprocating), and it consume energy to perform mechanical work by
moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy including manual operation electricity,
engines, or wind power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to

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large industrial pumps. Here we have interfaced the water pump by means of a relay as shown in
the circuit diagram of the system. This pump is interfaced with the microcontroller through a
relay circuit along with the transistor as shown in the system. This arrangement is implemented
to turn the water pump On and Off through the controller board. The 12V relay terminal is
connected to the collector terminal of the transistor. The emitter terminal is grounded of the
transistor whereas the base terminal of the transistor is connected to the Arduino analog pin A4
through a resistor as shown in the circuit diagram of the system. The terminal number 2 of the
relay is used to connect the pump.

To detect whether any animal enters the farm field and destroys the crops in the farm, a
TSOP obstacle detector sensor is interfaced and placed in the farm field. This obstacle sensor
detects the obstacle say animal in this case and provides signal to the microcontroller.
Microcontroller receives these signals from the sensor and to make that animal run away from
the farm field it will raises the siren by turning ON the Buzzer. This TSOP sensor is connected to
the pin number 6 of the microcontroller as shown in the circuit implementation.

To intimate the farmer about the fire and to run away the animal from the farm filed to
protect the crops from destroying a Buzzer is interfaced in the system. This buzzer will be
controlled by the microcontroller and will be turned ON and OFF as per the signals obtained
from the sensor network.

To make indications about the status of all the devices in the circuit and to control whole
system remotely by means of an IOT app in android device we have designed an IOT android
application and should be installed in the android operating device that is an android mobile
phone. This application has all the switches and indication points for the devices. This will
indicate obstacle detection, temperature and humidity in the farm field, soil moisture level and
also status of water pumps etc. to send all the monitored parameter to the controlling android
device an inbuilt Wi-Fi modem of the controller board is used. This Wi-Fi modem sends data
wirelessly to the android phone in which the designed application is installed I the user’s android
phone.

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4.3 FLOW CHART

Figure 3. Flowchart

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It states the steps that the proposed system is working which is shown in the above fig.

STEP 1:- Start the process.

STEP 2:- Initialize all the sensor to the system by using the IOT.

STEP 3:- Check the sensor value is less or more, soil moisture sensor gives the moisture level
reading from humidity sensor we get the reading of humidity level present in the atmosphere
also, temperature sensor gives the temperature present in soil and most important sensor is water
level sensor which gives the water in the soil is less or more.

STEP 4:- If the water level and soil moisture level the a fixed criteria. There is no need to give to
irrigation.

STEP 5:- If the soil moisture level or water level is less than the fixed criteria. We start the motor
pump.

STEP 6:- After the step 5 we need to initialize the all the sensor value. The process will be
completed. After the process completed. It moves to the original state.

It in field sensing sensor monitor the field condition of soil moisture, soil temperature and
humidity in air. We get monitors the information on the field i.e. humidity, temperature of soil,
etc. All in field sensor data are wirelessly transmitted to our system.In the day to day life
atmospheric condition is change fastly and climate is change due to this type of the change that‘s
effects on the agriculture or the production of the crops. Sometime water in the agriculture field
is over does of water given by the former also the production of crop is less due to the less
rainfall or less does of the water. There are many types of the reason for the less production of
crop for overcome fall this type of query this projects is designed and it is handled from any
place.

4.4 WORKING OF THE SYSTEM

The system is designed to monitor the various parameters on which the production of the
food material in the farm depends. This system consists of a network sensor to monitor
surrounding environment and an automatic irrigation system to provide water to the plants. This
system is designed in such a way that the user can operate it by means of an IOT application and
can also monitor all the parameters from this application. In this system we have developed an
IOT application using IOT open source platform Blynk.

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 The circuit implemented in the farm field for the monitoring purpose consists of a DHT
11 temperature and humidity sensor. This sensor is used to measure the temperature and
humidity in the surrounding environment of the farm field. This sensor is interfaced with the
microcontroller used in the system. When MCU sends a start signal, DHT11 changes from the
low-power-consumption mode to the running-mode, waiting for MCU completing the start
signal. Once it is completed, DHT11 sends a response signal of 40-bit data that include the
relative humidity and temperature information to MCU. Users can choose to collect (read) some
data. Without the start signal from MCU, DHT11 will not give the response signal to MCU.
Once data is collected, DHT11 will change to the low-power-consumption mode until it receives
a start signal from MCU again. Microcontroller receives this data from the sensor and sends it to
the controlling device wirelessly through Wi-Fi unit interfaced with the microcontroller.

The system consists of two soil moisture sensors used to detect the dampness of the soil
in two different farm fields. These soil moistures are also interfaced with the microcontroller.
The sensor would outputs logic HIGH/LOW when the moisture is higher/lower than the
threshold set by the potentiometer and provides these signals to the microcontroller.
Microcontroller then sends the data to the IOT application.

To check the water level in the well we have designed a circuit which includes a
transistor. When there is sufficient amount of water is present in the well the transistor will be in
ON state and provides the low signal to the microcontroller. Microcontroller then keeps water
pump ON and if water is not available in the well the microcontroller will get high signal and
immediately turns OFF the water pump.

All the measured data and parameters by the system will send over the internet through
Wi-Fi module interfaced with the microcontroller. This module sends the data over the internet
with the Blynk application designed for this system. The Blynk application is designed in such a
way that it will display all the data of temperature, humidity, light intensity value and soil
moisture level for user monitoring and controlling. This sensor provides the measured data to the
controller, the controller receives the data and compares it with the set value and as per the
comparison result the system will intimate for the present condition of the farm field. In this
system we have used ESP01 Wi-Fi module for this wireless data transmission over the internet to
make this internet of thing system. This module is connected to the transmitter and receiver of
the microcontroller as shown in the above circuit diagram of the system.

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4.5 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

BLYNK:

Blynk is a Platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi and the
likes over the Internet. Blynk IOT App Platform is most popular to make an Android or IOS
App based IOT system to monitor the sensor’s value or to turn On/OFF any device around the
globe via internet. Not only that Blynk app provides you with the Bluetooth connectivity for your
projects too and also a local server i.e. Wi-Fi connectivity for your projects to monitor and
control them within a local network.

It's a digital dashboard where you can build a graphic interface for your project by simply
dragging and dropping widgets. It's really simple to set everything up and you'll start tinkering in
less than 5 mins.

Blynk is not tied to some specific board or shield. Instead, it's supporting hardware of
your choice. Whether your Arduino or Raspberry Pi  is linked to the Internet over Wi-Fi,
Ethernet or this new ESP8266 chip, Blynk will get you online and ready for the Internet Of
Your Things. 

The features of Blynk:

 It supports many boards like Webmos, ESP-8266 based boards, Arduino, Raspberry
pi, particle.io and many more.
 The App is free to use with limited Widgets access at a time. That is, it comes with
some recharge value and each widgets you use need this recharge value when you add
them to your project. So,once you recharge value is not sufficient then you cannot add
widgets further. And, if you want them, you need to go for the paid version of it. But,
the best thing is that when you delete the widgets you get the recharge value back and
thus you can make many projects with the free version.
 Its offers free cloud server for your sensor’s data.
 Works in real time, so you can monitor your IOT system on the go.
 Blynk community offers you the full support when need for an project, once you make
a community account with it. Don’t worry, it is free.

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4.5.1 Blynk IOT APP

Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, display
sensor data and can store data. It has 3 components:

 Blynk App – It allows us to create amazing interfaces for projects using various widgets
provided.

 Blynk Server – It is responsible for all the communications between the smart phone and
hardware. We can use our Blynk Cloud or run our private Blynk server locally. Its open-source,
could easily handle thousands of devices.

 Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enables communication with the
server and process all the incoming and out coming commands.

4.6 HARDWARE COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

1. WEMOS D1

Figure.4 WEMOS D1

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The D1 is a mini Wi-Fi board based on ESP-8266EX.11 digital input/output pins, all pins have
interrupt/PWM/I2C/one-wire supported(except D0).

This is WeMos ESP8266 D1 R2 V2.1.0 Wi-Fi Development Board. The WeMos D1 is an

ESP8266 Wi-Fi based board that uses the Arduino layout with an operating voltage of 3.3V. The
board is controlled by the ESP8266 chip (a 32-Bit processor) and has a larger flash memory
compared to an Arduino Uno. It consists of 11 digital I/O pins and 1 analog (input) pin. the board
can be connected using a Micro-B type USB cable.

The D1 R2 is a Wi-Fi capable ESP8266EX based development board in the form of the Arduino
UNO board format. This board is compatible with the Arduino IDE and with NodeMCU.

The D1 R2 also features an onboard switching power supply which allows you to power the
board from a power supply up to 12V.

Features of WeMos ESP8266 D1 R2 V2.1.0 WiFi Development Board:-

 Based on the ESP-8266EX.

 Arduino Compatible, you can use it on Arduino IDE.

 NodeMcu Compatible

20
 Table.1 Functional & Specification Table Of WEMOS

2. DHT 11 Humidity & Temperature Sensor

Figure.5 DHT 11 Humidity & Temperature Sensor

21
 This DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor
complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition
technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and
excellent long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement
component and an NTC temperature measurement component, and connects to a high-
performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference
ability and cost-effectiveness.

Each DHT11 element is strictly calibrated in the laboratory that is extremely accurate on
humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients are stored as programmes in the OTP memory,
which are used by the sensor’s internal signal detecting process. The single-wire serial interface
makes system integration quick and easy. Its small size, low power consumption and up-to-20
meter signal transmission making it the best choice for various applications, including those most
demanding ones. The component is 4-pin single row pin package. It is convenient to connect and
special packages can be provided according to users’ request.

DHT11’s power supply is 3-5.5V DC. When power is supplied to the sensor, do not send
any instruction to the sensor in within one second in order to pass the unstable status. One
capacitor valued 100nF can be added between VDD and GND for power filtering.

Technical Specifications:

Table -2 Technical Specifications

22
Detailed Specifications:

Table-3 Detailed Specifications

23
Typical Application:

Figure.6 Communication Process

Note: 3Pin – Null; MCU = Micro-computer Unite or single chip Computer

When the connecting cable is shorter than 20 metres, a 5K pull-up resistor is recommended;
when the connecting cable is longer than 20 metres, choose a appropriate pull-up resistor as
needed.

Communication Process: Serial Interface (Single-Wire Two-Way):

Single-bus data format is used for communication and synchronization between MCU and
DHT11 sensor. One communication process is about 4ms.Data consists of decimal and integral
parts. A complete data transmission is 40bit, and the sensor sends higher data bit first.

Data format: 8bit integral RH data + 8bit decimal RH data + 8bit integral T data + 8bit decimal T
data + 8bit check sum. If the data transmission is right, the check-sum should be the last 8bit of
"8bit integral RH data + 8bit decimal RH data + 8bit integral T data + 8bit decimal T data".

24
3. Soil Moisture Sensor:

Measuring soil moisture is important in agriculture to help farmers manage their irrigation
systems more efficiently. Not only are farmers able to generally use less water to grow a crop,
they are able to increase yields and the quality of the crop by better management of soil moisture
during critical plant growth stages.

Besides agriculture, there are many other disciplines using soil moisture sensors. Golf
courses are now using sensors to increase the efficiencies of their irrigation systems to prevent
over watering and leaching of fertilizers and other chemicals offsite.

Landscape irrigation, in urban and suburban areas landscapes and residential lawns are
using soil moisture sensors to interface with an irrigation controller. Connecting a soil moisture
sensor to a simple irrigation clock will convert it into a "smart" irrigation controller that prevents
an irrigation cycle when the soil is wet.In farm automation system soil moisture sensor play an
important role.

Features

1. Plug and play, easy to use. Compatible with the mainstream 2.54 interfaces and 4-Pin grove
interfaces in the market.

2. With use of M4 standard fixed holes, compatible with M4-standard kits such as Lego and
Make block.

3. With switch to shift between analog and digital output. Able to read the specific soil moisture
information (analog) or the over-wet or over-dry soil information according to the threshold
(digital) .The adjustable potentiometer is used to set the moisture threshold.

Fig.7 (A) Soil Moisture Sensor.

25
 Fig.7 (B) Soil Moisture Sensor.

With hysteresis comparator circuit for more stable digital output voltage.

Fig.7 (C) Soil Moisture Sensor.

26
 Table- 4. Soil Moisture Sensor Specification

PCB size 71.65mmX24.00mmX1.6mm

Working voltage 3.3or5VDC

Operating voltage 3.3or5VDC

Compatible interfaces 2.54 3-pininterfaceand4-pinGroveinterface(1)(2)

Note1 ： D for digital output port, A for analog output port, S for analog/digital output port
(defined according to the switch), V and G for voltage at the common collector and ground
respectively.

Note2：When setting as analog output, output range is 0-3.3V or 0-5V according to the working
voltage, when setting as digital output, output is0/3.3V or 0/5V according to the working voltage.

Table: 5. Electrical Characteristics Of Soil Moisture Sensor

Parameter Min. Typical Max. Unit

Working voltage 2.1 5 5.5 VDC

Analog output voltage (VCC=5V） 0 Vout 5 V

Digital output voltage (VCC=5V） 0 - 5 V

Working current(IC=5V） - 5 - Ma

Threshold hysteresis ΔUth - VCC*0.09 - V

27
4. Solenoid valve (Water Pump):

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by

an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or
off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports.
Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are
to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas.
Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium
compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.

Fig: 8. Solenoid Valve

Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature actuators and
rocker actuators are also used.

There are many valve design variations. Ordinary valves can have many ports and fluid
paths. A 2-way valve, for example, has 2 ports; if the valve is open, then the two ports are
connected and fluid may flow between the ports; if the valve is closed, then ports are isolated. If
the valve is open when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termed normally open
(N.O.). Similarly, if the valve is closed when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is
termed normally closed. There are also 3-way and more complicated designs. A 3-way valve has
3 ports; it connects one port to either of the two other ports (typically a supply port and an
exhaust port).

Solenoid valves are also characterized by how they operate. A small solenoid can
generate a limited force. If that force is sufficient to open and close the valve, then a direct acting
solenoid valve is possible.

28
5. Internally Piloted:

Fig: 9. Internal Structure Of Solenoid Valve

While there are multiple design variants, the following is a detailed breakdown of a
typical solenoid valve design.

A solenoid valve has two main parts: the solenoid and the valve. The solenoid converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy which, in turn, opens or closes the valve mechanically.
A direct acting valve has only a small flow circuit, shown within section E of this diagram (this
section is mentioned below as a pilot valve). In this example, a diaphragm piloted valve
multiplies this small pilot flow, by using it to control the flow through a much larger orifice.

Solenoid valves may use metal seals or rubber seals, and may also have electrical
interfaces to allow for easy control. A spring may be used to hold thevalve opened (normally
open) or closed (normally closed) while the valve is not activated.

29
 The diagram to the right shows the design of a basic valve, controlling the flow of water
in this example. At the top figure is the valve in its closed state. Thewater under pressureenters at
A. B is an elastic diaphragm and above it is a weak spring pushing it down. The diaphragm has a
pinhole through its center which allows a very small amount of water to flow through it. This
water fills the cavity C on the other side of the diaphragm so that pressure is equal on both sides
of the diaphragm, however the compressed spring supplies a net downward force. The spring is
weak and is only able to close the inlet because water pressure is equalized on both sides of the
diaphragm.

Once the diaphragm closes the valve, the pressure on the outlet side of its bottom is
reduced, and the greater pressure above holds it even more firmly closed. Thus, the spring is
irrelevant to holding the valve closed.

The above all works because the small drain passage D was blocked by a pin which is the
armature of the solenoidE and which is pushed down by a spring. If current is passed through the
solenoid, the pin is withdrawn via magnetic force, and the water in chamber C drains out the
passage D faster than the pinhole can refill it. The pressure in chamber C drops and the incoming
pressure lifts the diaphragm, thus opening the main valve. Water now flows directly from A to F.

When the solenoid is again deactivated and the passage D is closed again, the spring
needs very little force to push the diaphragm down again and the main valve closes. In practice
there is often no separate spring; the elastomer diaphragm is molded so that it functions as its
own spring, preferring to be in the closed shape.

From this explanation it can be seen that this type of valve relies on a differential of pressure
between input and output as the pressure at the input must always be greater than the pressure at
the output for it to work should be the pressure at the output, for any reason, rise above that of the
input then the valve would open regardless of the state of the solenoid and pilot valve.

6. Fire Sensor:

The Fire sensor, as the name suggests, is used as a simple and compact device for
protection against fire. The module makes use of IR sensor and comparator to detect fire up to a
range of 1 metre. The device, weighing about 5 grams, can be easily mounted on the device
body. It gives a high output on detecting fire. This output can then be used to take the requisite
action. An on-board LED is also provided for visual indication.

30
 Fig: 10 Fire Sensors.

Pin Configuration:

Table-6 Pin Configuration

Pin No. Symbol Description

1 O/P Digital output (High when firedetected)

2 VCC High

3 GND Low

Maximum Ratings:

Table-7 Ratings

Symbol Minimum Typical Maximum

O/P 4.2 4.5 4.7

VCC 4.5 5 5.5

GND - 0 -

31
7. Ultrasonic Sensor:

Ultrasonic transducers or ultrasonic sensors are a type of acoustic sensor divided into
three broad categories: transmitters, receivers and transceivers. Transmitters convert electrical
signals into ultrasound, receivers convert ultrasound into electrical signals, and transceivers can
both transmit and receive ultrasound. In a similar way to radar and sonar, ultrasonic transducers
are used in systems which evaluate targets by interpreting the reflected signals. For example, by
measuring the time between sending a signal and receiving an echo the distance of an object can
be calculated. Passive ultrasonic sensors are basically microphones that detect ultrasonic noise
that is present under certain conditions. Ultrasonic probes and ultrasonic baths apply ultrasonic
energy to agitate particles in a wide range of materials. HC-SR04 Sensor

Features

Operating voltage: +5V

Theoretical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 450cm

Practical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 80cm

Accuracy: 3mm

Measuring angle covered: <15°

Operating Current: <15mA

Operating Frequency: 40Hz

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor provides range from very short (2 Centimeters) to long-range
(5 Meters) for applications in detection and ranging. The sensor provides precise and stable non-
contact distance measurements from about 2 cm to 5 meters with very high accuracy. The
ultrasonic sensor can easily be interfaced to microcontrollers where the triggering and
measurement can be done using two I/O pin. The sensor transmits an ultrasonic wave and
produces an output pulse that corresponds to the time required for the burst echo to return to the
sensor. By measuring the echo pulse width, the distance to target can easily be calculated. This
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor is perfect for any number of applications that require you to perform
measurements between moving or stationary objects.

32
Equivalent distance measuring Sensors US transmitter Receiver pair, IR sensor module, IR
sensor pair, IR Analog distance sensor

Figure.11 Ultrasonic Sensor

How it works

You only need to supply a short 10uS pulse to the trigger input to start the ranging. The
sensor will send out an 8 cycle burst of ultrasound at 40khz and raise its echo line high. It then
listens for an echo, and as soon as it detects one it lowers the echo line again. The echo line is
therefore a pulse whose width is proportional to the distance to the object. By timing the pulse it
is possible to calculate the range in inches/centimeters or anything else. If nothing is detected
then the sensor will lower its echo line anyway after about 200mS.

As shown above the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US) sensor is a 4 pin module, whose pin
names are Vcc, Trigger, Echo and Ground respectively. This sensor is a very popular sensor used
in many applications where measuring distance or sensing objects are required. The module has
two eyes like projects in the front which forms the Ultrasonic transmitter and Receiver. The
sensor works with the simple high school formula that Distance = Speed × Time.

The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and when
it gets objected by any material it gets reflected back toward the sensor this reflected wave is
observed by the Ultrasonic receiver module as shown in the picture below

33
Now, to calculate the distance using the above formulae, we should know the Speed and time.
Since we are using the Ultrasonic wave we know the universal speed of US wave at room
conditions which is 330m/s. The circuitry inbuilt on the module will calculate the time taken for
the US wave to come back and turns on the echo pin high for that same particular amount of
time, this way we can also know the time taken. Now simply calculate the distance using a
microcontroller or microprocessor.

How to use the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor?

HC-SR04 distance sensor is commonly used with both microcontroller and microprocessor
platforms like Arduino, ARM, PIC, Raspberry Pie etc. The following guide is universally since it
has to be followed irrespective of the type of computational device used. Power the Sensor using
a regulated +5V through the Vcc ad Ground pins of the sensor. The current consumed by the
sensor is less than 15mA and hence can be directly powered by the on board 5V pins (If
available). The Trigger and the Echo pins are both I/O pins and hence they can be connected to
I/O pins of the microcontroller. To start the measurement, the trigger pin has to be made high for
10uS and then turned off. This action will trigger an ultrasonic wave at frequency of 40Hz from
the transmitter and the receiver will wait for the wave to return. Once the wave is returned after it
getting reflected by any object the Echo pin goes high for a particular amount of time which will
be equal to the time taken for the wave to return back to the sensor. The amount of time during
which the Echo pin stays high is measured by the MCU/MPU as it gives the information about
the time taken for the wave to return back to the Sensor.

34
 Table.8

PinNa Name Type Details

VCC
me +5V DCInput supply PowerIn Provide regulated+5VDC supply
TRIG Trigger Input Input 10 microsecondtriggerpulseinput.
Yourexternalmicrocontrollerwill
usuallymakethispin
ECHO Echo Output Output Outputpulsewithwidthdependingupondistanei
nfront. After thetrigger
isgivenwithyourmicrocontroller it
GND Ground Ground Groundofpowerandshouldbecommongr
oundto external microcontroller

Specifications:

Power supply :5V DC Quiescent current : <2mA Effectual angle: <15°

Ranging distance : 2cm – 500 cm

Resolution : 0.3 cm

Features:

Accurate and Stable range data Data loss in Error zone eliminated Modulation at 40 KHz

Triggered externally by supplying a pulse to the TRIG pin

5V DC Supply voltage and Current - <20mA

Can communicate with 5 V TTL or 3.3V CMOS microcontrollers

Echo pulse: positive TTL pulse, 87 µs minimum to 30 ms maximum (PWM)

Pinouts:

There are 4 pins out of the module : VCC , Trig, Echo, GND . So it’s a very easy
interface for controller to use it ranging. Method of programming will be :

Make the Trig pin to high level for more than 10us pulse and make it low again, so the
module start ranging and outputs echo pulse when it finish ranging.

Measure the high duration of echo pulse output.

35
Distance in cm(centimeter) = (Pulse Duration in microsecond)/58

Distance in in(inches) = (Pulse Duration in microsecond)/148

Applications

Used to avoid and detect obstacles with robots like biped robot, obstacle avoider robot, path
finding robot etc.

Used to measure the distance within a wide range of 2cm to 400cm

Can be used to map the objects surrounding the sensor by rotating it

Depth of certain places like wells, pits etc can be measured since the waves can penetrate through
water.

8. IR SENSOR

Figure. 12 IR Sensor

An IR sensor consists of an IR Receiver and an IR Emitter. IR emitter is an IR LED that

continuously emits infrared radiations while power is supplied to it. IR receiver can be thought of
as a transistor with its base current determined by the intensity of IR light received. Lower
intensity of IR light causes higher resistance between collector-emitter terminals of transistors
and limits current from collector to emitter. This change of resistance will further change the
voltage at the output of voltage divider. In others words, the greater the intensity of IR light
hitting IR receiver, the lower the resistance of IR receiver. Hence the output voltage of voltage
divider will decrease.

36
 Figure: 13 IR Sensor Circuit Diagram

At the point when the IR recipient does not get a flag, the potential at the reversing input goes
higher than that non-upsetting contribution of the comparator IC (LM339). In this way the yield
of the comparator goes low, yet the LED does not gleam. At the point when the IR beneficiary
module gets flag to the potential at the altering input goes low. Consequently the yield of the
comparator (LM 339) goes high and the LED begins sparkling. Resistor R1 (100 ), R2 (10k ) and
R3 (330) are utilized to guarantee that base 10 mA current goes through the IR LED Devices like
Photodiode and typical LEDs individually. Resistor VR2 (preset=5k ) is utilized to conform the
yield terminals. Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is utilized to set the affectability of the circuit
Diagram.

Principle of Operation:

We have as of now examined how a light sensor functions. IR Sensors work by utilizing a
particular light sensor to distinguish a select light wavelength in the Infra-Red (IR) range. By
utilizing a LED which delivers light at an indistinguishable wavelength from what the sensor is
searching for, you can take a gander at the power of the got light. At the point when a question is
near the sensor, the light from the LED skips off the protest and into the light sensor. This
outcomes in a vast hop in the force, which we definitely know can be identified utilizing an edge.

37
 Figure.14 Working to IR Sensor

Detecting Brightness Since the sensor works by searching for reflected light, it is conceivable to
have a sensor that can give back the estimation of the reflected light. This kind of sensor can then
be utilized to gauge how "splendid" the protest is. This is valuable for errands like line following.

Features

 Very low supply current

 Photo locator and preamplifier in one bundle
 Internal channel for PCM recurrence
 Supply voltage: 2.5 V to 5.5 V
 Improved invulnerability against surrounding light
 Insensitive to supply voltage swell and clamor

38
9. Relays:

The basis for relays, is the simple electromagnet

Figure.15 Relays

A nail, some wire, and a battery is all that is needed to make one, to demonstrate and amaze
add a switch, and presto! You're the talk of the town.

With no power applied to the coil, the nail is NOT magnetized

Connect this to a power source, and it will now grab and hold small pieces of metal.

39
So, herein lies the concept. If we take an electromagnet, it will interact with metals in its
vicinity. Now let’s take this one step further... If we were to place a piece of metal, near the
electromagnet, and connect some contacts, so that when the electromagnet is energized, the
contacts close, we have a working relay.

Figure 16. Inside a SPST Relay

The simplest relay is the Single Pole, Single Throw (spst) relay. It is nothing more than an
electrically controlled on-off switch. Its biggest property is the ability to use a very small
current, to control a much larger current. This is desirable because we can now use smaller
diameter wires, to control the current flow through a much larger wire, and also to limit the
wear and tear on the control switch.

Figure 17. Simple Relay Circuit

40
Above is a simple relay control. Now, here is what is happening.....

The control circuit (GREEN) powers the coil inside the relay, using a small amount of
current. It flows from the battery, thru the fuse ( for protection) to a switch, (say, a light
switch) then to the coil in the relay, energizing it.

41
 The coil, now energized becomes an electromagnet, and attracts the metal strip with the
contacts, which closes, providing a secondary heavy current path ( RED ) to the device ( say,
the fog lights)

Turning off the switch, opens the circuit to the coil, removes current flow, and the
electromagnet is no longer a magnet, the secondary path is opened, and the lights extinguish

10. Buzzer:
A buzzer or beeper Is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices,
timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. A piezoelectric element
may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a
piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed
are a click, a ring or a beep.
Piezoelectric buzzers, or piezo buzzers, as they are sometimes called, were invented by
Japanese manufacturers and fitted into a wide array of products during the 1970s to 1980s. This
advancement mainly came about because of cooperative efforts by Japanese manufacturing
companies. In 1951, they established the Barium Titanate Application Research Committee,
which allowed the companies to be “competitively cooperative” and bring about several
piezoelectric innovations and inventions.
Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell
without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating
current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it
as a sounding board. The word “buzzer” comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical
buzzers made. Mechanical A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer. They
require drivers.
A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio
signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that
a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.
Interior of a readymade buzzer, showing a piezoelectric-disk-beeper (With 3electrodes ...
including 1 feedback-electrode (the central, small electrode joined with red wire in this photo),
and an oscillator to self-drive the buzzer.

42
 Figure 18 Buzzer

11. Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals

and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals
for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor
can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are
found embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is

ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its development in 1947 by
American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor
revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and
cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of
IEEE milestones in electronics, and the inventors were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize
in Physics for their achievement.

The transistor is the key active component in practically all modern electronics. Many
consider it to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. Its importance in today's
society rests on its ability to be mass-produced using a highly automated process
(semiconductor device fabrication) that achieves astonishingly low per-transistor costs. The
invention of the first transistor at Bell Labs was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009.

Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known
as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced
in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes,
resistors, capacitors and other electronic components, to produce complete electronic circuits.
A logic gate consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor,

43
as of 2009, can use as many as 3 billion transistors (MOSFETs). "About 60 million
transistors were built in 2002 ... for [each] man, woman, and child on Earth."

The transistor's low cost, flexibility, and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device.
Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in controlling
appliances and machinery. It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard microcontroller and
write a computer program to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent
mechanical control function.

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied
between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals.
This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, that
is proportional to a weaker input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the
transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch,
where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements.

There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a
circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeledbase, collector, and emitter. A small current
at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a
much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor,
the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a
current between source and drain.

The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit. Charge will flow
between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the base. Because
internally the base and emitter connections behave like a semiconductor diode, a voltage drop
develops between base and emitter while the base current exists. The amount of this voltage
depends on the material the transistor is made from, and is referred to as VBE

44
12. Design Aspects of Power Supply
Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For our project we require
+5V regulated power supply with maximum current rating1A.

Following basic building blocks are required to generate regulated power supply.

Figure .19 Design Aspects of Power Supply

13. Transformer:

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little loss of power. Step-
up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies
use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high voltage to a safer low voltage.

Figure 20 A Typical Transformer

45
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no
electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic
field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit
symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost)
equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down and current is stepped up.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the
voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which
is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary
(output) coil to give a low output voltage.

TURNS RATIO = (Vp / Vs) = ( Np / Ns )

Where,

Vp = primary (input) voltage.

Vs = secondary (output) voltage

Np = number of turns on primary coil

Ns = number of turns on secondary coil

Ip = primary (input) current

Is = secondary (output) current.

Ideal power equation

Figure.21 Ideal Transformer as A Circuit Element

46
If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is
transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly
efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field
and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal
the outgoing power:

Giving the ideal transformer equation

Transformers normally have high efficiency, so this formula is a reasonable approximation.

If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the same factor. The impedance in
one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For example, if an impedance Zs is
attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an
impedance of (Np/Ns)2Zs. This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance Zp of the primary
circuit appears to the secondary to be (Ns/Np)2Zp.

47
14. Voltage Regulator 7805

Features

• Output Current up to 1A.

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.

• Thermal Overload Protection.

• Short Circuit Protection.

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

Description:

The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-
220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide range
of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating
area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

48
Absolute Maximum Ratings:-

Figure 22. Ratings of The Voltage Regulator

15. Rectifier

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a process
known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and
as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes,
mercury arc valves, and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier.
It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In
this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave
rectification. In positive half cycle only two diodes (1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct, in
negative half cycle remaining two diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward bias
only.

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16. Filter

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load
is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is
very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies for
cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the supply. This
filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can be
relatively high. Below figure can show how the capacitor chages and discharges.

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4.7 CALCULATIONS FOR POWER SUPPLY DESIGNING

Specifications of 7805 vtg regulator:

Polarity = +ve

Output vtg : +5v

Output current :1.5A

Output of bridge rectifier for rectification :

Output: 12Vdc = vrms

Vm=vrms x sq. rt of 2

= 12x sq.rt of 2

= 16.97

Vm= PIV =16.97

Value of Filter capacitor :

C= (IxT)/V

T=1/2πf

= 1/2 x3.14×50 hz

Output current of 7805 =1.5 A

C=(1.5 x 3.1847 x10-3 )/5

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 = 955.41×10-6

=1000 µf

4.8 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages

 Total automation of farm field.

 Easy to use, install, operate & troubleshoot.
 Useful for small scale farmers &green house owners.
 Low cost setup.
 Vast controlling and monitoring.
 Easily implementable,
 Record parameters on Cloud servers,
 User defined and automatic modes and Reduce the use of water and pesticides.
 It is easy to maintain and cost is reasonable to purchase. The components which are used
are easily available.
 It has advantage to observe the status on smartphone or laptop using internet.
 The information is up to date even in absence of farmer.
 The collected data is updated and the farmer is conscious about the status of the crop.
 To achieve more effective and accurate details of crop several additional sensors can also
be included.

Disadvantages

 Internet is mandatory for the monitoring and control of appliances.

4.9 APPLICATIONS

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  The project has a great application in agriculture sector and can be used in greenhouses,
botanical gardens and agriculture farms.
 Temperature monitoring and controlling action can be used in home or various halls like
conference room, seminar hall to control the temperature of room.
 With little modification, this project can be used in Mechanical companies to measure
various parameters of operating machines like temperature and light.

4.10 FUTURE SCOPE

The project has vast scope in developing the system and making it more user friendly and the
additional features of the system like:

By installing a webcam in the system, photos of the crops can be captured and the data can be
sent to database.

Speech based option can be implemented in the system for the people who are less literate.

GPS (Global Positioning System) can be integrated to provide specific location of the farmer and
more accurate weather reports of agriculture field and garden.

Regional language feature can be implemented to make it easy for the farmers who are aware of
only their regional language.

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 CONCLUSION
In the fierce global competition environment, our country agriculture highlights the low level of
industrialization, the low value chain level, low management level, low level of information. In
order to solve the above problem, the application of new technology is a feasible method. In this
paper, the applications of the Internet of things technology to the agricultural products supply
chain, in order to improve the operation efficiency of the supply chain of agricultural products,
promote the development of agriculture in our country. Of course, there are many factors
affecting the adoption of agricultural products supply chain of the Internet of things. There is still
a long run for the internet of things to enter into the practical stage of agricultural supply chain.
There are also many problems for the internet of things to solve, which include how to reduce
costs, carry on the R&D of core technology, develop industry standards, protect the privacy and
so on.

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