Wmfoia(

❖ fuu m%YaK m;%fha m%YaK 50 la, msgq 10 wvx.= fõ.

❖ ish¨u m%YAK j,g ms<s;=re imhkak.
❖ ms<s;=re m;%fha kshñ; ia:dkfha Tfí úNd. wxlh ,shkak.
❖ ms<s;=re m;%fha msgqmi § we;s Wmfoia ksjerÈj lshjkak.
❖ 1 isg 50 f;la jQ tla tla m%YaKh i`oyd § we;s (1),(2),(3),(4),(5), hk ms<s;=rej,ska ksjerÈ fyda
b;du;a .e<fmk fyd ms<s;=r f;dardf.k, th , ms<s;=re m;%fha msgqmi oelafjk Wmfoia mßÈ
l;srhlska (×) ,l=Kq lrkak.
.Klhka;% Ndú;hg bvfokq fkd,efí
^.=re;ajc ;ajrKh , g = 10 N kg-1 &

1. t ld,hl§ wxY=jla ,nk úia:dmkh u.ska x =

v0
a
(1 − eat ) fokq ,efí. fñ 𝑣0 ksh;hls . 𝑒 hkq udk rys;
ksh;hla jk w;r 𝑎 > 0 . fõ 𝑣0 yd 𝑎 ys udk ms<sfj,ska oelafjkafka .

(1) MLT −1 , MLT −2 (2) MLT −1 , MLT −1 (3) MLT −2 , ML−1 T (4) MLT, MLT −1 (5) LT −2 , T

2. j¾ksh le,smrhl m%Odk mßudKh idod we;af;a 10 cm os.la iudk fldgia 200 lg fn§fuks. tys j¾ksh¾
mßudKh idod we;af;a m%Odk mßudKfha 12 mm È.la fldgia 25 g fn§fuks WmlrKh l=vdu ñkqu jkqfha

(1) 0.020 cm (2) 0.002 cm (3) 0.010cm (4) 0.001 cm (5) 0.200 cm

3. ;yvqjl >klu uekSug l=vd ñkqu 0.01 mm jQ uhsfl%d óg¾ bial=remamq wdudkhla Ndú;d lrk ,§. boao
lsKsysrh iam¾Y wjia:dfõ (𝑎 ) rEmfha mßÈ mdGdxlh ,enqKs. ;yvqfõ >klu uekak úg th rEmh (𝑏 ) mßÈ
msysàu ,enq‚ . uhsfl%daóg¾ bial=remamq wudkfha wka;rd,h 0.5 mm kï ;yvqfõ ksjerÈ >Klu jkqfha

(1) 5.24 mm (2) 5.74 mm (3) 5.81 mm (4) 5.31 mm (5) 5.67 mm

1
4. ;sri iuÕ 𝜃 fldaKhla wdk;j u fõ.hlska jia;=jla m%lafIamKh lrkq ,efí. § we;s fldaKhla 𝜃 i|yd
jia;=fõ ;sria mrdih R , u iu. fjkiajk wdldrh ksjerÈ olajd we;s m%ia;drh jkafka

5. my; m%ia:drfha fmkajd we;af;a wxY=jl úia:dmk ld, m%ia;drhls. tA iïnkaOfhka lr we;s l=uk m%ldY
i;H fõ o@

(1) wxY=j ksh; m%fõ.fhka p,kh fõ .

(2) wxY=j ksh; ukaokhlska .uka lr wjidkfha ksh; m%fõ.hla ,nd .kS .
(3) wxY=j lsishï m%fõ.hlska p,s;h wdrïN lr ukaokh ù wjidkh ksYap, fõ .
(4) wxY=j ksh; ;ajrKhlska p,s; fõ .
(5) wxY=j hï m%fõ.hlska p,s;h wdrïNlr ;ajrKh ù wjidkfha ksh; m%fõ.hlska
.uka lrhs .

6. WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 280 C jk Èkfha § ngk,djla iqir lr we;. WIaK;ajh 32.50 C olajd by< .sh
úg k,dfjka ksl=;a jk iajrh
(1) jd;fha èjks m%fõ.h wvq jk ksid my;a fõ .
(2) èjks ;rx.fha ;rx. wdhduh È.= ksid my;a fõ .
(3) èjks ;rx. m%fõ.h jeä ksid Wia fõ .
(4) ;rx. wdhduh wvq ksid Wiaa fõ .
(5) èjks m%fõ.h jeäjk úg ;rx. wdhduh jeäjk ksid fjkila fkdfõ.

7. jd;fha mj;sk wkajdhdu ;rx.hl ,

A mSvk úp,k yd úia:dmk úp,k w;r 900 l,d fjkila we;.

B wxY= bÈßhg .uka lrñka Yla;sh m%pdrKh lrhs.
C wkqhd; iïmsKavkhla yd úr,khla w;r ÿr ;rx. wdhduh g iudk fõ.

fïjdhska i;H jkafka

(1) A muKs (2) A yd B muKs (3) B muKs (4) B yd C muKs (5) C muKs

8. pqïNl lafI;%hlg wdk;j hï m%fõ.hlska we;=¨jk bf,lafg%dakhl m:h

(1) jD;a;hls (2) ir, f¾Çh fõ (3) mrdj,hls (4) fy,SlaiSh fõ (5) p,kh fkdfõ

2
9. fldaIhl úoHq;a .dul n,h ms<sn|j lr we;s m%ldYk 03 la my; oelafõ

(A) fldaIhl újD; mßm: fjda,aáh;dj tys úoHq;a .dul n,h g iudk fõ.
(B) Q wdfrdamKhla mßm:h ;=,ska .uka lr lrùu i|yd fldaIh imhk Yla;sh úoHq;a .dul n,h g
iudk fõ.
(C) fldaIhl wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh l=vd jk úg tAjdfha úoHq;a .dul n, úYd, fõ.

ñka i;H jkafka ,

(1) A yd B muKs (2) A yd C muKs (3) B muKs (4) A,B yd C ish,a,u (5) ish,a,u wi;Hh fõ

10. mßm:fha 𝑋 yd 𝑌 ,laIH w;r we;s úNj wka;rh jkafka

(1) 5V (2) 6V (3) 7V
(4) 8V (5) 9V

11. tla;rd oskhl jd;fha ksrfmlaaI ආර්ø;djh 30 10−3 kg m−3 njo, idfmalaI wd¾ø;djh 80% njo, fidhd.kakd
,È. 4 m3 jd; mßudjla ix;Dma; lsÍu i`oyd iudk WIAK;ajfha oS tu mßudjg tl;= l< hq;= c, jdIam ialkaOh
jkafka ,

(1) 20 × 10-3 kg (2) 30 × 10-3 kg (3) 40 × 10-3 kg (4) 66× 10-3 kg (5) 150 × 10-3 kg

12. 27 0 C § hlv oKavl È. 10 m fõ. my; l=uk WIaK;ajhlg m;al, úg tys È. 1.1 mm lska wvqfõo@
hlv j, f¾Çh m%idrK;djh 1.110−5 K -1 fõ.

(1) 0 0 C (2) 23 0 C (3) 17 0 C (4) 10 0 C (5) 20 0 C

13. ksõgkaf.a isis,k kshuh ms<sn`oj lr we;s my; i`oyka m%ldY i,lkak

(A) r;ajQ jia;=jlska ;dmh ydkSùfï iS>%;djh tu jia;=fõ WIaK;ajhg wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;slfõ.
(B) kshuh j,x.= jkafka jia;=fjka ;dmh, lD; ixjykh hgf;a ydksjk úg muKs.
(C) jia;=fjka ;dmh ydksùfï iS>%;djh tys mDIaÀl iajdNdjh u; r`odmj;S.

ñka ksjerÈ jkafka

(1) A muKs (2) B muKs (3) C muKs (4) A yd C muKs (5) A yd B muKs

14. flaYsl k,hla ;=<ska øjhla .,dhEfï mßud isS>%;dj wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fkdjkafka my; oelafjk
l=uk rdYshg o@

(1) ÿiai%dú;d ix.=Klfha mriamrh g.

(2) k,fha fol,jr mSvk wka;rhg.
(3) k,fha wNHka;rh wrh g.
(4) k,fha mSvk wkql%uKh g.
(5) k,fha Èf.ys mriamrh g.

3
15. 𝐴 yd 𝐵 jkq ksYap, m%Nj folla jk w;r tajd 680 Hz ixLHd;fhka hq;a
Yío ksl=;a lrhs . ksÍlaIlfhl= 𝐵 yd 𝐴 olajd 𝑢 m%fõ.fhka fmkajd we;s
ÈYdjg .uka lrhs kï ksÍlaIlhdg 10 Hz ixLhd;fhka hq;a kq.eiqï weiSug
𝑢 w.h l=ula úh hq;=o@ ^jd;fha èjks m%fõ.h 340m s−1 &
(1) 4m s−1 (2) 3.5m s−1 (3) 3m s−1 (4) 2.5m s−1 (5) 2m s−1
16. 15000 N nr W;af;da,hlg oersh yels Wmrsu wd;;sh 19500 N jk flan,hlg iïnkaO lr we;.
W;af;da,lhg by,g yd my<g hd yels Wmßu ;ajrKh ms<sj,ska m s-2

(1) 10, (-10) (2) (-3),10 (3) 3, (-3) (4) 3, 13 (5) 0, (-3)

17. udOHhl isg jd;hg .uka .kakd wdf,dal lsrKhla mDIaGh u; 300 fldaKhlska m;kh fõ' fuu udOHh
;=< wdf,dalh 30 cm ÿrla 2 ns ld,hl§ .uka lrhs. ßla;lhla ;=< wdf,dalfha fõ.h 3 × 108 m s−1 fõ my;
ljrla i;H fõ o@

(1) wdf,dal lsrKh uq¿ukskau jd;h ;=,g we;=,a fõ.

(2) wdf,dal lsrKh wdxYsl mrdj¾;kh g iy wdxYsl j¾;khg ,lafõ.
(3) wdf,dalh lsrK w;=reuqyqK; Tiafia .uka lrhs.
(4) wdf,dal flfrk mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh g ,lafõ.
(5) wdf,dal lsrKh wm.ukhg ,la fkdfõ.

18. èjksudkhl wd;;sh fjkia l< yels lïìfha fl,jrlg ;=,d mähla .eg .id iriq,la iu. wkqkdo lsÍfï§
ths mqvq 08 we;s úh. ;=,d mäh uq¿ukskau c,h ;=, .s,ajd tu iriq, iuÕ kej; wkqkdo lsÍfï§ tys mqvq 10
hla we;súh. ;=,d mäh ;kd we;s øjHfha idfmalaI >k;ajh jkafka,

25 25 16 9 5
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
16 9 9 5 4
19. rEmfha olajd we;s mßÈ wrh 10 cm we;sj jD;a;hl yevhg kjd we;s ikakdhl
lïìhla tys wlaIhg iudka;rj 8T i%dj >K;ajhla we;s pqïNl lafI;%hla ;=< ;nd
we;. lïìh ;=,ska 4A l Odrdjla .,dhk úg § , lïìfha f.dv kef.k wd;;sh
jkqfha
(1) 1 N (2) 1.6 N (3) 3.2 N (4) 6.4 N
(5) Y=kHh
20. úYalïNh 0.02 m jq lïìhl ksoyia bf,lafg%dak >k;ajh 1 × 1028 m−3 fõ. lïìh ;=,ska 100A Odrdjla
.,dhEfï§ ta ;=, ksoyia bf,lafg%dak j, ma,dú; m%fõ.h fidhkak. (𝑒 = 1.6 × 10−19 C)

(1) 0.6 × 10−29 m s−1 (2) 1 × 10−19 m s−1 (3) 5× 10−5 m s−1

(4) 2 × 10−4 m s−1 (5) 8 × 103 m s−1

21. úlsrKYS,s uq,øjHl mrudKqjlska 𝛽− wxY=jla úfudapkh fõ. fuys § isÿjkafka

(1) kHIaáfha we;s fm%dafgdakhla kshqfg%dakhla njg m;aùuhs.

(2) kHIaáfha we;s kshqÜfrdakhla fm%dafgdakhla njg m;aùuhs.
(3) ndysr ljpfha bf,lafg%dakhla .s,y s Suhs.
(4) wdf,dalh m;s; ùu ksid m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh isÿùuhs.
(5) kHIaáfhka fm%dafgdakhla úfudapkh ùuhs.

4
22. m%ldY úoHq;a úp,H úNj fnokhlg iïnkaO lr
.,dhk m%ldY Odrdj (μA) iy thg iemhQ úNj
wka;rh w.hka V lSmhla f.k úNj wka;rh (𝑉)
bÈßfhka m%ldY Odrdj (𝐼) m%ia;dr .; l< úg igyfka
lv bß u`.ska § we;s jl%h ,enq‚. m;k úlsrKfha
ixLHd;h jeä lr ;%Sj;djh wvq l< úg ,eìh hq;=
m%ia;drh jkafka,

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E

23. X- lsrK yd iïnkaO my; m%ldYk i,ld n,kak

(A) wêfõ.S bf,lafg%dakhla Cs ^iSishï& mDIaGhla u; m;s; lsÍfuka X- lsrK ksmojd .; yel
(B) X- lsrK u`.ska iamál oe,sila új¾;kh l< yel.
(C) X- lsrK ldp u`.ska fyd`Èka kdNs.; l,yel.
(D) X- lsrK u`.ska m%dlY úoHq;a wdprKh isÿl, yel

fuhska i;H jkafka

(1) A,B,Cs (2) A,B,D (3) A,C,D (4) B,C,D (5) ish,a,u i;H fõ

24. jdhqjl wdrïNl wjia:dfõ msysgqu A u`.ska oelafõ. túg tys WIaK;ajh
1
270C ls. n`ÿk ;=, jdhq mol mej;s w;r i¾j;% jdhq ksh;h
2
R=8 J mol-1 K -1 f,i i,lkak. A-C l%shdj,sfha § wNHka;r Yla;s
fjki jkqfha

(1) 2880 J (2) 1500 J (3) 1440 J

(4) 960 J (5) 640 J

25. wrh 𝑅 jQ f,day f.da,hl mDIaGfha wdfrdamk >K;ajh 𝜌 fõ tys mDIaGfha úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj;
% djh 𝐸 yd
R
úoHq;a úNjh 𝑉 fõ . wfrdamk tf,iu ;sìh§ f.da,fha wrh lf,a kï kj úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;djh yd
2
úoHq;a úNjh jkafka,
V E
(1) 𝐸 yd 𝑉 (2) 4𝐸 yd 2𝑉 (3) 2𝐸 yd 4𝑉 (4) 𝐸 yd (5) yd 𝑉
2 2
26. fjda,Ü ógrhla u`.ska

(1) R1 yryd úNj wka;rh muKla fmkajhs.

(2) R2 yryd úNj wka;rh muKla fmkajhs.
(3) R2 yd R3 iulh yryd úNj wka;rh muKla fmkajhs.
(4) R3 yryd úNj wka;rh muKla fmkajhs.
(5) by; i|yka ish¨u úNj wka;r fmkajhs.

27. R1 yd R2 (R1< R2 ) m%;sfrdaO folla tlsfklg iudka;r.; j iïnkaO lrkq ,efí. iul m%;sfrdaOh R kï
my; m%ldYk i,ld n,kak,

(1) R >(R1+R2) (2) R > R1 (3) R1< R< R2 (4) R2< R< (R1 +R2 )
(5) ish,a,u wi;Hh fõ
5
28. fldaIhl úoHq;a .dul n,h E iy wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh r fidhk mÍlaIKhl§ R
m%;sfrdaO fmÜáh yryd mßmQ¾K fjda,aÜ ógrhla iïnkaO lr R ys úúO w.hka
i|yd fjda,aÜógrfha mdGdxl V ,nd f.k my; m%i:a drfha we| we;. ,efnk E iy
r w.hka ms<sfj,ska

(1) 0.1 V yd 0.04 Ω

(2) 0.2 V yd 0.04 Ω
(3) 1.0 V yd 0.4 Ω
(4) 0.1 V yd 0.4 Ω
(5) 0.1 V yd 4 Ω

29. ixjD; Ndckhla ;=< jd;h iy c, jdYam ñY%Khla mj;s. WIAK;ajh ksh;j ;ndf.k tys mßudj fiñka
wvqlrhs. tys uq`: mSvkh úp,kh jvd;a fyd`Èka ksrEmkh lrkqfha

30. iumdo m%siauhl wju wm.uk fldaKhh m%siau fldaKfhka w¾Ohls. m%siauh iE§ we;s øjHfha j¾;kdxlh
jkafka

1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) 2 (5) 2 2
2 2 3 2
31. m%siau fldaKh 500 la jk iuoaõmdo ùÿre m%siauhl m;kh jk wdf,dal lsrKfha .uka ud¾.h jvd;au fyd`Èka
ksrEmkh jkafka

32. pkaøhdf.a ialkaOh 𝑀 o tys mDIaVfha isg ℎ Wil § .=re;aj ;ajrKh 𝑔 o fõ. pkaøhdf.a wrh jkqfha,

GM + h 2 GM − h 2 GM GM GM
(1) (2) (3) −h (4) +h (5) − h2
g g g g g

33. ÿkq ksh;h 𝑘 Nm−1 jk i¾jiu ieye,a¨ ÿkq 02 la u`.ska iqug mDIaGhla u; 𝑚 kg
ialkaOhla wkqj¾;S p,s;hl fhdojkq ,efí . p,s;fha wdj¾: ld,h,

m m m 2m 2m
(1) 2 (2)  (3)  (4)  (5) 2
k k 2k k k
6
34. rEmfha we;s R2 úp,h m%;sfrdaOfha w.h 0 (R2 = 0) úg .e,jfkdaógrfha W;al%uKh θ0 fõ. hï w.hla .kakd
úg W;al%uKh 𝜃 fõ . R2 yd 𝜃 w;r iïnkaOh fyd`Èkau fmkajk m%ia:drh jkqfha

35. fjk;a f,day j,ska ;kk ,o P yd Q kï flá o`vq folla tlsfklg

iïnkaO lsÍfuka taldldr yrialvla we;s fyd`Èka wdjrKh lrk
,o oKavla idod ;sfí. oKafâ tla fl<jrla 100 0C o wfkla fl<jr
0 0C o ;nd we;. oKav Èf.a WIAK;ajh me;sÍu rEmfha olajd we;.
m%ia:drhg wkqj fl<skau oel.; yelafla

(A) P oKavg jvd jeä ;dm m%udKhla Q oKav Èf.a .uka lrhs.
(B) P oKav , Q oKavg jvd fyd`Èka ;dm ikakdhl fõ .
(C) P oKafâ , úYsIg
a ;dm Odß;dj Q oKafâ úYsIag ;dm Odß;djg jvd wvqh.
(D) P ys fofl<jr WIaK;aj wka;rh , Q ys WIAK;aj wka;rh jvd wvq w.hls.

fuhska ksjerÈ jkafka

(1) A yd B muKs (2) A yd C muKs (3) B yd D muKs (4) D muKs (5) B yd C muKs

36. úYalïNh 𝐷 jk f.da,Sh øj ì÷jlska iudk øj ìxÿ 𝑛 ixLHdjlg ì£ hhs . mDIaÀl wd;;s ix.=Klh 𝜎 kï
by; l%shdj,sfha § isÿjk Yla;s fjki,

 13   23   43 
(1)  D  n − 1
2
(2)  D  n − 1
2
(3)  D  n −1 (4)  D  n − 1
2 2
(5)  D2 n2 − 1
     

37. n,h +15D jk ixhqla; ldphla f.dvke.Su i`oyd kdNsÿr 4 cm jk wNsidÍ ldphla iu`. Ndú;d l< hq;=
jkafka.
20
1. kdNs ÿr cm jk wNsidÍ ldphls.
7
20
2. kdNs ÿr cm jk wmidÍ ldphls.
7
60
3. kdNs ÿr cm jk wNsidÍ ldphls.
19
4. kdNs ÿr 10 cm jk wNsidÍ ldphls.

5. kdNs ÿr 10 cm jk wmidÍ ldphls.

38. § we;s 𝑛𝑝𝑛 g%dkaisig

a rfha 𝑉𝐵𝐸 = 0.6V kï 𝑉𝐶𝐸 fldmuKo @
^ tys ir, Odrd ,dNh 𝛽 = 200&

(1) 7 V (2) 12 V (3) 14.4 V

(4) 6.4 V (5) 9.4 V
7
39. A ,B yd C hkq jdfka j,ska idod we;s lïì 03 ls . A lïìfha È. 𝑙o yrialv j¾.M,h 𝐴 o fõ . B lïìfha
È. 2𝑙 o yrialv j¾.M,h 2𝐴 o fõ. C lïìfha È. 𝑙 o yrialv j¾.M,h 2𝐴 o fõ. tlaa tla lïìj, ú;;s
(𝑒) yd n, (𝐹) ksjrÈj olajd we;af;a,

40. i¾jiu ;eá 2 lska hq;a ixhqla;hla isriaa wlaIhla jgd 𝜔 flda‚l m%fõ.hlska N%uKh jk w;r;=r my<ska
jQ ;eáh iqug wlaIh Tifia .s,syS jefÜ. my; m%ldY i,ld n,kak

A .s,sySug fmr iy fudfyd;lg miq moaO;sfha uq¿ flda‚l .uH;djh ksh;j mj;s.
B b;sß ;eáfha flda‚l m%fõ.h fo.=K fõ.
C b;sß ;eáfha N%uK pd,l Yla;sh uq,a N%uK pd,l Yla;sfhka wvls.

by; m%ldY j,ska i;H jkafka

(1) A muKs (2) A yd B muKs (3) B yd C muKs (4) A yd C muKs

(5) A,B yd C ish,a,u

41. ÿiai%dù fkdjk wiïmSvH ;r,hla wkdl+, f,i m%jdyh jk m%jdy

nghl A ys§ yrialv j¾.M,h B § ys§ fuka fo.=Khls. B ,laIHh
isriaj 2h by<ska we;. tys øjfha fõ.h V fõ. A ys§ mSvkh 𝑃 o
>k;ajh 𝜌 o kï, my; m%ldY j,ska i;H jkafka,

1
(A) B ys uq`: mSvkh P + V 2 fõ
2
3
(B) B ys uq`: mSvkh P − V − 2  gh fõ
2

2
(C) A ys§ tAll mßudjl pd,l Yla;sh B ysÈ tAll mßudjl pd,l Yla;sh fuka fo.=Khls

(1) A muKs (2) B muKs (3) A yd B muKs (4) B yd C muKs (5) A yd C muKs

42. ;dm úoHq;a hq.auhl tla ikaêhla ldur WIaK;ajfha ;ndf.k wfkla ikaêh ms<sfj,ska kgk c,h iys;
W`ÿkl ;nd we;s úg úoHq;a.dul n,h úNjudkhlska ix;=,kh lrk ,§. ,enqKq ix;=,k È.j,a 90 cm yd
120 cm fõ. W`ÿfka WIaK;ajh úh yelafla ^ Èhjk whsia j, WIaK;ajh 273.15 K&

(1) 364.2 K (2) 373.16 K (3) 273.16 K (4) 491.04 K (5) 497.53 K

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43. iudkH iSreudrefõ mj;sk klaI;% ÿf¾laIhl wjfkf;ys 𝐿 È.e;s Rcq f¾Ldjla we`o we; . Wmfk; u`.ska
fuu f¾Ldfjys ;d;aúl m%;sNsïNhla idohs. fuu m%;sNsïNfha È. 𝑙 fõ. ÿf¾laIfha fldaKsl úYd,kh jkafka ,

L L L L+l l
(1) (2) +1 (3) −1 (4) (5)
l l l l −l L

44. ;=kS ùÿre oKavla wrh 𝑟 jk w¾O jD;a;dldr yevhg kjd we;. tys by< w¾Ofha
+𝑄 wfrdamkhla tldldrj jHdma;j we;s w;r my< w¾Ofha −𝑄 wfrdamkhla taldldrj jHdma;j
we; . w¾O jD;a;dldr jHqyfha flakøh jk 𝑃 ys úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj;% djh jkafka
Q 2Q 4Q Q
(1) 2 2 (2) 2 2 (3) (4) (5) 0
  0r   0r   0r
2 2
4  0 r 2
2

45. úoHq;a .dul n,h E ne.ska yd wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh r ne.ska jQ i¾jiu úoHq;a fldaI N ixLHdjla iudka;r.;j
iïnkaO lrkq ,efí . ixhqla;fha úoHq;a .dul n,h E𝐼 fldaI ixLHdj N iuÕ fjkiaùï ksjerÈj fmkajkqfha

46. yhsv%cka iuia:dkslhla 21𝐻jk mrudKqfõ kHIáfha we;s fm%dafgdak yd kshqfg%dak iE§ we;s uq,sl wxY+ jk u
(up) yd d (down) lajd¾laia ys ixhq;sh jkqfha

(1) u-4, d-2 (2) u-2, d-4 (3) u-1, d-5 (4) u-3, d-3 (5) u-1, d-5

47. ia¾jiu Èfhdav folla iïnkaO lr 𝑅 m%;sfrdaOh ;=,ska .,k Odrdj 𝐼 ld,h 𝑡 iu`.
Úp,kh ùu oelafjk m%i: a dr jkafka ,

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48. wmßñ; È. ikakdhlhl wrhhka 𝑎 yd 𝑏 jk talflakaøSh jD;a;dldr mqvq folla
we;. ikakdkhl ;=,ska úoHq;a Odrdjla .,dhk úg fmdÿ flakaøfha pqïNl lafIa;%
;Sj%;dj Y=kH jk úg ,

a  −1 a 
(1) = (2) =
b  b  −1
a  −1 a  +1
(3) = (4) =
b  +1 b  −1
a
(5) =
b
49. ;kaa;=jlska t,aÆ f,day l=Üáh ;=,djla u; we;s hqf¾ld n÷fkhs we;s c,h ;=,g m;=f,a
fkd.Efjk f;la tAldldr fõ.fhka we;=¿ lrkq ,efí' ;=,d mdGdxlh R ld,hl t iu.
úp,kh jk my; mßÈ fõ .

50. i rEmfha § we;s mßm:hg ii rEmfha mßÈ A iy B ixLHdxl m%odkhla ,nd § we; . F m%;sodkh ksjerÈ olajd
we;af;a ,

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