Cau Hoi On Tap Va Bai Tap Minh Hoa Mon Tu Vung
Cau Hoi On Tap Va Bai Tap Minh Hoa Mon Tu Vung
Cau Hoi On Tap Va Bai Tap Minh Hoa Mon Tu Vung
Questions on Lexicology-Semantics
1. What is morpheme and types of morphemes?
- Morpheme are the smallest indivisible meaningful language unit- (cf.phonemes)
occur in speech as parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist
of a single morpheme.
- Types of morphemes: Morphemes in English can be classified into root
morrpheme morrphemes and affixal morphemes:
+ Root morphemes come into two small kinds:
_ free M . ex: Table, Boy
_ bound M . ex: girl – girls
+ Affixal M can be broken into two kinds: grammatical M and Derivational M
_ Grammatical M and Derivational M comes into three kinds:
prefix ex: unkind, mislead
infix ex: salesman, fisherman
suffix ex: kindly, leader
2. What is a word and types of words?
- Word is an independent language unit which has both sound and spelling form
and is capable to form a sentence by itself.
Ex Today, house, what…
- There are 3 types of words : + simple (R): heart
+ derived (R+A): hearty
+ compound (R+R): sweet heart
3. What is the difference between a word and a morpheme?
- The main difference is that while a word can stand alone, a morphemes may not
be able to stand alone.
4. What is word formation and ways of word formation?
- Word formation refers to the way in which new words are formed on the basic of
other words or morphemes.
7 ways of word formation:
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+ affixation ex: unhappy .unlucky, uneven; dishonest, assistance, appearance,
existence, audience;
+compounding ex:
(n) blackboards (tấm bảng đen), store-keepers (thủ kho), mothers-in-law
(mẹ chồng), passers-by (khách qua đường)
(v) handwash (giặt tay), handwashes, handwashing, handwashed
(adj) heart-breaking (làm đau xé lòng/ làm đau buồn), heart-broken (rất đau
buồn, đau khổ), middle-aged (trung niên – between young and old), first-rate (hạng
nhất, loại 1, xuất săc/ rất cừ)
+shortening
ex: UK: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
GB: Great Britain
USA: The United States of America
UNO: United Nations Organization
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
UNICEF: United Nations Children's Emergency Fund
UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population Activities
ESCAP: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
WHO/OMS: World Health Organization
+conversion
ex: Substantiation of adjectives : (adj > n) and verbs ( v > n)
- a native , a female, a relative, a daily – 1 nhật báo, elastic – dây
thun, a private, an intellectual, a criminal, a conservative, a
radical, a red, a grown-up.
- the blind, the rich, the happy, the good.
+sound&stress intercharge
ex: sound intercharge : food-feed, speak-speech, life-live, advice-
advise, bath-bathe, belief-believe, proof-prove, loss-lose
stress intercharge : 'accent(n) ac'cent(v)
'frequent(adj) fre'quent(v)
+sound imitation ex: - Sound and movement of water : babble – tiếng
róc rách, blob, bubble – bong bóng, bọt, tăm, flush – phun/ toé
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nước, làm ngập/ tràn nước, gurgle – tiếng ùng ục/ róc rách, gush –
phun ra, splash – sự bắn toé nước,
+back formation/back derivation
ex:
Beggar – người ăn xin to beg
house-breaking – sự lẻn vào to house-break
nhà để ăn trộm giữa ban
ngày
babysister – người trông trẻ to baby-sit
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- compound verbs : to whitewash (minh oan/(n) nước vôi),
to carpet- bomb (ném bom rải thảm), to streamline (tổ chức hợp
lý hoá)
- compound adverbs : whole-heartedly (hết lòng), shamefacedly
(xấu hổ), self-confidently
- compound prepositions : onto, into, hereafter (sau đây)
+ According to the type of composition
- compounds formed by juxtaposition (vị trí kề nhau): backache
(chứng đau lưng), heart-broken, railroad
- compounds formed by morphological means (with an infix}:
spokesman, Afro-Asian (người Châu Á), speedometer (đồng hồ chỉ
tốc độ).
- compounds formed by syntactical means:
(word group —> compound ): up-to-date (cập nhật/ hiện đại),
forget-me-not (Đừng quên tôi), cash-and-carry (tiền trao cháo
múc)
- compounds formed by morphological and syntactical means :
kind-hearted : with a kind heart
blue-eyed : with blue eyes
teenager : a person in his teens
+ According to the relation between components
- Coordinative components – QH đẳng lập (both are
independent) :socio- economical (kinh tế xã hội), brain master,
mother-earth, parent-teacher
- Subordinative components – QH chính phụ (one component
dominates over the other): wrist-watch (đồng hồ đeo tay), gate-
keeper, spaceship.
+ semantic classification:
+ Non-idiomatic – kp nghĩa thành ngữ (morphologically
motivated- có thể đoán đc nghĩa): The meaning of the whole can
deduced from the meanings of the components: door-handle (tay
nắm cửa), headache, rose-bush (khóm hoa hồng), lifeboat (thuyền
cứu sinh), bedroom, sunlight.
+ Idiomatic- nghĩa thành ngữ (non-motivated- k đoán đc nghĩa):
no semantic relation between components:
nightmare, lotus-eater (kẻ hưởng lạc/ kẻ thích nhàn hạ), lip-
service (lời nói đãi bôi), eyewash (thuốc rửa mắt), horse sense
(lương tri chất phác), monkey-business (công việc vớ vẩn).
+ phonetic classification
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They are reduplicative compounds which fall into three
subgroups:
+ reduplicative compounds proper: hush-hush (làm thinh), pooh-
pooh (coi thường/ khinh rẻ), murmur (rì rào/ thì thầm), quack-
quack, puff-puff (máy phụt phụt), fifty-fifty (năm mươi – năm
mươi/ mỗi bên 1 nửa). – láy nguyên
+ ablaut combinations: the second basic morpheme is repeated
with a different vowel: sing-song (giọng đều đều/ giọng ê a), chit-
chat (câu chuyện phiếm/ cuộc tán gẫu), ding-dong (tiếng bing
boong (n)/ (adj) gay go), ping-pong (bóng bàn), zip-zag, tip-top
(đỉnh cao (n)/ (adj) tuyệt mỹ, hoàn hảo). – láy âm đầu
+ rhyme combinations: two pseudo- morphemes is joined to
rhyme: walkie-talkie (bộ đàm), willy-nilly (dù muốn dù không/
không có định hướng hay kế hoạch), hotchpotch (mớ hỗn độn),
hurry-scurry (ngược xuôi lộn xộn (adj)/ (n) tình trạng adj/ (v) hành
động adj), lovey-dovey (adj – đa cảm, yêu thương, âu yếm). – láy
vần
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blue-stocking woman (woman who affects literary tastes and
learning) (nữ học giả)
lip-service (superficial service from the lips only) (lời nói k thành
thật/ cửa miệng) – to pay lip-serve to sb(chỉ khéo cái mồm, không
thành thật với ai)/st (thừa nhận st ngoài miệng)
lip-reading (interpretation (giải thích) of the motion of the lips)
lipstick (a stick of cosmetics for redding the lips)
Clipping
Trang 6
+initial: car (motor car), plane (air plane), phone
(telephone), bus(omnibus)
drome (airdrome).
+ final: exam(examination), lab(laboratory), prof
(professor),doc(document),ad
(advertisement),
+ inito-final: fridge( refrigerator), flu(influenza),
+medial: fancy(fantacy), Mr.(Mister), Mrs., Mmes.
Ms.(Messrs, Messieurs),
Dr(Doctor)
+ elliptic-conversational: sit-
down(demonstration), pop(popular
music),
+blending: parts of two words merge into a new word.
Ex:brunch (breakfast + lunch), smog( smoke+fog), telecast(tele-
broadcast), medicare ( medical care),telex (telegramme express),
9. What is conversion? State the types of conversion?
- Process of coining a new word in a different part of speech without adding any
element
- types of conversion:
1. Substantiation of adjectives : (adj n) and verbs ( v n)
- a native , a female, a relative, a daily – 1 nhật báo
- a go (1 lần 1 lượt), a find, black-out, take-over, a stand, a must,
a walk, a move.
2. Adjectivization of nouns (n adj)
a silver cup, a gold ring, an iron knife.
3. Verbalization of nouns or adjectives (n/adj v)
to hand, water, land, pocket, arm, elbow, silence, skin, bottle,
railroad, honeymoon, rubber-stamp, machine-gun, head, eye,
finger, fish, shoulder, better, black, up, down, lower, narrow,
clear, clean, cool, quiet
4. Adverbialization of adjectives (adj adv)
fast ,long, high, pretty, hard, wrong, dead
5. Partial conversion (chuyển đổi từ loại nhưng không hoàn toàn)
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to have a look/ talk/ smoke/ swim/ wash/ chat/ drink/ sleep/
dance/ rest
to give a ring/kick/ blow/ cry/ laugh/ whistle/jerk/jump/start/
answer
to take a ride / walk/ the lead
to make a move/dive/request/suggestion/ attempt/agreement
6. Individual coinage – nói 1 cách cho vuông in conversation
'Hello, dear!' He hello-deared everybody.
I'm tired of his 'hello-dear'.
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+ linguistic: . lexical ex: black days/period (unhappy, full of hardships)
. Grammatical ex: Yesterday I gave her a ring and asked her to go out
with me.
+ non-linguistic(situational)
ex: to set has 126 meanings in maximum
I won't set my foot in his house.
You must set your name to this document.
The machine was set in motion.
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suối,
lò so
+ Grammatical homonyms: words of different parts of speech .
eg. work (n) - work (v) asked (simple past) - asked (PII)
brothers - brother's light (n) - light (adj)
From a different angle, homonyms are classified into:
+ Homophones: words identical in pronunciation, but different or coincidental in
spelling.
eg. son - sun air - heir night - knight
ear - ear not - knot buy - by - bye
race - race piece - peace write - right - rite
+ Homographs: words of the same spelling, but of different pronunciation.
eg. tear/ti∂/ - tear /te∂/ bow /b∂u/ - bow / bau/
wind/wind/ - wind/waind/ lead /li:d/ - lead / led /
14. What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy?
- They are different in the folowing aspects:
a. Semantic criterion: connection between meanings
Homonyms Polysemantic words
game: trò chơi, cuộc thi đấu hand: part of body
game: thú săn help
skill
pointer of a clock
b. Derivational criterion: homonyms have their own derivation.
eg. air - aircraft, airfield, airline
air (suggestive appearance) - no derivatives
to have an air of importance
to put on airs
to put on an air of innocence
c. Criterion of synonyms: homonyms have different synonyms.
eg. bay (n) - syn. gulf
bay (n) syn. barking
d. Criterion of combination: homonyms have different valency (combination
ability) or different paradigms.
eg. game, games: trò chơi, thi đấu long(adj)- longer, longest
game: thú săn long (v)- longed, longing
T r a n g 10
- Synonyms are words (two or more) of the same part of speech, similar in their
denotational meaning, but different in their phonetic and graphic forms,
connotational meaning and combinability.
Types of synonyms
+ Absolute synonyms: words having the same denotational and connotational
meanings. They are few in number. This is a result of borrowing and territorial
synonyms.(dialect)
eg. Br E - team (in a football match) Am E - squad
luggage baggage
autumn fall
lift elevator
flat apartment
+ Semantic synonyms: words differing in shades of meaning
eg. beautiful, pretty, good-looking, nice, lovely, fair
to ask, to beg, to entreat, to ask, to question, to interrogate
hoy-simmering-boiling
T r a n g 11
+ Phraseological synonyms đồng nghiã về mặt thành ngữ: words differing in their
combinability.
eg. do exercises make money
native tongue foreign language
to raise/lift a finger to raise prices/wages/questions
to say smth (to sb) to tell sb smth
much many
T r a n g 12
II. Exercises. Students will do one of the following exercise
models.
1. Identify derived words in the following passage and state the way of word-
formation they are coined.
5. Read the following pairs of sentences and mark the underlined words with /P/
if they are poly-semantic and with /H/ if they are homonymous. Match the marks
with the numbers.
1. a, Children, put up your right hand, please.
T r a n g 13
b, I think I have no right to know that.
2. a, What a nice ball pen.
b, They made snow balls and threw at one another.
3. a, What can I do for you?
b, Give me a can of beer, please.
6. Explain the meaning of the underlined words:
1. He downed his gun.
2. She had never outed before.
3. He voiced his dream.
T r a n g 14