CEC402 Topic-9 Footing

3/20/2021
CEC402 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

(topic-9 : Design of Foundation)
Online
PRESENTATION
by
Dr. Amiya K. Samanta
@ce.nitdgp.ac.in Professor
National Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering

Durgapur (Structural Division)
March 20, 2021 [email protected] 1
Outline
Introduction
Types of
Foundation
Behaviour
Analysis & Design

[Cl-34/IS456]
Summary
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INTRODUCTION
 Function of a footing /foundation

 to safely and effectively transmit the load from
the columns to the underlying soil.
 Reinforced concrete (RC) is suitable for footings
used in RC, structural steel, or wooden buildings,
bridges, all types of structures.
 In addition to providing foundations that will carry the
loads
 without excessive or uneven settlements +rotations,
 sufficient resistance to sliding &
 overturning or pull-out in case of tensile loads.
INTRODUCTION
Foundation structures may be categorized as follows:

1. Shallow foundations
2. Deep foundations
3. Special foundations
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INTRODUCTION
Classification of Foundations
INTRODUCTION
 In general, shallow foundations as follows:

1. Strip or continuous wall footings
2. Isolated or spread footings (pad and sloped)
3. Combined footings
4. Raft or mat foundations
5. Floating /Buoyancy Rafts
 The choice of a suitable type of foundation depends on the

following:
1. Depth at which the bearing strata lies
2. Soil condition
3. Type of superstructure
4. Magnitude and type of reaction at the base of the superstructure
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Types of Foundation
Types of isolated footings (a) Strip or wall footing (b) Spread

footing (c) Stepped footing (d) Sloped footing
Types of Foundation
Combined footings (a) Combined rectangular (b) Combined

trapezoidal (c) Combined T-shaped (d) Combined strap
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Types of Foundation
(a) Mat foundation (b) Pile foundation

Types of Foundation
 A mat /Raft foundation transfers loads from all

the columns in the building to the soil beneath;
 it is used in soils of low bearing capacity or where
the areas of individual footings overlap.
 to reduce differential settlements when the loads in
adjacent columns vary considerably or when there
are variable soils within the same building.
 Piles and caissons are the common types of deep
foundations and transmit loads from columns
through the upper layers of poor soil to a strong
soil layer at some depth below the surface.
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Types of Foundation
 Piles are small diameter shafts driven or cast in bored

holes in the ground and are usually provided in groups
connected by a pile cap . A pile cap transmits the
column load to a series of piles, which, in turn,
transmit the load to the soil.
 Concrete piles are classified into following:
1. Driven cast in situ piles
2. Bored cast in situ piles
3. Driven precast piles
4. Precast piles in pre-bored holes
5. Under-reamed piles
Behaviour of Footing
Soil Pressure under Footing

The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a
function of the type of soil and the relative rigidity of
the soil and the footing.
(a) Cohesionless soil (b) Cohesive soil (c) Assumed uniform pressure
(Sand) (clay)
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Soil Pressure under Footing
Non-uniform soil pressure under the footing (a) Resultant load within the kern
(b) Plan view showing kern dimensions (c) Eccentricity ex = L/6 (d) Resultant load outside
the kern (ex > L/6)
Settlement of Foundation
. Type of Soil Type of Settlement Isolated Raft

Footing Foundation
 The
Sand and hard clay Maximum (mm) 50 75
Differential (mm) 0.0015L 0.0021L
Angular distortion 1/666 1/500
Plastic clay Maximum (mm) 75 100
Differential (mm) 0.0015L 0.002L
Angular distortion 1/666 1/500
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Depth of Foundation Df
1. The depth is usually based on the availability of

soil of adequate bearing capacity.
2. Due to seasonal changes of alternate wetting and
drying, clayey soils will undergo shrinkage and
swelling, resulting in appreciable movements.
3. Depth of ground water table plays an important
role in the depth of foundation
4. In regions where the temperature goes down
below freezing point, the base of the footing
should be kept at a depth that is not affected by
frost action, especially in fine sand and silt.
Gross & Net Soil Pressure
 The soil pressure may be expressed in terms of gross or net

pressure at the foundation level.
 The gross soil pressure is the total soil pressure produced
by all loads above the foundation level. Thus, it consists of
the following:
– (a) The column load
– (b) The weight of the footing
– (c) The weight of the soil from the foundation level to
the ground level
 The net soil pressure does not include either the weight of
the soil above the base of the footing or the weight of the
footing.
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Gross & Net Soil Pressure
Gross and net bearing pressure (a) Self-weight and soil weight (b) Gross soil
pressure (c) Net soil pressure
Design Considerations
 Design of foundations consists of two phases

—soil design &
— structural design.
 In foundation design is adopted in most of the
codes in which
— bearing pressure below foundation is
checked against the working loads &
— foundation are designed using LSM.
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Design Considerations (Soil)
For soil design:

1. Bearing resistance failure caused by shear failure of
the supporting soil (Bearing pr vs. Bearing Capacity)
2. Serviceability failure in which excessive differential
settlement between adjacent footings
3. Excessive Total settlement (settlement may be of two
types: immediate settlement as in sands and long-term
settlement called consolidation as in clays)
4. Stability under lateral loads due to sliding (between
the base of the footing and the soil below and by the
passive resistance of the soil in contact with the
vertical faces of the footing)
as per Clause 20.2 of IS 456

P is the compressive load on footing,
μ is the coefficient of friction,
Ph is the lateral force, and
Ppi is the sum of passive pressure components of
the soil
If the required factor of safety against sliding cannot be
achieved by the provided footing, it is usual to provide a
shear key below the base of footing
4. Stability against overturning, in case of slender tall
structures (as per Clause 20.1 of IS 456)
5. Failure due to soil liquefaction (soil liquefaction is a
phenomenon whereby a saturated soil substantially loses
strength and stiffness during earthquakes, causing it to behave
like a liquid)
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Stability against sliding (a) Forces resisting sliding (b) Concept of shear
key (c) Shear key at the footing–column or footing–wall interface
Design Considerations (Structural)
For structural design:

1. Flexural failure of the footing
 The minimum cover to reinforcement is 50 mm under normal
exposure and the corresponding min. concrete is M20; under
extreme exposure conditions, it is 75 mm and M25 concrete
(Clause 26.4.2.2 and Table 16).
 Permissible crack width =0.3 mm. However, for severe
categories, the assessed surface crack width <0.004 times the
nominal cover to main steel (SP 24:1980)
 Min reinforcement and spacing should be as per the requirement
of solid slabs (clause 34.5.1). Hence, min Ast=0.12 % bD for
HYSD and 0.15 % for Fe 250 grade steel.
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Design Considerations (Structural)
 Moreover, spacing of main bars should not exceed three times

the effective depth or 300 mm, whichever is smaller (clause
26.3.3b).
 Clause 34.5.2 also stipulates a nominal reinforcement of 360
mm2 / m- length in each direction on each face for thick
foundations with thickness >1 m.
 In reinforced or plain concrete footings, the thickness at the edge
should be greater than 150 mm (and 300 mm in the case of pile
caps). This ensures that the footing will have enough rigidity to
support the bearing pressures acting on them.
 Usually, a levelling course of lean cement concrete of thickness
80–100 mm is provided below the footing base, which serves as
a separating layer between the natural soil and the footing so that
any harmful chemical present in the soil will not react with the
footing concrete.
Design Considerations (BM)
 The max BM to be used in the design of an isolated footing that

supports a column, pedestal, or wall occurs at the face of the
wall, column, or pedestal
 Since brick walls are generally less rigid than concrete walls, the
max BM location is assumed at halfway between the centre line
and the edge of the wall for footings supporting masonry walls
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Design Considerations (Shear)
2. One-way or two-way shear failure of the footing

One-way Shear (beam shear)
Considering the footing as a wide beam, the critical section is,
located at a distance equal to the effective depth(d) of footing from
the face of the column, pedestal, or wall.
Two-way Shear (punching Shear)
It is desirable to check the tendency of the column punching
through the footing, along the surface of a truncated pyramid
around the column, called the critical perimeter. (Cl-31.6.3.1)
Punching Shear stress < kstc, where 𝜏 = 0.25 𝑓 for LSM
And ks=0.5+b ≤ 1.0 & 𝛽 = ⁄
* For the purposes of computing stresses in footings that support a round or octagonal column or
pedestal, Clause 34.2.2 of IS 456 recommends the use of an equivalent inscribed square.
Design Considerations (Shear)
Critical sections for shear (a) One-way shear (b) Two-way /

punching shear
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Design Considerations (Detailing)
The total Ast calculated to resist the max. BM, has to

be distributed as follows:
1. In one-way reinforced footing: Ast is distributed evenly
across the full width of the footing.
2. In two-way square footing: Ast is distributed evenly
across the width in both directions.
3. In two-way rectangular footing: The calculated
reinforcement in the long direction is distributed evenly
across the full width of the footing, whereas in the short
span direction, it is distributed in different proportions in
the central zone and the edge zones
The total Ast calculated to resist the max. BM, has to be

distributed as follows: (Cl 34.3.1©)
The critical section for checking the development length in

footing should be the same planes where the max. BM occurs.
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Detailing of reinforcement in footing
Design Considerations (Pedestal)
. Bearing area
- For stepped or
- sloped footing
1. Minimum area of extended

longitudinal bars or dowels
=0.5 % of the cross-sectional
area of the pedestal.
2. A minimum of four bars must
be provided.
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Design Considerations (Pedestal)
Development length
requirement
(a) Column
in compression
(b) Column in
tension
Design Steps
1. Determine the plan size of footing for given load (1. For
DL+LL no enhancement, 2. For WL/SL 25% enhancement of
SBC of soil)
2. Calculate upward soil pressure (both against net pressure
and Gross pressure).
3. Determine the depth of footing based on one-way shear
considerations using net pressure .
4. Check for punching shear (Cl-31.6.3.1) using net pressure .
5. Calculate the area of steel. Check for Ast (min) and bar
spacing for crack control.
6. Check for development length & detailing of Rebar.
7. Check for transfer of force at the base of column, if
pedestal is present.
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Design Example
. Combination M25 &Fe415

 Column Size 450x300
 Axial Load from Column Pu=162.0 ton (factored DL+LL)
 Uniaxial Moment Mu=17.0 t-m (factored DL+LL)
 Net Safe Bearing Capacity of soil=20 t/m2.
 Depth of Foundation Df =1.20m
Design Example
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Design Example
Design Example
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Design Example
Design Example
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Design Example
Design Example
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Design Example
Design Example
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Design Example
Design Example
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Summary
This Topic /Chapter focusses on

1. A general discussion on design principle of design
of RC foundation
2. Relevant stipulations wrt IS codes of Practice
relevant to the topic
3. Behaviour of isolated footing.
4. Analysis and design.
5. Design steps
6. Design Example
Reference /Study Materials Resources
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/105/105105104/
2. https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc20_ce39/previe
w
3. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/105/105105105/
4. http://www.nptelvideos.in/2012/11/design-of-
reinforced-concrete-structures.html
5. Oxford University Press /online Resources
6. Design of Concrete Structures, by N Subramanian
/Pillai & Menon /Mullick & Gupta
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ANY QUESTIONS ?
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3/20/2021

CEC402 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

National Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 1

Analysis & Design

 Function of a footing /foundation

Foundation structures may be categorized as follows:

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 4

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 5

 In general, shallow foundations as follows:

 The choice of a suitable type of foundation depends on the

Types of isolated footings (a) Strip or wall footing (b) Spread

Combined footings (a) Combined rectangular (b) Combined

(a) Mat foundation (b) Pile foundation

 A mat /Raft foundation transfers loads from all

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 10

 Piles are small diameter shafts driven or cast in bored

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 11

Soil Pressure under Footing

Soil Pressure under Footing

. Type of Soil Type of Settlement Isolated Raft

Differential (mm) 0.0015L 0.0021L

Angular distortion 1/666 1/500

Plastic clay Maximum (mm) 75 100

Differential (mm) 0.0015L 0.002L

Angular distortion 1/666 1/500

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 14

1. The depth is usually based on the availability of

Gross & Net Soil Pressure

 The soil pressure may be expressed in terms of gross or net

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 16

Gross & Net Soil Pressure

 Design of foundations consists of two phases

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 18

Design Considerations (Soil)

For soil design:

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 19

Design Considerations (Soil)

as per Clause 20.2 of IS 456

Design Considerations (Soil)

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 21

Design Considerations (Structural)

For structural design:

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 22

Design Considerations (Structural)

 Moreover, spacing of main bars should not exceed three times

Design Considerations (BM)

 The max BM to be used in the design of an isolated footing that

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 24

Design Considerations (Shear)

2. One-way or two-way shear failure of the footing

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 25

Design Considerations (Shear)

Critical sections for shear (a) One-way shear (b) Two-way /

Design Considerations (Detailing)

The total Ast calculated to resist the max. BM, has to

March 20, 2021 [email protected] 27

Design Considerations (Detailing)

The total Ast calculated to resist the max. BM, has to be

The critical section for checking the development length in