Physics Class XII Experiments
Physics Class XII Experiments
Physics Class XII Experiments
APPARATUS
According to the Ohm's law, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional
to the potential difference across its ends, provided the physical conditions (temperature, dimensions,
pressure, etc.) of the conductor remain the same. If I be the current flowing through a conductor and
Vbe the potential difference across its ends, then according to Ohm's Law,
I V
or Vo«I or V=RI
where, R is the constant of proportionality. It is known as resistance of the conductor.
or
R .Working formula
R depends upon the nature of material, temperature and dimensions of the conductor.
In Sl units, the potential difference V is measured in volt and the currentI in ampere, the
CIRCUTT DIAGRAM
Battery
HHE Rheostat
A
Unknown resistance
wire
w.
PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the apparatus in the same manner as given in the arrangement diagram.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper to remove the insulations, if any.
3. Make neat, clean and tight connections according to the circuit diagram. While making
connections ensure that +ve marked terminals of voltmeter and ammeter are joined towards
the +ve terminal of the battery.
4. Determine the least count of voltmeter and ammeter, and also note the zero error, if any.
5. Insert the key K, slide the rheostat contact and see that ammeter and voltmeter are working
properly.
Compnehemsve Practical Physics-XI
Rheostat
One-way
key
Battery eliminator
or Batteryy
Resistance wire
ww
leluy
A
wuunliy
Ammeteer
Voltmeteer
Fig. Arrangement diagram.
49
OBSERVATIONS
1. Length
Length of the resistance wire l = .
2. Range
Range of the given ammeter =
Range of the given voltmeter
3. Least count
2.
*****
3. **
*****
*****
5.
ohms.
ean value of resistance, R = .....
CALCULATIONS
observations.
ratio of V and I for each set of
1. Find the currentI (column 26), taking
2. Plot a graph between potential
difference V(column 3b) and
to be a straight line.
Y-axis. The graph
comes
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The instrument screws may be loose.
2. Thick connecting wires may not be available.
3. Rheostat may have high resistance.
EXPERIMENT 2
T o find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine the resistivity
www
(specific resistance) of its material.
APPARATUS
A metre bridge (slide wire bridge), a Leclanche cell (Battery eliminator), a galvanometer, a
resistance box, a jockey, a one way key, a resistance wire, a screw gauge, a metre scale, a set square,
THEORY
() The unknown resistance X is given by,
X= (100-R
where R is known resistance placed in the left gap and unknown resistance X in the right gap
of metre bridge. I cm is the length of metre bridge wire from zero end upto balance point.
i) Specific resistance (p) of the material of the given wire is given by,
XTD
P 4L
and D is the diameter of the given wire.
where, L is the length
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Known resistance Unknown resistance
X
R w
R.B. L
Resistance
box B
(G)Galvanometer
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
ullnluluuluululuulualaululuuluuluuluuluuluuluuluu
D
A
C
(100-/)
E
K
For Resistance
as shown in the diagram.
1. Arrange the apparatus
resistance is to be determined in the right gap between
resistance wire whose
2. Connect the loop.
wire forms a
that no part of the
and B. Take care
A and B.
of low in the left hand gap between
resistance box range
3. Connect
shown in the circuit diagram.
Make all the other connections as
4. the key K.
2 ohms) from the resistance box, plug
5. Take out some
resistance (say
of the bridge wire.
first at left end and then at right end
6 Touch the jockey gently If the galvanometer shows deflections in opposite
7. Note the deflections in the galvanometer. then there is some
deflection is one side only,
the connections are correct. If the
directions, the fault.
of your teacher and rectify
fault in the circuit. Check or take help
the wire from left to right till galvanometer gives
zero
8. Move (slide) the jockey gently along
the wire is null point D.
deflection. The point where the jockey is touching
is no deflection in the
9. Choose an appropriate value of R
from the resistance box such that there
45 to 55 cm).
in the middle of the wire (i.e., between
galvanometer when the jockey is nearly
AD 1.
of a set square) to know balancing length,
=
Cell or battery
One-way key
eliminator
Battery eliminator or
Leclanche cell-
Resistance box
? Unknown
VVWire
L-
(100-1)-
0 10 20 /30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
uluuhulhulunkíuluuluulunhuluuluuhuuluuluulunluuhuulunluul
A
Scale
C
Bridge wire
wulnhul
Galvanometer
Fig, Arrangemant diagram
Medsor
OBSERVATIONS
(4) (5)
(1) (2) (3)
1.
2
3.
4. ****
Zero correction, C = ~e =
... mm
(a)
D, (6)- D, (b) =,
(b) D,(a) =
2. (a) D,(a)
(b)
D, (6) =
D, (6) =
.
3. (a)
D, (a) =
D,(a)=
D, (b) = D, (6) =.
(b)
4. (a) D,(a) D, (a) =
.
(b)
D,(b) -
D,(b) =.
CALCULATIONS
1. Calculation for X
Table 1.
(a) From position of D, find I cm and write in column 3 of
(b) Find length (100-) cm and write in column 4.
)Calculate X and write in column 5.
ohm-m
Standard value of the specific resistance of the material of the given wire (if given),
Po ohm-m
RESULT
1. The value of unknown resistance, X =
..
2. The specifie resistance of the material of the given wire = .
3. Percentage error = .
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections
shouldbe neat, clean and tight.
2. All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.
3. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.
4 The plug in key K should be inserted only when the observations are to be taken.
EXPERIMENT 3
www.To verify the laws of combination (series) ofresistances using a metre bridge.
APPARATUS
A metre bridge, a Leclanche cell (battery eliminator), a galvanometer, a resistance box, a jockey,
two resistance wires or two resistance coils known resistances, a set square, sand paper and connecting
wires.
THEORY
R-,+a
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
() In series
I B
(100-1)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
LluululuuhuluLululunluluulunyluululuululuuluulunlu
D
A C
i) Resistances in series
2
w
Fig. Resistances in series.
56
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONS
ronly 2
3.
1
T only 2.
. R .
r and r, in 2.
series
3
CALCULATIONS
and r, in series.
1. Calculation for r, only, r, only, r,
Same as in Experiment 1.
for verification of laws
Calculation
2.
Experimental value of R, =..
Theoretical value of R, +
Difference (if any)
RESULT
theoretical values of R, are same. e
error, experimental and
Within limits of experimental
series is verified.
law of resistances in
PRECAUTIONS
1.
Same as given in Experiment
M e a s u i e
EXPERIMENT 4
A P P A R A T U S
trw
unor
resistance
wires.
THEORY
R, 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
) In parallel
K
WW
ww 2
B
(100-
70 80 90 100
20 30 40 50 60
uluunhuiluuluunhuululuuluulluuluuluuluulunluuhuluunluu
o 10
D C
A
combination of resistances.
Fig. Parallel
i) Resistances in parallel
Resistances in parallel.
Fig.
Comprehensiue Practical Physic:
58 ICS
PROCEDURE
1. Mark the two resistance coils as r, and r
and r, are not known.)
proceed same way as in Experiment (If r,
1.
2. To find r, and r,
as shown in figure in the right gap
of metre hria
3. Connect the two coils r, and r, in parallel ridg
combination. Take at least three sets of observations.
and find the of this
resistance
OBSERVATIONS
R(ohm)
(5) (6) (7)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1.
r, only 2
3.
1.
2
ronly
2
3.
1.
randr, in
R,
2.
parallel
3.
CALCULATIONS
Experimental value of R,
=
Theoretical value of 12
R - _ 2
t2
Measurement of Resistance 59
RESULTT
PRECAUTIONS
Same as in Experiment 1.
VIVAVOCE