Chapter 4 Applications of Differentiation

Maxima and minima
Definition
Let D , the domain of f , contain the point of c . We say that
(i) f (c ) is the absolute maximum value of f on D if f ( c ) ≥ f ( x ) for all x in D .
(ii) f (c ) is the absolute minimum value of f on D if f ( c ) ≤ f ( x ) for all x in D .
(iii) f (c ) is an absolute extreme value of f on D if it is either the absolute maximum value or the
absolute minimum value.
Definition
Let D , the domain of f , contain the point of c . We say that
(i) f (c ) is a local maximum value of f if f ( c ) ≥ f (x ) when x is near c .
(ii) f (c ) is a local minimum value of f if f ( c ) ≤ f ( x ) when x is near c .
(iii) f (c ) is a local extreme value of f on D if it is either a local maximum value or a local
minimum value.
Extreme value theorem

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a , b], then f attains both an absolute maximum value and
an absolute minimum value there.
If is a point at which , we call a stationary point.

c f ' ( c )=0 c
If c is an interior point of the domain of f such that f ' (c ) does not exist, we call c a singular
point.
If f is a function defined on an interval I , c is a critical point of f if c is an end point of I or c is

a stationary point of f or c is a singular point of f .
Fermat’s theorem
Let f be defined on an interval I containing the point c . If f (c ) is a local extreme value, and
' exists, then ' .
f (c ) f ( c )=0
Critical point theorem

Let f be defined on an interval I containing the point c . If f (c ) is an extreme value, then c must
be a critical point.
In order to find the extreme values of a function f that is continuous on a closed interval I , just
evaluate f at each of critical points. The largest value is the maximum value; the smallest value is
the minimum value.
Rolle’s theorem
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a , b] and differentiable on its interior (a , b) , and
, then there is a in where ' .
f ( a )=f (b) c (a , b) f ( c )=0
The mean value theorem for derivatives

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a , b] and differentiable on its interior (a , b), then there is
f ( b )−f (a)
a c in (a , b) where f ' ( c )= .
b−a
Theorem
If ' for all in , then is a constant on .
F ( x )=0 x (a , b) F (x) C (a , b)
If ' for all in , then there is a constant such that

F ( x )=G ' (x ) x (a , b) C
F ( x )=G ( x )+ C
for all x in (a , b) .
Let f be continuous on an interval I and differentiable at every interior point of I .

If ' for all interior to , then is increasing on .
(i) f ( x ) >0 x I f I
If ' for all interior to , then is decreasing on .
(ii) f ( x ) <0 x I f I
Let f be continuous on an open interval (a , b) that contains a critical point c .

If ' for all in and ' for all in , then is a local maximum
(i) f ( x ) >0 x (a , c ) f ( x ) <0 x (c , b) f (c )
value of f .
If ' for all in and for all in , then is a local maximum
(ii) f ( x ) <0 x (a , c ) f ' ( x ) >0 x (c , b) f (c )
value of f .
(iii) If f ' (x) has the same sign on both sides of c , then f (c ) is not a local extreme value of f .
Definition
If the graph of f lies above all its tangent lines on an interval I , then we say that f is concave
upward on I . If the graph of f lies below all its tangent lines on an interval I , then we say that f is
concave downward on I .
Let f be differentiable on an open interval I . We say that f is concave up on I if f ' is increasing

on I , and we say that f is concave down on I if f ' is decreasing on I .
Concavity theorem
Let f be twice differentiable on an open interval I .
If ' ' for all in , then is concave up on .
(a) f ( x) > 0 x I f I
If for all in , then is concave down on .
(b) f ' ' ( x) < 0 x I f I
Inflection points
We call an inflection point of the graph if is concave up on one side of and concave
(c , f ( c ) ) f f c
down on the other side.
If is an inflection point, then either or does not exist.

(c , f ( c ) ) ''
f ( c )=0 f ' ' (c )
Local extreme values – second derivative test

Let and exist at every point in an open interval containing , and suppose .
f' f '' (a , b) c f ' ( c )=0
If '' , then is a local maximum value of .
(i) f ( c )< 0 f (c ) f
If , then is a local minimum value of .
(ii) f '' ( c )> 0 f (c ) f
Indeterminate form and L'Hopital's Rule

L’Hopital’s Rule
Suppose lim f ( x )=0 and lim g ( x)=0, or lim f ( x )=± ∞ and lim g (x)=± ∞, then
x→ a x→ a x→ a x→ a
f (x) f ' ( x)
lim =lim
x→ a g ( x ) x→a g ' ( x )
if the limit on the right hand side exists.
Steps of curve sketching
(I ) State the domain of the function.
( II ) Find the x -intercepts and the y -intercepts.
(III ) Check if the function is even, odd or periodic.
(IV ) Find the horizontal asymptotes and the vertical asymptotes.
(V ) Find the intervals of increase or decrease.
(VI ) Find the local maximum and minimum values.
(VII ) Find the intervals of concavity and the inflection points.
(VIII ) Sketch the curve.
Newton’s Method
Let f (x) be a differentiable function and let x 1 be an initial approximation to the root r of
. Let denote a bound for the error , compute
f ( x )=0 E |r −x n|
f ( xn)
x n+1=x n − '
, n=1,2 , …
f ( xn )
Antiderivatives
We call an antiderivative of on the interval if on , that is, if
F f I D x F ( x )=f (x) I '
F ( x )=f (x)
for all x in I .
Fact
If F ( x) is an antiderivative of f ( x), so is F ( x ) +C for any constant C .
Function Particular antiderivative

n+1
x
xn
n+1
1
ln ¿ x∨¿ ¿
x
x x
e e
bx
bx
ln b
cos x sin x
sin x −cos x
sec 2 x tan x
sec x tan x sec x
1
sin −1 x
√1−x2
−1 −1
cos x
√1−x2
1
2 tan−1 x
1+ x
cosh x sinh x
sinh x cosh x

Chapter 4 Applications of Differentiation

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Chapter 4 Applications of Differentiation

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Maxima and minima

Extreme value theorem

If is a point at which , we call a stationary point.

If f is a function defined on an interval I , c is a critical point of f if c is an end point of I or c is

Critical point theorem

The mean value theorem for derivatives

If ' for all in , then there is a constant such that

Let f be continuous on an interval I and differentiable at every interior point of I .

Let f be continuous on an open interval (a , b) that contains a critical point c .

Let f be differentiable on an open interval I . We say that f is concave up on I if f ' is increasing

If is an inflection point, then either or does not exist.

Local extreme values – second derivative test

Indeterminate form and L'Hopital's Rule

Function Particular antiderivative

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