Sec:SR’S Date: 31-10-

22
TOPIC: CONTIUITY,DIFFERENTIABILITY&DERIVATIVES
SUB: MATHS

CONTIUITY,DIFFERENTIABILITY&DERIVATIVES-SYNOPSIS
CONTINUITY :

1. A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c, if f(x) = f(c)

i.e. f is continuous at x = c ( f(c – h) = f(c + h) = f(c) )

If a function f(x) is continuous at x = c, then graph of f(x) at the corresponding point (c, f(c)) will not be broken.

But if f(x) is discontinuous at x = c, the graph will be broken when x = c

((i), (ii) and (iii) are discontinuous at x = c)

((iv) is continuous at x = c)

A function f (x) is continuous at a left end point x = a of its domain if and continuous at a right end

point x = b of its domain if

In general, a function “f(x)” is right-continuous from the right at a point x = c in its domain if .It is

left continuous at c if

a function is continuous at a left end point “a” of its domain if it is right continuous at a and continuous at a right
end point “b” of its domain if it is left continous at b.

A function in continuous at an interior point “c” of its domain if and only if it is both right & left continuous at a

2. Continuity in an interval :
A function “f” is said to be continuous on an interval I in its domain if at every point “c” and if the
appropriate one-sided limits equal the function values at every point I may contain

OR

(a) A function f is said to be continuous in (a, b) if f is continuous at each & every point (a, b).

(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval [a, b] if:

(i) f is continuous in the open interval (a, b),

(ii) f is right continuous at ‘a’ i.e. f(x) = f(a) = a finite quantity and

(iii) f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. f(x) = f(b) = a finite quantity.

Example:

i) f(x) = is continuous on [-2,2] , at every domain point

ii) f(x) = is continuous on

iii) is continuous on i.e. f(x) is right continuous at origin but it is neither left
continuous nor continuous there.

3. Types of discontinuity:

a) A function y=f(x) has infinite discontinuity at x = a if (or) is infinite

examplei) f(x) = at x = 0 ii) f(x) =

b) A function y=f(x) has oscillating discontinuity at x=a if and lie in a certain range but do not
approach to a definite value at x = a.

example:

i) y=sin at x=0 has oscillating discontinuity at x=0

ii) has oscillating discontinuity at x=0

c) f(x) has a removable discontinuity at x = a if and both exists finitely and their values are
equal but not equal to f(a). Such a function can be made continuous by redefining the function at x = a so that

= = f(a) continuous.

example: at

d) A function f(x) is said to have discontinuity of first kind at x= a if , and exists, but not equal

e) f(x) has jump discontinuity at x = a if and both exists finitely but their values are unequal and

= jump of function at x = a

it is said to be non removable discontinuity of 1 st kind

Note : A function having a finite number of jumps in a given interval is called a Piece Wise Continuous function in this
interval. For e.g. {x}, [x]

f) A function f(x) is said to have discontinuity of second kind at x= a, values of , and do not
exist.

This type of discontinuity is always irremovable.

Example: f(x) = or g(x) = at x = 4 (Infinite discontinuity)

or f(x) =sin at x = 0. (Oscillatory discontinuity)

g) A function f can be discontinuous due to any of the following three reasons.

(i) f(x) does not exist. i.e. f(x) f(x) (figure (i))

(ii) f(x) is not defined at x = c (figure (ii))

(iii) f(x) f(c) (figure (iii))

Geometrically the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x = c.

4) Continuity of algebraic combination: If functions f and g are continous at x = c. Then following functions are

continous at x=c. a) f+g b) f-g c) f.g d) k.f e) f) (provided f(x) is defined in an interval
containing C, and m,n are integers).

8) Continuity of composites: If f(x) is continous at x = c and g(x) is continous at f(c) then g (f(x)) is continous at c.

10. Properties of a continuous function:

a) If f(x) is a continuous function and f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists atleast one root of f(x)=0 in
(a,b).or odd number of roots of f(x) = 0 in (a,b)

b) If f(x) is a continuous function on [a,b] and k is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at one
solution of the equation f(x) = k in (a,b). (Intermediate value theorem)OR

c) Any continuous function defined on a closed and bounded interval [a, b]

possesses intermediate value property on that interval.
If a function is discontinuous on [a, b], still the function can satisfy Intermediate valuetheorem

d) If f has a derivative at every point of the closed interval [a, b], then f takes

on every value between and , because then f becomes continuous

e) If f has a derivative at every point of the closed interval [a, b], then takes

on every value between and . Because Darboux’s theorem states that, although
derivatives are not continuous they still enjoy intermediate value property
f). If f and g have the intermediate value property on [a, b], then so has f+g on
that interval, may not have intermediate value property

h) If f(x) takes only rational continous or irrational values for all real values of x, (or) in a given interval and f(x) is
continous function, then f(x) must be constant function.

11) Point function: Point function is a function whose domain and range set consists only one element is

discontinuous. ( example: )

DIFFERENTIABILITY:

1) Let f(x) be a real valued function defined on an interval (a, b) and let .Then f(x) issaid to be

differentiable at x = c, iff exists finitely which implies

(i.e R.H.D = L.H.D )

2) Let hand derivative and Right hand derivative of a function f(x) at a point x = c are defined as

and
 respectively

3) f(x) is differentiable at a point P iff there exists a unique tangent at P (other than verticaltangent)

4) If f is differentiable at x = a, then , where .

5) Differentiability over an interval:

f(x) is said to be differentiable over an open interval if it is differentiable at each point of the interval and f(x) is said
to be differentiable over a closed interval [a, b] if:

(i) for the points a and b, exist finitely

(ii) for any point c such that a < c < b, exist finitely and are equal.

Example:

6. Relation between differentiability &continuity :

(i) If exists, then f(x) is continuous at x = a.

(ii) If f(x) is differentiable at every point of its domain of definition, then it is continuous in that domain.

Note: The converse of the above result is not true i.e. “ if ‘f’ is continuous at x = a, then ‘f’ is differentiable at x = a is
not true.

Example: the functions f(x) = is continuous at x = 2 but not differentiable at x = 2.

If f(x) is a function such that R.H.D = and L.H.D =

Case : I

If = m = some finite value, then the function f(x) is differentiable as well as continuous.

Case: II
If m = but both have some finite value, then the function f(x) is non – differentiable but it is continuous.

Case : III

If at least one of the or m is infinite, then the function is non – differentiable but we can not say about continuity
of f(x).

7) Every polynomial function, the exponential function , Constant function, sine and cosine functions
are always differentiable.

The logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions are differentiable in their domain

8) If f(x) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a, then the functions f(x) g(x), f(x).g(x) will also be differentiable at x = a &
if g(a) 0, then the function f(x) / g(x) will also be differentiable at x = a.

9) If f(x) is not differentiable at x = a & g(x) is a differentiable at x = a, then the product function F(x) = f(x) .g(x) can
still be differentiable at x = a

11) If f(x) & g(x) both are non – differentiable at x = a, then the sum function F(x) = f(x) + g(x) may be a differentiable

function. E.g. f(x) = & g(x) = .

12) The composition of differentiable function is a differentiable function.

13) If f(x) is differentiable at x = a then |f(x)| is not necessarily to be differentiable at x = a.

Example: is differentiable at x = 0 and f(x) = x 3 is also differential at x = 0

14) If both f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions on R, then the function defined as
h(x) = maximum {f(x), g(x)} is not always is differentiable on R
15) If both f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions at x = x 0, then the function defined
as h(x) = maximum {f(x), g(x)} is not differentiable at x = x 0 . It is,provided

Some standard results:

16. If [x] denotes the integral part of x and f(x) = [n + p sin x], 0 < x < and p is a
prime number, then the number of points where f(x) is not differentiable is 2p – 1

y f x 
17. be a real valued twice differentiable function defined on R, then

3
d 2 y  dx  d 2 x
   
dx 2  dy  dy 2 0
18. Let f(x) be a non negative differentiable function such that and

then f(x) = 0 (constant function)

19. Let a function be satisfying for all real numbers x, y ,

then f(x) is a constant function.

20. The function is not differentiable at , is particular at

21. , because, for any x > 0, we can choose sufficiently larger n such that is small.

22. does not exist and does not exist.