USN

Sub: Design of RC and steel structural elements Sub Code: 18CV72/17CV72 Branch:
Date: Duration: 90 min’s Max Marks: 50 Sem / Sec: ALL
Answer any one Questions- Use of IS 456 -2000/IS 800 is permitted MARKS
1 (a) Design a combined rectangular slab type footing for two columns A and B to carry loads of 600 kN [50]
and 900 kN. The cross section of column A is 300 x 300 mm and 400x 400 mm. The width of the
footing is restricted to 1.8 m. The centre to centre spacing between the columns is 3.6 m. The safe
bearing capacity of the soil is 175 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. The design must
include all necessary checks and draw the reinforcement details
SOLUTION
• Footing base dimensions
Assuming the self-weight of the combined footing plus backfill to constitute 10 or
15 percent of the total column loads,
Δ P = (900 + 1600) x 15/100 = 375 kN
P1 + P2 = 900 +1600 = 2500 kN
qa = 240 kN/m2

In order to obtain a uniform soil pressure distribution, the line of action of the
resultant column load must pass through the centroid of the footing. Let the footing
centroid be located at a distance x’ from the centre of C1. ( Fig.1)

Fig. 1
Assuming a load factor of 1.5, the factored column loads are:
Pu1 = 900 × 1.5 = 1350 kN; Pu2 = 1600 × 1.5 = 2400 kN ⇒ Pu1 + Pu2 = 3750 kN
spacing between columns s = 4500 mm
Let x’ be measured from centre of C1 ( x’ is centroid of column loads)

The total length L of the footing should be such that, centroid of footing,
L/2 = (2880 + 200), L = 2 (2880 + 200 ) = 6160 mm = 6.16 m
Provide L = 6.16 m
⇒ width of footing required B = A/L = 11.98/6.16 = 1.95 m rounded to 2.00 m
Provide B = 2.00 m
• Uniformly distributed load acting in upward direction (soil pressure)

Treating the footing as a wide beam (B = 2000 mm) in the longitudinal direction, the
uniformly distributed load (acting upward) is given by q uB

quB = (Pu1 + Pu2)/L = 3750/6.16 = 608.8 kN/m ( Upward soil pressure intensity)
The maximum ‘positive’ bending moment (heavier column) at the face of column
C2 at XX is given by
Moment at section XX , just right of XX, Mu + = 608.8 × (1.460 – 0.250)2/2 = +
446 kNm
The maximum ‘negative’ moment occurs at the location of zero shear, which is at
a distance X from the centre of column C1

To find ‘x’ , Shear force at ‘x’ = 608.8 × ( X) – 1350 = 0 ( Location of zero shear)

X = 1350/608.8 = 2.2175 m

⇒ Negative bending moment Mu - at X = 2.2175 m,

Mu– = 608.8 × (2.2175)2/2 – 1350 × (2.2175 ) = (–)1496.79 kNm
• Shear force calculations (optional right now)
Shear force at D, (outer edge of column C1) just left of section AA= 608.8 x
0.2 = +121.8 kN
Shear force at A , ( inner edge of column C 1) just left of section AA = -1350
+ 608.8 x 0.2 = 1228kN
Shear force at C, (outer edge of column C 2) just right of section AA =
– 608.8 x (1.46 – 0.25) = 736.648kN
Shear force at B, (inner edge of column C 2) just right of section AA = – 608.8
x (1.46 + 0.25) +2400
=
1358.95kN
• Thickness of footing based on shear
 One-way shear (longitudinal): Vu1 calculate it at a distance “d” from the edge of
the heavier column, where “d” is the effective depth of the footing

The critical section (always for column with greater load) for one-way shear is
located at a distance d from the (inner)face of C2, and has a value

Critical One way shear, Vu1 at section XX ( just right of XX section) = Column
load (C2) - Uniformly distributed upward load × (1460 + 250 + d)
= (2400 – 608.8 x (1.460 + 0. 250 + d) ) = 2400 – 888.848
- 152.2 – 608.8 x d
= (1359 – 608.8 x d) kN …(1)
Assuming τ c = 0.48 N/mm2 (for M 20 concrete, Assuming Percentage of steel as
,pt = 0.50) IS 456 2000, page 73, table 19
Design shear strength of concrete, Vuc = τ c × B × d = 0.48 × B × d
Equate Vuc and Vu1
B is width of footing = 2000 mm
Vuc = 0.48 × 2000 × d = (960d) N…..(2)
Equating one-way shear force and design shear strength of concrete , (1) = (2)
Vu1 = Vuc ⇒ (1359 – 608.8d) × 103 = 960d
⇒ Effective depth of footing, d = 866 mm
Use 20 mm φ bars with a clear cover of 75 mm, Taking an overall depth or
thickness of the footing
D = d + 75+ 20/2 = 866 + 75 + 20/2 = 951 mm = 950 mm

Two-way shear or punching shear ( we need to consider the upward soil pressure
not upward soil intensity) * Since it is acting on an area.
Factored soil pressure or Upward soil pressure, qu = (608.8 ) / ( B ×1) = (608.8/2) =
304.4 kN/m2
The critical section is located d/2 from the periphery of columns C1 and C2.

Two-way shear force for columns C1 and C2 (Punching shear)

Shear stresses in footing slab due to punching shear

Punching shear or Two- way shear calculations for heavier column C2

Vu2 = 2400 – 304.4 (0.5 + 0.866/2 + 0.866/2)(0.5+0.866/2 + 0.866/2)
= 1832 kN @ C2 ( Heavier column)
Punching shear or Two way shear for C1
 Punching shear or Two-way shear @ C1,
Two way shear Vu2 = (Column load at C1) 1350 - 304.4 x (0.4 +0.866/2 + 0.866/2)
x (0.4+0.866/2)
= 1029 kN @ C1

If no shear reinforcement is provided,

Page 58, IS 456, Clause 31.6.3.1, when no shear reinforcement is provided, calculated

shear stress at critical section shall not exceed

For square columns, ks = 500/ 500 = 400/400 = 1.0

Permissible shear stress, τ c2 = 1.0 × 0.25 ×√ 20 = 1.118 N/mm2
Permissible two-way shear force for columns C1 and C2
Permissible two way shear force, Vuc = Permissible shear stress × (Area of the
footing slab enclosed by the perimeter of the critical section)
Perimeter of critical section = (400+866/2 +866/2) + 2 X ( 400+866/2) , depth =
866 mm
Vuc = 1.118 x [ (400 +866/2 + 866/2) + ( 400 +866/2) × 2 ] × 866 = 2839kN @
C1
In the similar way lets calculate for C2
Permissible two way shear force ,Vuc = 1.118 × ( 500 + 866/2+866/2 ) × 4 × 866
= 5290 kN @ C2

Compare whether permissible two way shear force is greater than two shear way (
Actual)
Vuc = 2839 kN > Vu2 = 1029 kN @ C1
Vuc = 5290 kN > Vu2 = 1832 kN @ C2
Hence safe against two way or punching shear, ( if not provide shear reinforcement-
stirrups or bent up bars)
• Design of longitudinal flexural reinforcement
Maximum ‘negative’ moment: Mu = 1496.7 kNm Maximum ‘positive’ moment: Mu = 446 kNm (at face
at the location of zero shear of column C2

Mu = 1496.79 × 106 N mm Mu = 446 × 106 N mm

B = b = 2000 mm, fck = 20 N/mm2, B = b = 2000 mm
fy = 415N/mm2 d = 866 or 865 mm
d = 866 mm /865 mm
Ast provided = 5098.24 mm2 (check the Ast = 1451.7 mm2
value!!)
Check for (Ast)min = 0.0012 BD = Check for Min Ast
0.0012 × 2000 × 950 = 2280 mm2
Ast provided > (Ast)min (Ast)min = 0.0012 BD = 0.0012 × 2000 × 950 = 2280
But we have assumed pt = 0.5 mm2
pt = 100 Ast, req/ ( B × d) 1451.7 < 2280mm2
No,of bars = Ast req/ Area of one bar Since moment is less, smaller diameter bars can be used
Assume 20 mm dia bars

Design of column strips as transverse beams

Tranverse bending of footing

Transverse beam under Transverse beam under column C2
column C1
• Factored Column load • Factored Column load per width of footing = 2400/2.0 = 1200
per width of footing = kN/m
1350/2.0 = 675 kN/m
• Projection beyond column face = (2000 – 500)/2 = 750 mm
• Projection of beam =0.75m
beyond column face =
(2000 – 400)/2 = 800
mm =0.8 m • Moment at column face =
1200 × 0.752/2 = 338 kNm

• Maximum moment at
column face: • Width of transverse beam = width of column + 2 x 0.75d
2
Mu = 675 × 0.80 /2 =
216 kNm • 500 + 0.75× 851 + 0.75 × 851 = 1777 mm

• Effective depth for

transverse beam (16
mm φ bars placed
above the 16 mm φ
Mu = 338 x 106 N mm
longitudinal bars):
b = 1777 mm
 d = 851 mm
d = 950 – 75 – 16 – Ast = 1113.6mm2
16/2 = 851 mm

• Assume width of
transverse beam, b =
width of column +
0.75d

b = 400 + 0.75 × 851 =

1038 mm

b = 1038 mm, d = 851 mm

Mu = 216 x 106 N mm
Ast =709 mm2

Page 48, CL No 5.2.1 • Provide (Ast)min = 0.0012 × 1777 × 950 = 2026 mm2
•
Minimum Ast = Use 16mm or 12 mm dia bars
0.0012 bD = Number of 12 mm φ bars required = 2026/113 = 18
Ast = .0012 × 1038 × Provide 18 nos 12 mmφ bars
950 = 1183 mm2 • Required development length = 47.0 × 12 = 564 mm is available
• Use 16 mm or 12mm beyond the column face.
dia bars (Your wish!!)
• Number of 16 mm φ
bars required =
Ast/ area of one bar =
1183/201 = 6

Check for development

length = 47 × 16 =
• Alternatively, no. of
12 mm φ bars required
= 1183/113 = 11
Provide 11 nos 12 mm φ bars

• Required development
length = 47 × dia of
the bar = 47.0 × 12 =
564 mm

Transfer of force at column base Column C1 Transfer of force at column base Column C2
• Limiting bearing stress at • Limiting bearing stress at
IS 456 Page 65 , CL34.4 i) column face = 0.45fck = 0.45 × 20 = 9.0 MPa
𝐴1
Permissible bearing stress = 0.45fck √𝐴2

[A1 = 20002 , A2 = 5002 mm2 ]

= 0.45 × 20 × 2.0 = 18.0 MPa

Permissible bearing resistance = 13.5 × 5002 =

3375 kN

3375kN > 2400kN , Hence safe

i) column face = 0.45fck = 0.45 × 20 = 9.0 MPa

 𝐴1
Permissible bearing stress = 0.45fck √𝐴2

[As the column is located at the edge of the

footing, Assume A1 = A2 = 4002 mm2]
= 0.45 × 20 × 1.0 = 9.0 MPa
=9.0 N/mm2

Permissible bearing resistance or force

Fbr = Permissible bearing stress × column area
= 9.0 × 4002 = 1440 × 103 N = 1440kN
1440> 1350 kN, hence OK.
Hence, full force transfer can be achieved without In this case also, full force transfer can be
the need for reinforcement across the interface. achieved without the need for reinforcement
However, it is desirable to provide some nominal across the interface. However, it is desirable to
dowels (4 nos 20 mm φ), provide some nominal dowels (4 nos 20 mm φ)

The reinforcement details are indicated in Figure 1. Some of the longitudinal bars at
the bottom are shown (arbitrarily) extended across the full length of the footing in
order to provide some nominal reinforcement in the large (otherwise unreinforced)
area of concrete between the columns and also to tie up with the transverse bars under
column C1. Nominal transverse reinforcement is also indicated at top between the
columns, in order to tie up with the main longitudinal bars provided.

Figure 1
 3D view of Reinforcement details

OR
2 (a) The centre line of the roof truss is shown. The magnitude of forces under service conditions are Top [50]
chord member = 120 kN Compression, Bottom Chord member = 100 kN Tension, Interior
members = 60kN compression. Use M16 bolts of grade 4.6. Design all the members.
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner