ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING WITH FLAT

SLAB

BATCHLOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
RAHIL ABRAR (12D95A0117 )
SAYED ZAHED (11D91A01A5 )
MOHD FARHAN (11D91A0164 )

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AURORAS SCIENTIFIC, TECHOLOGICAL & RESEARCH ACADEMY
Bandlaguda, near Chandrayanagutta, Hyderabad.
APRIL-2015

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING WITH FLAT

SLAB
A MAIN PROJECT REPORT
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE FOR
BACHLOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
RAHIL ABRAR (12D95A0117 )

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AURORAS SCIENTIFIC, TECHOLOGICAL & RESEARCH ACADEMY
Bandlaguda, near Chandrayanagutta, Hyderabad.
APRIL-2015

AURORAS SCIENTIFIC, TECHOLOGICAL & RESEARCH ACADEMY

Bandlaguda, near Chandrayanagutta, Hyderabad.
Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

COMMERCIAL BUILDING WITH FLAT SLAB carried out by Mr. RAHIL
ABRAR, HT. No 12D95A0117, a bonafide student of IV year in partial
fulfillment

for

the

award

of Bachelor

of

Technology in Civil

Engineering of the AURORAS SCIENTIFIC, TECHOLOGICAL & RESEARCH

ACADEMY during the year Academic year 2014-15. The project report
has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect
of Project work prescribed for the said Degree.

Name & Signature of the internal Guide

Signature of the HOD
G.VenkataRatnam (M.E)

External Viva:
Name and Signature of the examiners with date

Name &

AURORAS SCIENTIFIC, TECHOLOGICAL & RESEARCH ACADEMY

Bandlaguda, near Chandrayanagutta, Hyderabad.
Department of Civil Engineering

DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT

I, RAHIL ABRAR bearing Hall Ticket No.12D95A0117, hereby declare

that the project report entitled ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
COMMERCIAL BUILDING WITH FLAT SLAB under the guidance of
Mr. G.VenkataRatnam, Department of Civil Engineering, Auroras
Scientific, Technological and Research Academy, Bandlaguda is
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of B.Tech in Civil Engineering.
This is a record of bonafide work carried out by me and the
results embodied in this project have not been reproduced or copied
from any source. The results embodied in this project report have not
been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any
other degree or diploma.

Name:
RAHIL ABRAR,
H.T.No.:
12D95A0117.

INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGMENT...............................................................i
ABSTRACT............................................................................ii
NOTATIONS...........................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................ix
CHAPTER 1.........................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................2
1.1 General..........................................................................................2
1.2 Flat Slab.........................................................................................2
1.2.1 Basic Definition of Flat Slab.....................................................3
1.3 Components of Flat Slabs..............................................................3
1.4 Advantages & Disadvantages........................................................5
1.4.1 Advantages..............................................................................5
1.4.2 Disadvantages:........................................................................6
1.5 Key Messages:...............................................................................7
1.6 Proprietary Punching Shear Reinforcement Systems:....................7
1.7 Objective.......................................................................................8
1.8 Scope of Work................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2.........................................................................9
MODELLING AND ANALYSIS..................................................10
2.1 Materials and Properties:.............................................................10

2.1.1 Building Materials:.................................................................10

2.2 Loads:..........................................................................................10
2.2.1 Dead loads & Live loads:.......................................................10
2.3 Load Combination:.......................................................................11
CHAPTER-3.........................................................................16
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES........................................................17
3.1 Methods of Design:......................................................................17
3.1.1 Working Stress Method:.........................................................17
3.1.2 Ultimate Load Method:...........................................................18
3.1.3 Limit State Design:................................................................18
CHAPTER - 4........................................................................ 20
STRUCTURAL PLANNING.......................................................21
4.1 Structural Planning Of Reinforced Concrete Framed Building:.....21
4.1.1 Column Positions...................................................................21
4.1.2 Orientation of columns:.........................................................21
4.1.3 Beam Locations.....................................................................23
4.2 My Project Plans..........................................................................24
CHAPTER - 5........................................................................ 34
LOADINGS...........................................................................35
5.1 Load Conditions and Structural System Response:.....................35
5.1.1 Building Loads Categorized by Orientation:...........................35
5.1.2 Horizontal (Lateral) Loads:.....................................................35
5.2 LOAD CALCULATIONS................................................................37
5.2.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................37
5.3 Assumptions................................................................................42

Table 1 : Density of Materials Used...................................................43

Table 2 : Design Constants................................................................43
5.4 Assumptions Regarding Design:..................................................43
5.4.1 Assumptions on design:.........................................................44
5.5 Data Collection............................................................................44
CHAPTER-6.........................................................................45
DESIGNING.......................................................................... 46
6.1 Flat Slab.......................................................................................46
6.2 Design of Beams..........................................................................53
6.2.1 Members - B31, B32 & B39 (from ETABS)..............................57
6.3 Column........................................................................................66
6.5 Footing.........................................................................................74
6.6 Stair Case....................................................................................77
CHAPTER-7.........................................................................84
CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................85
REFERENCES.......................................................................86

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am very pleased to present this main project work. This period of my
student life has been truly rewarding a number of people were of
immense help to me during the course of my project work and
preparation of this book.
First, I wish to thank God Almighty who created heavens and earth,
who helped me in completing this project.
I thank my parents, encouraged me all along to complete this big task
and to my friends who has given good support along the way.
I would like to thank all my departments lecturers, Auroras Scientific,
Technological and Research Academy, Bandlaguda, my project internal
guide, for his guidance and help. His insight during the course of my
research and regular guidance were invaluable to me.
And also I thank Sri G.Venkata Ratnam, Head of the Department,
Civil Engineering, Auroras Scientific, Technological and Research
Academy,

Bandlaguda,

for

his

encouragement

and

cooperation

throughout the project.

I would also thank Smt. Ch.Srilatha, Principal of our college, for

extending his help.

Rahil Abrar

ABSTRACT
With the increase in population and development of civilization,
the demand for HOUSING is increasing at a peak rate. Especially in
towns due to rapid industrialization, the demand is very high. Adapting
the construction of Multi-storied Building not only matches with
demand but also decreases the price of the single house.
Hence an Engineer to be knowledgeable about the planning and
designing of such Multi-storied Buildings. Advancements of computer
packages have given many tools to the designer towards achieving the
best and accuracy in their work.
The aim of our project is to design a G+13 building with flat slabs
instead of conventional slab. It is designed by using M25 grade
concrete and Fe415 steel. The dead load, live load and seismic load are
applied and the design for beams, columns, footing is obtained.
Analysis & Design of the building with flat slab is done by using ETABS
software.

ii

PLANNING
Planning is the first step of project management philosophy of
planning, organizing and controlling the execution of the projects.
Project planning and project scheduling is two separate and distinct
function of the project management.
At its inception a building normally begins as an inspiration or an
idea in someones mind. Once the person or the client has a clear
concept of what he/she wants, in order for that thought to be a reality,
the idea must then be converted into a Construction Project. All
Construction Projects have 4 major phases: Initiation, Planning &
Design, Implementation and Completion.
TYPES:
There are several types of project planning. The three major
types of construction project planning are:
1. Strategic planning: This involves the high-level selection of the
project objectives and it is done by the owners corporate planners,
2. Operational planning: This involves the detailed planning required
to meet the strategic objectives and it is done by construction teams.
They ask certain questions before making operational plan for the
project,
3. Scheduling: This puts the detailed operational plan on a time scale
set by the strategic objectives.

iii

DESIGN
Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction
of an object or a system so designing can be done manually or by
software such as Etabs and Staadpro.
The components to design are foundation, plinth beam, columns,
beams, slab and staircases.
COMMERCIAL BUILDING
A commercial

building is

a building that

is

used

for

commercial use. Such as office buildings, banks, hotels, super market,

shopping mall, restaurant, warehouses, or retail
In our project, a G+13 Structure with flat slab is analyzed and
designed individually for Gravity loads Lateral loads. The complete
process of Modeling, Analysis of whole structure is carried by using
ETABS Packages and the designs of typical structural elements (beam,
column, and slab) are done by manually.
Punching shear reinforcement is an efficient method to increase
not only the strength but also the deformation capacity of flat slabs
supported by columns. Especially, the increase in deformation capacity
is desired so that the load can be distributed to other supports
preventing a total collapse of the structure in the case of the
occurrence of a local failure

iv

NOTATIONS
A

area

breadth of beam ,shorter dimension of a rectangular column

bef

effective width of slab

br

effective width of flange

bw

breadth of web or rib

overall depth of beam or slab or diameter of column, dimension

of rectangular column in the direction under consideration

Df

thickness of flange/slab in flanged beam

effective depth of beam or slab

d1

depth of compression reinforcement from the highly

compressed face
DL

dead load

eccentricity

fck

characteristic compressive strength of concrete

fy

characteristic strength of steel

ld

development length

LL
L

live load or imposed load

length of a column or beam between lateral restraints or the

unsupported
length of a

column

lef

effective span of beam or slab or effective length of column

lx

breadth or shorter side of slab

ly

length or longer side of slab

lo

distance between points of zero moments in a beam

bending moment

Mu

factored bending moment

axial load on a compressive member or a pull

Pu

factored load

spacing of stirrups, standard deviation

tensional moment

shear force
v

total load

distributed load unit area

wd

distributed dead load per unit area

depth of neutral axis

modulus section

lever arm

sc

permissible stress in steel in compression

st

permissible stress in steel in tension permissible

tensile stress in shear reinforcement shear stress

bd

design bond stress

shear stress in concrete

nominal shear stress

Ac

area of concrete

As

area of minimum reinforcement or longitudinal tension

reinforcement for
columns
Asc

area of compression reinforcement or area of longitudinal

reinforcement
for columns
Ast

area of tension reinforcement

Asv

total cross sectional area of stirrup legs or bent- up bars within a

distance
equal to Spacing of stirrup or bent- up bar
C1

constant

going of stairs

hi

height measured from base of building to any floor1

moment of inertia

IS

Indian standards

KNm Kilo Newton meter

L

span of beam or slab

w/c

water- cement ratio

x,y bending moment coefficient for two way slabs

tensile stress

ve

equivalent nominal shear stress

vi

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 : Cellar Plan.............................................................................24
Figure 2 : Ground Floor Plan..................................................................25
Figure 3 : Mazzanine Floor Plan............................................................26
Figure 4 : Typical Floor Plan..................................................................27
Figure 5 : Terrace Plan..........................................................................28
Figure 6 : Section at X-X........................................................................29
Figure 7 : Section at Y-Y.........................................................................30
Figure 8 : Elevations.............................................................................31
Figure 9: Slabs with columns..................................................................3
Figure 10 : Column Positions.................................................................22
Figure 11 : Beams Location...................................................................23
Figure 12 : flat slab representation.......................................................46
Figure 13 : flat slab sizes......................................................................46
Figure 14 : Beams representation.........................................................53
Figure 15 : Beams sizes........................................................................54
Figure 16 : Beams Area.........................................................................55
Figure 17 : B.M Diagram.......................................................................56
Figure 18 : Area B39.............................................................................57

vii

Figure 19 : Steel Detail - B39................................................................59

Figure 20 : Area B31.............................................................................60
Figure 21 : Steel Detail - B31................................................................62
Figure 22 : Area B32.............................................................................63
Figure 23 : Steel detail - B32................................................................65
Figure 24 : Center line Diagram............................................................66
Figure 25 : Columns representation......................................................67
Figure 26 : Columns B.M.......................................................................68
Figure 27 : Area C25.............................................................................69
Figure 28 : Steel Detail - C5, C12 & C25...............................................73

viii

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Density of Materials Used......................................................33
Table 2 : Design Constants...................................................................33

ix

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Now days, there is an increase in housing requirement with
increased population and urbanization. Therefore, building sector has
gained increasing prominence. However, the fact that the suitable
lands for building/construction- especially in the areas in which people
live intensively- are limited and expensive shows that there is a
necessity

for

optimal

evaluation

of

these

lands.

Additionally,

continuously increasing prices leads to increase in building costs; so,

both dimensional and cost optimization becomes necessary and even
indispensable.
When a building is projected, geometrical dimensions of
elements belonging to carrier system of the structure are usually
determined by using engineering capability and experiences gained
over time. In sizing, the tensile forces to which the material to be
subjected to should comply with the specifications. In the building
design, the pre-sizing details provided

are generally not changed

much; sizes obtained in second or at most third solution are taken as

carrier system sizes. In fact, carrier system can be sized in infinite
possibilities in a manner to ensure all the necessary conditions; and
the cost of each carrier system alternative can be different from each
other. The basic aim in the engineering is to find a design having
lowest cost, and ensuring predicted limitations.
1.2 Flat Slab
Flat slabs system of construction is one in which the beams used
in the conventional methods of constructions are done away with. The
slab directly rests on the column and load from the slab is directly
transferred to the columns and then to the foundation. To support
heavy loads the thickness of slab near the support with the column is
increased and these are called drops, or columns are generally
provided with enlarged heads called column heads or capitals.
2

Absence of beam gives a plain ceiling, thus giving better

architectural appearance and also less vulnerability in case of fire than
in usual cases where beams are used.
1.2.1 Basic Definition of Flat Slab
In general normal frame construction utilizes columns, slabs &
Beams. However it may be possible to undertake construction without
providing beams, in such a case the frame system would consist of slab
and column without beams. These types of Slabs are called flat slab,
since their behavior resembles the bending of flat plates.
A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete
columns without the use of beams

Figure 1: Slabs with columns

1.3 Components of Flat Slabs
a. Drops: To resist the punching shear which is predominant at the
contact of slab and column Support, the drop dimension should
not be less than one -third of panel length in t hat direction.
b. Column

Heads:

Certain

amount

of

negative

moment

is

transferred from the slab to the column at the support. To resist

this negative moment the area at the support needs to be
increased .this is facilitated by providing column capital/heads.
3

Flat slabs are appropriate for most floor situations and also for
irregular column layouts, curved floor shapes, ramps etc. The benefits
of choosing flat slabs include a minimum depth solution, speed of
construction, flexibility in the plan layout (both in terms of the shape
and column layout), a flat soffit (clean finishes and freedom of layout of
services) and scope and space for the use of flying forms.
The flexibility of flat slab construction can lead to high economy
and yet allow the architect great freedom of form.
Examples are; solid flat slab, solid flat slab with drop panel, solid
flat slab with column head, coffered flat slab, coffered flat slab with
solid panels, banded coffered flat slab.

Fig: 1.2 Solid Flat Slab

Fig: 1.3

Coffered Flat Slab

Fig: 1.4 Solid Flat slab with Drop Panels

A flat slab is a flat section of concrete. These slabs are classically
used in foundations, although they can also be used in the construction
of roadways, paths, and other structures. Depending on the size and
4

complexity of a flat slab, it may need to be designed by an engineer

who is familiar with the limitations and needs of slabs, or it may be
possible for a handy do it yourself to make one in an afternoon for a
simple project.
Typically, a flat slab is made with reinforced concrete, in which
rebar is criss-crossed in the forms to provide support and reinforcement
once the concrete is poured and hardened. The slab design is designed
to be reinforced in several directions so that it can withstand stresses
such as shifting ground, earthquakes, frost, and so forth. Failure to fully
reinforce a flat slab can cause it to crack or give along weak lines in the
concrete, which will in turn cause instability.
For some sites, a flat slab is poured in situ. In this case, the site is
prepared, forms for the concrete are set up, and the reinforcing rebar
or other materials are laid down. Then, the concrete is mixed, poured,
and allowed to cure before moving on to the next stage of construction.
The time required can vary considerably, with size being a major
factor; the bigger the slab, the more complex reinforcement needs can
get, which in turn adds to the amount of time required for set up. Once
poured, the slab also has to be examined and tested to confirm that
the pour was good, without air pockets or other problems which could
contribute to a decline in quality.
In other cases, a flat slab may be prefabricated off site and
transported to a site when it is needed. This may be done when
conditions at the site do not facilitate an easy pour, or when the
conditions for the slab's construction need to be carefully controlled.
Transportation of the slab can be a challenge if it is especially large.
Barges, cranes, and flatbed trucks may be required to successfully
move it from the fabrication site to the site of the installation.
The flat slab foundation is not without problems. It can settle on
uneven ground, allowing the structure to settle as well, for example,
and during seismic activity, a slab foundation cannot hold up if the soils
5

are subject to liquefaction. A flat slab can also become a major source
of energy inefficiency, as structures tend to lose heat through the
concrete.
1.4 Advantages & Disadvantages
1.4.1 Advantages
Advantages of flat-slab reinforced concrete structures are widely
known but there are also known the disadvantages concerning their
earthquake resistance. It is remarkable that both Greek codes,
Reinforced Concrete Code and Seismic Code do not forbid the use of
such

structural

systems

however

both

Codes

provide

specific

compliance criteria in order such structures to be acceptable. The

advantages of these systems are:

The ease of the construction of formwork.

The ease of placement of flexural reinforcement.

The ease of casting concrete

The free space for water, air pipes, etc between slab and a
possible furred ceiling.

The free placing of walls in ground plan.

The use of cost effective pressurizing methods for long spans in

order to reduce slab thickness and deflections as also the time
needed to remove the formwork.

The reduction of building height in multi-storey structures by

saving one storey height in every six storeys thanks to the
elimination of the beam height.

These structural systems seem to attract global interest due to their

advantages mainly in countries in which the seismicity is low. The
6

application of flat-slab structures is restrained due to the belief that

such structures are susceptible to seismic actions. Moreover, it is
known that in Central America, at the beginning of 1960s, flat-slab
structures displayed serious problems during earthquake actions.
1.4.2 Disadvantages:
There are two main failure modes of flat slabs:
a. Flexural Failure
b. Punching Shear Failure
Slabs are designed to fail by flexural failure, the failure mode is
ductile therefore giving relatively large deflections under excessive
loading and also cracks will appear on the bottom surface before failure
occurs. These signs allow the problem to be addressed before failure
occurs.
Punching shear failure by comparison is a brittle failure mode when
shear reinforcement is not added, meaning failure will occur before
significant deflections take place, in addition to this any cracks that will
develop before failure will propagate from the top surface. Since this
surface is typically covered, it is unlikely that there will be sufficient
warning

available

before

failure

occurs.

However, Thornsteinsson noted that it can be difficult to classify a

failure mode to be an ideal representation of either flexural or punching
shear failure and instead these modes often interact.

Punching shear failure in flat slabs

1.5 Key Messages:

1. For spans from 5 to 9 m, thin flat slabs are the preferred solution for
the construction of in-situ concrete frame buildings where a square or
near-square grid is used. For spans over 9 m post-tensioning should be
considered.
2. Eliminating drops results in simpler false work and formwork
arrangements, enabling rapid floor construction and giving maximum
flexibility to the occupier.
3. The benefits associated with flat slab construction may well
outweigh those of other structural solutions, which could be more
complicated, time-consuming and ultimately more costly.
1.6 Proprietary Punching Shear Reinforcement Systems:
Thin flat slab construction will almost certainly require punching
shear reinforcement at columns. This has traditionally taken the form of
a large number of individual shear links arranged on a series of
8

perimeters from the edge of the column. However, proprietary shear

reinforcement systems are now available, which can greatly speed up
the fixing process. These are described in a companion Best Practice
Guide: Prefabricated punching shear reinforcement or reinforced
concrete flat slabs. The savings in labour and time make these systems
almost always worthwhile.

1.7 Objective
The main objective of this study is to identify various parameters
that affected the ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STORY BUILDING
FOR FLAT FLOOR SYSTEM USING ETABS. The ETABS stands for
extended 3D (Three-Dimensional) Analysis of Building Systems. This is
based on the stiffness matrix and finite element based software. The
analysis and design is done to satisfy all the checks as per Indian
standards.

1.8 Scope of Work

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STORY BUILDING FOR FLAT
FLOOR SYSTEM USING ETABS.The structure is analyzed for both gravity
and lateral loads (seismic and wind load). The individual structural
elements are designed for worst load combinations.

CHAPTER 2

10

MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

The analysis and design of RCC building was carried out using the
software ETABS. It is the most popular structural engineering software
product for 3D model generation, analysis and multi-material design. It
has an intuitive, user-friendly GUI, visualization tools, powerful analysis
and design facilities and seamless integration to several other
modeling and design software products. For static or dynamic analysis
of bridges, containment structures, embedded structures (tunnels and
culverts), pipe racks, steel, concrete, aluminum or timber buildings,
transmission towers, stadiums or any other simple or complex
structure, has been the choice of design professionals around the world
for their specific analysis needs.
2.1 Materials and Properties:
2.1.1 Building Materials:
The required material properties like mass, weight density,
modulus of elasticity, shear modulus and design values of the material
used can be modified as per requirements or default values can be
accepted. Beams and column members have been defined as frame
elements with the appropriate dimensions and reinforcement. Soil
structure interaction has not been considered and the columns have
been restrained at the base.
The height of all the stories is 3m. The modulus of elasticity and shear
modulus of concrete has been taken as E = 2.55 107 KN/m and G =
1.06 107 kN/m.
2.2 Loads:
2.2.1 Dead loads & Live loads:
After having modeled the structural components, all possible load
cases are assigned. In this study we are primarily concerned with
observing the deformations, forces and moments induced in the
structure due to dead, live loads and earthquake loads. The load case
11

Dead Load (DL) takes care of the self-weight of the frame members
and the area sections. The wall loads have been defined under the case
Live load (LL).
1. Floor finish is assigned as 1 kN/m.
2. Live load is assigned as 2 kN/m
As per Table 8, Percentage of Imposed load to be considered in
the Seismic weight calculation, IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, since live load
class is up to 5kN/m, 0.5% of imposing load has been considered.

2.3 Load Combination:

The

structure

has

been

analyzed

for

load

combinations

considering all the previous loads in proper ratio. In the first case a
combination of self-weight, dead load, live load and wind load was
taken in to consideration. In the second combination case instead of
wind load seismic load was taken into consideration.
All the load cases are tested by taking load factors and analyzing the
building in different load combination as per IS456 and analyzed the
building for all the load combinations and results are taken and
maximum load combination is selected for the design load factors as
per IS456-2000.
Select Define from menu bar, select load combinations. Then specify
the following load combinations:

1.5(DL+LL)

1.5(DL+LL+WX)

1.5(DL+LL-WX)

1.5(DL+LL+EQX)

1.5(DL+LL-EQX)
12

1.2(DL+LL+WX)

1.2(DL+LL-WX)

1.2(DL+LL+EQX)

1.2(DL+LL-EQX)

DL+0.25LL

0.9DL+1.5LL

Method of analysis of statistically indeterminate portal frames:

A. Method of flexibility coefficients.
B. Slope displacements methods(iterative methods)
C. Moment distribution method
D. Kanes method
E. cantilever method
F. Portal method
G. Matrix method
H. STAAD Pro
A. Method of Flexibility Coefficients:
The method of analysis is comprises reducing the hyper static
structure to a determinate structure form by:
Removing the redundant support (or) introducing adequate cuts (or)
hinges.
Limitations:
13

It is not applicable for degree of redundancy > 3

B. Slope displacement equations:
It

is

advantageous

when

kinematics

indeterminacy

<static

indeterminacy. This procedure was first formulated by axle bender in

1914 based on the applications of compatibility and equilibrium
conditions.
The method derives its name from the fact that support slopes and
displacements

are

explicitly

comported.

Set

up

simultaneous

equations is formed the solution of these parameters and the joint

moment in each element or computed from these value.
Limitations:
A solution of simultaneous equations makes methods tedious for
manual computations. This method is not recommended for frames
larger than too bays and two storeys.
C. Iterative methods:
These methods involve distributing the known fixed and moments
of the structural member to adjacent members at the joints in order
satisfy the conditions of compatibility.
Limitations
It presents some difficulties when applied to rigid frame
especially when the frame is susceptible to side sway. The method
cannot be applied to structures with intermediate hinges
D. Kanis method:
This method over comes some of the disadvantages of hardy
cross method. Kanis approach is similar to H.C.M to that extent it also
involves repeated distribution of moments at successive joints in
14

frames and continues beams. However there is a major difference in

distribution process of two methods. H.C.M distributes only the total
joint moment at any stage of iteration.
The most significant feature of Kanis method is that process of
iteration is self corrective.
Any error at any stage of iterations corrected in subsequent steps
consequently skipping a few steps error at any stage of iteration is
corrected in subsequent consequently skipping a few steps of iterations
either by over sight of by intention does not lead to error in final end
moments.
Advantage
It is used for side way of frames.
Limitations:
The rotational of columns of any storey should be function a single
rotation value of same storey.
The beams of storey should not undergo rotation when the column
undergoes translation. That is the column should be parallel.
Frames with intermediate hinges cannot be analysis.

APPLICABLE

15

NON-APPLICABLE

E. Approximate Method:
Approximate analysis of hyper static structure provides a simple means
of obtaining a quick solution for preliminary design. It makes some
simplifying assumptions regarding structural behavior so to obtain a
rapid solution to complex structures.
The usual process comprises reducing the given indeterminate
configuration to determine structural system by introducing adequate
no of hinges. It is possible to sketch the deflected profile of the
structure for the given loading and hence by locate the point inflection
since each point of inflection corresponds to the location of zero
moment In the structure. The inflection points can be visualized as
hinges for the purpose of analysis. The solution of structure is sundered
simple once the inflection points are located. The loading cases are
arising in multistoried frames namely horizontal and vertical loading.
The analysis carried out separately for those two cases.
Horizontal cases:

16

The behavior of a structure subjected to horizontal forces depends

upon its heights to width ratio among their factor. It is necessary to
differentiate between low rise and high rise frames in this case.
Low rise structures:
Height < width
It is characterized predominately by shear deformation.
High rise buildings
Height > width
It is dominated by bending action
F. Matrix analysis of frames:
The individual elements of frames are oriented in different directions
unlike those of continues beams so their analysis is more complex
.never the less the rudimentary flexibility and stiffness methods are
applied to frames stiffness method is more useful because its
adaptability to computer programming stiffness method is used when
degree of redundancy is greater than degree of freedom. However
stiffness method is used degree of freedom is greater than degree of
redundancy especially for computers.

17

CHAPTER-3

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
3.1 Methods of Design:
Some of the popular design methods are:
3.1.1 Working Stress Method.
3.1.2 Ultimate Load Method.
3.1.3 Limit State Method.
3.1.1 Working Stress Method:
This is also known as MODULAR RATIO METHOD, F.O.S. METHOD and
ELASTIC METHOD.

18

In this method, analysis is based on the elastic theory assuming

that both materials obey Hooks Law. It is a traditional method which is
used for the design of reinforced concrete design where it is assumed
that concrete and steel act together and are perfectly elastic at all
stages and relationship between the loads and stresses is linear upto
the collapse of the structure. It is based on the criteria that the actual
stresses developed in the material under the action of the working
loads is limited to a set of allowable values. Thus, the sections are
designed in such a way that the stresses are within the permissible
limits. This leads to un-economical sections, as the method doesnt
utilize the full strength of the material resulting in heavier sections.
Design Loads

= working /service loads.

Design Stresses

= characteristic values /F.O.S

F.O.S For concrete

= 3 ---- for bending

4 ---- for shear / compression

F.O.S for Steel

= 1.78 ---- for bending, shear & compression.

DEFECTS:
It neither shows its real strength nor gives true factor of safety of
structure against failure.

It results in larger % of compressive steels then limit state design.

3.1.2 Ultimate Load Method:
This is also known as LOAD FACTOR METHOD.
In this method, inelastic behavior of concrete is taken into
account. At the failure the material tends to behave elastically, the
strain increases many times beyond those in the elastic theory and
19

stress distribution adjusts itself to enable member to develop

maximum capacity. In this method, service loads are proportioning the
section to carry up to the ultimate strength of the material.
Design Load

= Working load * load factor

Design Stress

= characteristic value / Load factor.

Load Factor = 1.5 ----- Concrete

= 1.15 ----- Steel.
DEFECTS:
This method gives slender sections but larger deflections and
larger cracks. Thus, in this method serviceability is not taken care off.
3.1.3 Limit State Design:
It is an ideal method of design which takes into consideration not
only

ultimate

strength

but

also

serviceability

and

durability

requirement. It includes merits of both elastic and ultimate theories.

When a structure or apart of the structure becomes unfit for It is said to
have reached its LIMIT STATE. This method is to provide an
acceptable probability that the structure will not reach any limit state
during its services life time.
Design loads = working loads * P.S.F.
Design stress = characteristic values/ P.S.F.
P.S.F. depends on the load combinations as per cl. 36.4.1, IS-456-2000.
It consists of:
Limit state of collapse.
Limit state of serviceability.
20

Limit state of collapse:

It is the limit state on attainment of which the structure is likely
to collapse. It relates to strength and stability of the structures. Design
to this limit ensures safety of structure against collapse
Limit state of collapse includes:

Bending

Shear

Compression

Torsion

Limit state of serviceability:

It relates to performance and behavior of structure at working
loads and is based on causes affecting serviceability of the structure. It
concerns with cracking and deflection of the structure.
Limit state of serviceability includes:

Deflections

Vibrations

Cracking

Durability

21

CHAPTER - 4

STRUCTURAL PLANNING
Structural planning is first stage in any structural design. It
involves the determination of appropriate form of structure, material to
be used, the structural system, the layout of its components and the
method of analysis.
As the success of any engineering project measured in terms of
safety and economy, the emphasis today is being more on economy.

22

Structural planning is the first step towards successful structural

design.
4.1 Structural Planning Of Reinforced Concrete Framed
Building:
Structural planning of R.C framed building involves determination
of
4.1.1 Column Positions
Following are some of the guidelines principles for positioning of
columns.
Column should be preferably located at or near the corner of the
building and at intersection of the walls, because the function of the
column is to support beams which are normally placed under walls to
support them. The columns, which are near to property line, can be
exception from above consideration as the difficulties are encountered
in providing footing for such columns.
When center to center distance between the intersection of the
walls is large or where there are no cross walls, the spacing between
two columns is governed by limitations on spans of supported beams
because spacing of column beside the span of the beams. As the span
of the beam increase as the required depth increase and hence its self
weight. On the other hand increase in total load is negligible in case of
column due to increase in length. Therefore, columns are generally
cheaper compared to beams on basis of unit cost. Therefore, large
spans of beam should be avoided for economy reasons.
4.1.2 Orientation of columns:
Column normally provided in the building are rectangular width
of the column not less than the width of support for effective load
transfer. As far as possible, the width of the column shall not exceed
23

the thickness of the walls to avoid the offsets. Restrictions on the width
of the column necessitate the other side (the depth) of the column to
be larger the desired load carrying capacity. This leads to the problems
of orientation of columns.

Figure 2 : Column Positions

24

4.1.3 Beam Locati0ons

Following are some of the guiding principles for the positioning of
beams:
a.

Beams shall, normally be provided under the walls and below a

every concentrated load to avoid these loads directly coming on
slabs. Basic principle in deciding the layout of a component
member is that heavy loads should be transferred to the
foundation along the shortest path.

b.

Since beams are primarily provided to support slabs, its spacing

shall be decided by the maximum spans of slabs which decide
the spacing of beams is governed by loading and limiting
thickness.

The

maximum

practical

thickness

for

Residential/Office/Public building is 200mm, while minimum is

100mm.

25

Figure 3 : Beams Location

26

4.2 My Project Plans

Figure 4 : Cellar Plan

27

Figure 5 : Ground Floor Plan

28

Figure 6 : Mazzanine Floor Plan

29

Figure 7 : Typical Floor Plan

30

Figure 8 : Terrace Plan

31

Figure 9 : Section at X-X

32

Figure 10 : Section at Y-Y

33

Figure 11 : Elevations
34

35

36

CHAPTER - 5

37

LOADINGS
5.1 Load Conditions and Structural System Response:
The concepts presented in this section provide an overview of
building loads and their effect on the structural response of typical
wood-framed homes. As shown in Table, building loads can be divided
into types based on the orientation of the structural action or forces
that

they

induce:

vertical

and

horizontal

(i.e.,

lateral)

Classifications of loads are described in the following sections:

5.1.1 Building Loads Categorized by Orientation:
Types of loads on a hypothetical building are as follows.
Vertical Loads
Dead (gravity)
Live (gravity)
Snow(gravity)
Wind(uplift on roof)
Seismic and wind (overturning)
Seismic( vertical ground motion)
5.1.2 Horizontal (Lateral) Loads:
Direction of loads is horizontal w.r.t to the building.
Wind
Seismic(horizontal ground motion)
Flood(static and dynamic hydraulic forces

38

loads.

 Soil(active lateral pressure)

Vertical Loads:
Gravity loads act in the same direction as gravity (i.e., downward
or vertically) and include dead, live, and snow loads. They are generally
static in nature and usually considered a uniformly distributed or
concentrated load. Thus, determining a gravity load on a beam or
column is a relatively simple exercise that uses the concept of tributary
areas to assign loads to structural elements, including the dead load
(i.e., weight of the construction) and any applied loads (i.e., live load).
For example, the tributary gravity load on a floor joist would include the
uniform floor load (dead and live) applied to the area of floor supported
by the individual joist. The structural designer then selects a standard
beam or column model to analyze bearing connection forces (i.e.,
reactions) internal stresses (i.e., bending stresses, shear stresses, and
axial stresses) and stability of the structural member or system a for
beam equations.
The selection of an appropriate analytic model is, however no
trivial matter, especially if the structural system departs significantly
from traditional engineering assumptions are particularly relevant to
the structural systems that comprise many parts of a house, but to
varying degrees. Wind uplift forces are generated by negative (suction)
pressures acting in an outward direction from the surface of the roof in
response to the aerodynamics of wind flowing over and around the
building. As with gravity loads, the influence of wind up lift pressures
on a structure or assembly (i.e., roof) are analyzed by using the
concept of tributary areas and uniformly distributed loads. The major
difference is that wind pressures act perpendicular to the building
surface (not in the direction of gravity) and that pressures vary
according to the size of the tributary area and its location on the
building, particularly proximity to changes in geometry (e.g., eaves,
corners, and ridges).Even though the wind loads are dynamic and
highly variable, the design approach is based on a maximum static
39

load (i.e., pressure) equivalent. Vertical forces are also created by

overturning reactions due to wind and seismic lateral loads acting on
the overall building and its lateral force resisting systems, Earthquakes
also produce vertical ground motions or accelerations which increase
the effect of gravity loads. However, Vertical earthquake loads are
usually considered to be implicitly addressed in the gravity load
analysis of a light-frame building.
Lateral Loads:
The primary loads that produce lateral forces on buildings are
attributable to forces associated with wind, seismic ground motion,
floods, and soil. Wind and seismic lateral loads apply to the entire
building. Lateral forces from wind are generated by positive wind
pressures on the windward face of the building and by negative
pressures on the leeward face of the building, creating a combined
push and-pull effect. Seismic lateral forces are generated by a
structures dynamic inertial response to cyclic ground movement. The
magnitude of the seismic shear (i.e., lateral)load depends on the
magnitude of the ground motion, the buildings mass, and the dynamic
structural response characteristics (i.e. dampening, ductility, natural
period of vibration ,etc) for houses and other similar low rise structures,
a simplified seismic load analysis employs equivalent static forces
based on fundamental Newtonian mechanics (F=ma) with somewhat
subjective (i.e., experience-based) adjustments to account for inelastic,
ductile response characteristics of various building systems. Flood
loads are generally minimized by elevating the structure on a properly
designed foundation or avoided by not building in a flood plain. Lateral
loads from moving flood waters and static hydraulic pressure are
substantial. Soil lateral loads apply specifically to foundation wall
design, mainly as an out-of-plane bending load on the wall. Lateral
loads also produce an overturning moment that must be offset by the
dead load and connections of the building.

40

Therefore, overturning forces on connections designed to restrain

components from rotating or the building from overturning must be
considered. Since wind is capable of the generating simultaneous roof
uplift and lateral loads, the uplift component of the wind load
exacerbates

the overturning

tension

forces

due to

the lateral

component of the wind load. Conversely the dead load may be

sufficient to offset the overturning and uplift forces as is the case in
lower design wind conditions and in many seismic design conditions.
5.2 LOAD

CALCULATIONS

5.2.1 INTRODUCTION
Loads and properties of materials constitute the basic parameter
of a R.C structures. Both of them are basically of a varying nature .For
such a quality of varying nature, it is necessary to arrive of a single
representative value. Such value is known as characteristic value. The
value to be taken in design which provides appropriate or designed
margin of safety is known as design values. The loads are taken as per
IS-875 and the material properties like characteristic value are taken
from IS-456.
Types of Loads
The various types of loads acting on the structure which needs
consideration in building design as follows:

Dead loads

Live loads

Wind loads

Seismic loads

Dead Load (As per IS 875 part 1)

41

This load is due to its own self weight or other structural element
present on it. This includes a) self weight

b) weight of finishes c)

weight of partition, walls etc

Dead loads shall be calculated on the basis of unit weights of materials.
Calculation of DL on beams
Self weight of beams

= 0.23 x 0.3 x 25 = 1.725 kN/m

Weights due to walls on beam

= (3 x 0.23 x 20) = 13.8 kN/m

Total

= 15.525 kN/m

Amount of distributed load coming from slab either in the form of

triangular load or
Trapezoidal load = {w Lx ( 3 (Lx / Ly)

}/6

or { w Lx / 3 }

And loads from cantilever slabs ie = w Lx

Here w = self wt of slab, Lx = shorter dimension, Ly= longer
dimension of slab panel
Calculation of DL on slab
Self weight of the slab = 0.15 x 25

= 3.75 kN/m

Floor finish on the slab

= 1.5 kN/m

Water proofing load

= 2.0 kN/m

Total

Live Load (As per IS 875 part 2)

Live Load on beams:-

42

7.25 kN/m

This is the live loads of slab which comes on beams in form of

triangular or trapezoidal variation.
Live load on slab:This are assumed to be
On floors for residential buildings

= 3.0 kN/sq.m

On terrace

=1.5 kN/sq.m

On terrace

=3.0 kN/sq.m

Wind Load (As per IS 875 part 3)

These are the lateral loads which are caused by the wind normal to the
structure.
Calculation
Design wind speed = Vb x k1 x k2 x k3

(as per clause

5.3)
Here, Vb = basic wind speed m/sec
k1 = probability risk factor (from table 1)
k2 = depends terrain height and structure height
factor (from table2)
k3 = depends on topography (clause 5.3.3.1)
Basic wind speed for Hyderabad region = 44 m/sec (clause 5.2)
For all general buildings k1 = 1
As per clause 5.3.2.1 our structure fall under terrain category 3
and class B

43

So,

k2 = for 0 m = 0 (GL)
For 9 m = 0.98
For 18 m = 1.038
For 24 m = 1.07
For 30 m = 1.1
For horizontal topography

k3 = 1

After calculation we get values of Vz at different heights

Vz = 43.12 m/sec at 9 m
45.67 m/sec at 18m
47.08 m/sec at 24m
48.40 m/sec at 30m
Pressure intensity = 0.6 Vz

(as per clause 5.4)

So we calculated the pressure intensity at different heights of our

structure from the above relation .
Pressure = 1.11 kN / m

at 9 m

1.25 kN / m

at 18m

1.32 kN / m

at 24m

1.40 kN / m

at 30m

We calculated the c/c of the column in both the direction

Pressure intensity x c/c distance = load per unit length acting on
different heights
44

This udl is applied on the structure normal to the columns with different
magnitudes obtained at different heights ..
Earthquake Loads (As per IS 1893-2002)
This force is defined as product of mass and accelerations.
During earthquake, the mass is imparted by the building whereas
the acceleration is imparted by the ground motion.
Base shear = ah* w
ah = (Z/2) * (I/R) * (Sg/g)
Where

ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value

Z = Zone factor for MCE conditions
R = Response reduction factor
Sg = Spectrum acceleration depending upon period of

vibration and damping

g = Acceleration due to gravity.
Z= zone factor for Hyderabad

zone 2 = 0.1

Importance factor I = 1 for our structure

`

Response reduction factor R = 3

Tx= (0.09 x h/ (d^0.5))

Where,

Tz = (0.09 x h / (d^0.5))

Tx and Tz are time periods (As per IS 1893 clause 7.6.2)

h is height of structure
d is dimension of structure in that direction

After calculation we get

Tx= 0.472 sec

45

Ty= 0.744 sec

We get the value of Sa/g from graph based on time periods (fig2 pg
16)
We get value as 2.5
Finally ah value can be calculated ah = 0.0417
W= seismic weight
The seismic weight includes the dead weight of the building and
reduced live load on the building
For calculating the design seismic forces of the structure, the imposed
loads on roof need

not be considered (As per clause 7.3.2 pg 17)

Damping ratio was taken as 5%

5.3 Assumptions
1. Using partial safety factor for loads in accordance with clause 36.4 of
IS-456 2000 as t=1.5
2. Partial safety factor for material in accordance with clause 36.4.2 is
IS-456-2000 is taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.
3. Using partial safety factors in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-4562000 combination of load.
D.L+L.L.
D.L+L.L+W.L
Table 1 : Density of Materials Used
MATERIAL

DENSITY
24.0KN/m3

i) Plain concrete

25.0KN/m3

ii) Reinforced
46

iii) Flooring material(c.m)

1.0KN/m2

iv) Brick masonry

19.0KN/m3

LIVE LOADS: (In accordance with IS.875)

i) Live load on slabs

2.0KN/m2

ii) Live load on passage

4.0KN/m2

iii)Live load on stairs

4.0KN/m2

Using M25 and Fe 415 grade of concrete and steel for beams, slabs,
footings, columns.
Table 2 : Design Constants
Therefore:
fck

Characteristic strength for M25-25N/mm2

fy

Characteristic strength of steel-415N/mm2

5.4 Assumptions Regarding Design:

1

Slab is assumed to be continuous over interior support and partially

fixed on edges, due to monolithic construction and due to
construction of walls over it.

Beams are assumed to be continuous over interior support and

they frame in to the column at ends.

5.4.1 Assumptions on design:

1.

M25 grade is used in designing unless specified.

2.

Tor steel Fe 415 is used for the main reinforcement.

3.

Tor steel Fe 415 and steel is used for the distribution reinforcement.

4.

Mild steel Fe 250 is used for shear reinforcement.

47

5.5 Data Collection

The building models are 15 storeys located in zone II. Tables 4.0 and
Table 4.2present a summary of the building parameters.
Table 3: General data collection and condition assessment of building

Sl.No
.

Description

Information

Remarks

Building height
1

a) 11-storey

Including the

33 m

foundation
level

Number

of

basements

below ground

----

Open ground storey

Yes

----

Special hazards

None

----

Regular/Irregul
5

Type of building

ar

Space

frames
6

Horizontal floor system

Software used

Beams
slabs
Etabs2013

48

and

IS 1893:2002
Clause 7.1

-------

CHAPTER-6

49

DESIGNING
6.1 Flat Slab

Figure 12 : flat slab representation

50

Figure 13 : flat slab sizes

Given data:
Interior panel = 12.11 x 10.21 m
Live load

= 4 KN/ m2

Floor finished load = 1 KN/ mm2

fck = 25 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Column size = 750 x 750 mm
Thickness of slab:
Thickness of slab = 40, if mild steel
= 32, if fy415 or fy500
Thickness of slab, d = span/32
51

= 12116/32
d = 378.62 mm ~ 380 mm
Take cover as 40mm
D = 380 + 40 = 420 mm
D = d + 40
D= 380 + 40= 420 mm
Drop = 1/3 x span
= 1/3 x 12.116
=4m
Provide drop of 4 m x 4 m
Provide a drop of 150 mm thick
Total thickness = slab + drop
D = 420 + 150
= 570 mm
Self weight of slab = 0.57 x 25
= 14.25 KN/m2
Floor finished load = 1 KN/m2
Live load = 4 KN/m2
Total load = 14.25 + 1 + 4 = 19.25 KN/m2
Design factored load, Wu = 1.5 x 19.25 = 28.87 KN/m2
52

Clear span = 12.116 - 0.75 = 11.366 m

Design load,
Wo = Wu x le x lx
= 28.87 x 12.11 x 11.36
Wo = 3975.7 KN
Design total moment,
Mo = Wlx / 8
= (3975.7 x 11.36) / 8
= 5648.47 KNm
Negative design moment = 0.65 x Mo
Positive design moment = 0.35 x Mo
Total negative moment = 0.65 x 5648.47
= 3671.51 KNm
Total positive moment = 0.35 x 5648.47
= 1976.96 KNm
Width of column strip = width of middle strip = 4000 mm = 4 m

Column strip
Negative moment

0.75 x 3671.51 = 2753 0.25

KNm

Positive moment

Middle strip

0.60

3671.51

917.87 KNm
x

1976.96

1186.18 KNm

= 0.4x1976.96 = 790.784
KNm

53

Mulimit = 0.138fckbd2
= 0.138 x 25 x 10211 x 5302
= 9895.5 x 106 Nmm
= 9895.5 KNm
Mulimit = 9895.5 KNm
Mu = 5648.47 KNm
Mulimit > Mu
Hence thickness is safe and sufficient.
Check for shear:
Critical section is at distance d/2 = 530/2
= 265 mm
It is square in size = column size + 265 + 265
= 750 + 265 + 265
= 1280 mm
V = Total load Wo x 0.810 x 0.810
= (28.87x12.11x10.21) (28.87 x 1.28 x
1.28)
= 3524.4 KN
Nominal shear, v = 3524.4 x (1000/1280 x 4 x 530)
= 1.298 N/mm2
Shear strength = Ksc
54

Ks = 0.5 + c
c = L1/L2
= 12.11/10.21
= 1.19
Ks = 0.5 + 1.19
=1.7
c = 0.25fck = 0.2525
=1.25 N/mm2
v > c
Hence slab is not safe in shear.
Reinforcement:
For negative moment in column strip:
Mu=2753.6KNm
d = 530mm
Mu = 0.87fyAstd [1-Astfy/bdfck]
2753.6 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 530 [1 (Ast x 415) /
(10211 x 530 x 25)]
= 191356.5 Ast [1 - Ast / 135.3x106]
Ast = 14389.9 mm2
Width = 10.211 mm
Using 16mm bar spacing requirement is
55

S = (/4 x 162 / 14390) x 10211

= 142.7 mm
Provide 16mm bars at 200 mm C/C.
For positive moment column strip:
Mu=1186.18KNmm
d = 380 mm
Mu = 0.87fyAstd [1-Astfy/bdfck]
1186.18x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 380 [1-Astx415 /
10211x380x25]
= 137199 Ast [1 415Ast/97x106]
Ast = 8991.6 mm2
Using 16mm bar spacing requirement is
S = (/4x162 / 8991.6) x 10211 =288.3 mm
Provide 16mm bars at 250 mm C/C.
For negative moment in middle strip:
Mu=917.87KNm
d = 380 mm
Mu = 0.87fyAstd [1-Astfy/bdfck]
917.87x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 380 [1 - Astx415 /
10211x380x25]
= 137199 Ast [1 - 415Ast / 97x106]
Ast = 6893.37 mm2
56

Width = 10211 mm
Using 16mm bar spacing requirement is
S = (/4 x 162 / 6893.37) x 10211
= 297.8 mm
Provide 16mm bars at 300 mm C/C.
For positive moment middle strip:
Mu=790.784x106KNmm
d = 380 mm
Mu = 0.87fyAstd [1-Astfy/bdfck]
790.78x106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 380 [1 - Astx415 /
10211x380x25]
= 137199Ast [1 20.75Ast / 97x106]
Ast = 5913.4 mm2
Using 16mm bar spacing requirement is
S = (/4 x 162 / 5913.4) x 10211 = 347.2 mm
Provide 16mm bars at 400 mm C/C.

57

6.2 Design of Beams

Figure 14 : Beams representation

58

Figure 15 : Beams sizes

59

Figure 16 : Beams Area

60

Figure 17 : B.M Diagram

61

6.2.1 Members - B31, B32 & B39 (from ETABS)

B39:

Figure 18 : Area B39

Size of beam
Effective cover

= 230 x 650 mm.

= 25 mm.

Effective depth (d) = 650-25 = 625 mm.

Using M25 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
Required area of beam is shown in fig. below
3252
3487

62

2468
Required area of steel (top left of beam); Ast = 3252 mm2

(from Etabs)
Provided area of steel; ast

Provide 25 mm dia. Bar;

ast =

x 252 / 4

= 491 mm2
Number of bars in a beam

Ast / a st

230
= 3252 / 491
=6.67No.s
650
Hence provide 3 no.s of main bars and 4 no.s of extra bars at sides.

Required area of steel (whole bottom of beam); Ast = 2468 mm2

(from Etabs)
Provided area of steel; ast

63

Provide

25 mm dia. Bar;

x 25 2

a st =

230
= 491 mm2
Number of bars in a beam

Ast / a st

650
= 2468 / 491
= 5 No.s
Hence provide 3 no.s of main bars and 2 no.s of extra bars at sides.
Required area of steel (top right of beam); Ast = 3487 mm2

(from Etabs)
Provided area of steel; ast
Provide

25 mm dia. Bar;

a st = x 252

230
= 491 mm2
Number of bars in a beam

Ast / a st

650
= 3487 / 491
= 7 No.s
Hence provide 3 no.s of main bars and 4 no.s of extra bars at sides.

64

Figure 19 : Steel Detail - B39

B31:

65

Figure 20 : Area B31

Size of beam
Effective cover

= 230 x 450 mm.

= 25 mm.

Effective depth (d) = 450-25 = 425 mm.

Using M25 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
Required area of beam is shown in fig. below
248
397

66

261

Required area of steel (top left of beam); Ast = 248 mm2

(from

Etabs)
Provided area of steel; ast
ast = x 122 / 4

Provide 12 mm dia. Bar;

= 113.1 mm2
Number of bars in a beam

Ast / a st

230
= 248 / 113.1
=2.2

No.s

450
Hence provide 2 no.s of main bars and 1 no.s of extra bars.

Required area of steel (whole bottom of beam); Ast = 261 mm2

(from Etabs)
Provided area of steel; ast
Provide

12 mm dia. Bar;

a st =

230
= 113.1 mm2

450
67

x 122

Number of bars in a beam

Ast / ast

= 261 / 113.1
= 2.3 3 Nos
Hence provide 2 no.s of main bars and 1 no.s of extra bars.

Required area of steel (top right of beam); Ast = 397 mm2

(from Etabs)
Provided area of steel; ast
Provide 12 mm dia. Bar;

ast = x 122 / 4
= 113.1 mm2

Number

of

bars

in

beam

Ast

a st

230
= 397 / 113.1
=3.5 4 No.s
450
Hence provide 2 no.s of main bars and 2 no.s of extra bars.

68

Figure 21 : Steel Detail - B31

B32:

69

Figure 22 : Area B32

Size of beam
Effective cover

= 230 x 450 mm.

= 25 mm.

Effective depth (d) = 450-25 = 425 mm.

Using M25 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
Required area of beam is shown in fig. below
377
248

70

248
Required area of steel (top left of beam); Ast = 377 mm2

(from

Etabs)
Provided area of steel; ast
Provide 12 mm dia. Bar;

ast = x 122 / 4
= 113.1 mm2

Number

of

bars

in

beam

Ast

a st

230
= 377 / 113.1
=3.334No.s
450
Hence provide 2 no.s of main bars and 2 no.s of extra bars.

Required area of steel (whole bottom of beam); Ast = 248 mm2

(from Etabs)
Provided area of steel; ast
Provide

12 mm dia. Bar;

ast =

230
= 113.1 mm2

450

71

x 122 /

Number of bars in a beam

Ast / ast

= 248 / 113.1
= 2.2 3 No.s
Hence provide 2 no.s of main bars and 1 no.s of extra bars.
Required area of steel (top right of beam); Ast = 248 mm2

(from Etabs)
Provided area of steel; ast
Provide

12 mm dia. Bar;

x 122

a st =

230
= 113.1 mm2
Number of bars in a beam

450
= 248 / 113.1
= 3.2 3 No.s
Hence provide 2 no.s of main bars and 1 no.s of extra bars.

72

Ast / a st

Figure 23 : Steel detail - B32

73

6.3 Column

Figure 24 : Center line Diagram

74

Figure 25 : Columns representation

75

Figure 26 : Columns B.M

Column name: C25
76

Figure 27 : Area C25

Given data:
Column size

= 381 x 229 mm

M25 grade of concrete

Fe 415 grade of steel
Reinforcement is distributed equally on all four sides
Factored axial load, Pu

= 17.97 kN. (From Etabs)

Factored moment about X-axis, Mux = 10.69 kN-m. (From

ETABS)
Factored moment about Y-axis, Muy =
ETABS)
77

4.99

kN-m.

(from

; Ast = 697 mm2

Area of steel
Effective length:

Assuming effectively held in position and restrained against

rotation at one end , and at the other restrained against rotation but
not held in position.
Unsupported length of column (L)

= 3000 mm

= 229mm

3000 / 229 = 13
Slenderness ratio, Le/b = >12
Therefore, it is designed as long column
Provide 12 mm dia. Bar;

ast = x 122 / 4
= 113.1 mm2

Number

of

bars

in

column

Ast

a st

229
= 697 / 113.1
=6.16 6 No.s
381
Hence provide 3 no.s of bars at one side and 3 no.s of bars at other
side.
Column name: C12
Colum

= 762 x 762 mm
78

M25 grade of concrete

Fe 415 grade of steel
Reinforcement is distributed equally on all four sides
Factored axial load, Pu

= 2863.98 kN. (from Etabs)

Factored moment about X-axis, Mux = 80.66 kN-m. (from

ETABS)
Factored moment about Y-axis, Muy = 14.02 kN-m. (from
ETABS)
; Ast = 5161 mm2

Area of steel
Effective length:

Assuming effectively held in position and restrained against

rotation at one end , and at the other restrained against rotation but
not held in position.
Unsupported length of column (L)

= 3000 mm

= 762 mm

3000 / 762 = 3.9

Slenderness ratio, Le/b = <12
Therefore, it is designed as short column
Provide 25 mm dia. Bar;

ast = x 252 / 4
= 490.8 mm2

Number

of

bars

in

column

762
79

Ast

a st

= 5161 / 490.8
=10.512 No.s
762
Hence provide 6 no.s of bars at one side and 6 no.s of bars at other
side.
Column name : C5
Colum

= 762 x 762 mm

M25 grade of concrete

Fe 415 grade of steel
Reinforcement is distributed equally on all four sides
Factored axial load, Pu

= 7700.45 kN. (From Etabs)

Factored moment about X-axis, Mux =

75.6

kN-m.

(From

ETABS)
Factored moment about Y-axis, Muy = 55.47 kN-m. (From
ETABS)
; Ast = 5161 mm2

Area of steel
Effective length:

Assuming effectively held in position and restrained against

rotation at one end , and at the other restrained against rotation but
not held in position.
Unsupported length of column (L)

= 3000 mm

= 762 mm
80

3000 / 762 = 3.9

Slenderness ratio, Le/b = < 12
Therefore, it is designed as short column
Provide 25 mm dia. Bar;

ast = x 252 / 4
= 490.8 mm2

Number

of

bars

in

column

Ast

a st

762
= 5161 / 490.8
=10.512No.s
762
Hence provide 6 no.s of bars at one side and 6 no.s of bars at other
side.

81

Figure 28 : Steel Detail - C5, C12 & C25

82

6.5 Footing
Footing no-3
1) Type of footing

= Square footing

Size of the column

= 750 x 750 mm

2) Load on footings:
Load on footing (from ETABS.) (P) = 2863.98 KN
Moment arrived from ETABS analysis
Self-weight of footing

= 1.588 kN-m

= 10% of axial load.

= 286.4 KN

Total load transmitted to the soil

= 3150.38 kN
= 300kN/m2

S.B.C of soil
3) Size of footing:
Area of footing (A)

= Total load/SBC of soil

= 3150.38 / 300 = 10.5 m2

Design of rectangular footing

B / L = b / a =750 / 750 = 1
A=LxB
10.5 = L x L
L2 = 10.5
L = 3.24
83

B = 3.24 x 1
= 3.24 m
A = 3.5 x 3.5 = 12.25 mm2
Net upward soil pressure Foundation

= 1.5 x 2863.98 / (3.5 x 3.5)

= 350.7 KN/m2

Therefore footing design for a maximum pressure of 350kN/m 2

4) Determination of minimum depth required from B.M:
Mx-x

Qu(L-a)2/8L

=
My-y

[350x(1.37)2/2] 3.5

1035 kN-m
1035 kN-m

Depth of footing:
Mu
1035 x 106
d

0.138 fckBd2

=
=
=

0.138 x 25 x 3500 x d2
293 mm

Therefor provide an effective depth of footing shear consideration up to

two times as 500 mm
Assume effective cover

= 50 mm

Overall depth

= 500 + 50 = 550 mm

5) Check for one way shear:

Critical section for one way shear isd from face of the column.
84

Shear Force Vu = Qu (l - d) x B
Shear Force Vu = 350 (1.37 - .5) x 3.5
Shear Force Vu = 1065 kN.
Nominal Shear stress

v = 1065/ (3.5x.5)
= 0.6 N/mm2

From IS: 456 Table 19, Design shear strength for pt(= 1%) is
0.64N/mm2

v< c

Hence safe.

6) Check for two-way shear:

Shear Force Vu = Pu [B2-(b+d) 2]
= 350 [(3.5)2 - (.75+0.5)]
Shear Force Vu = 3850 kN.

v
v

= v

Vu
4[(b d )]d

= (3850 x 103 ) / 4(750+500)x500

v = 1.54N / mm2
c = 0.25

fck

x Ks

c = 0.2525 x 1.5
v< c

= 1.8

Hence safe.

7) Area Of Reinforcement Along X and Y Direction:

85

d = 550 -16 / 2 - 50 = 492mm

Mu = .87fy Ast [d- (fy Ast / bfck )]
1035 x 103 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast [500 (415 Ast / 3500 x 25)]
Ast = 5453.23 mm2
Provide 16mm bars, area of single bar = 201.06 mm2
Spacing of bars = (201.6 / 5453.23) x 3500= 129.4 mm
Provide 16mm bars at a spacing of 130 mm c/c.

6.6 Stair Case

Design of Flight Slab:
No of flights for each floor = 2
Height of the floor = 3.05 m
Height of each flight = 3.05 / 2 = 1.53m
Assume Raise as 150mm and Tread as 300mm
No of Raisers = 1.53 / 0.15 = 10.2 Say 10
Say Raise = 155mm
No of Treads = 10-1 = 9 Treads
Width of Stair = 1.68m
86

1.68m
1.68m

2.64m

2.81m

Effective Span = 5.22m

Span / Overall depth = 20 for deflection criteria
Let modification factor = 5220 / (25) = 208mm Say 200mm
Effective depth = 200-25-5 = 170mm
1.

Loads:

Per meter width of stair case

Dead load of slab (On slope) = 0.2 x 1.00 x 25 = 5 KN/m
Finished load (On slope)

= 1.50 KN/m
Total load =

6.5 KN/m

Dead load of slab / horizontal meter run

0.302 + 0.152
= 6.5

0.3

KN /m
Dead load of one step

= x 0.15 x 0.3 x 25 = 0.562KN

Dead load of steps / horizontal meter run = 0.56/0.3 = 1.87 KN/m

Live load

3 KN / m2

= 3.00 KN/m
87

3.9

Total working load

Factored Load

= 8.85 KN/m
= 1.50 x 8.85

= 13.27 KN/m

2. Bending Moment:
Maxi. BM = WL2 / 8
= (13.27 x 3.12) / 8 = 15.9 KN-m
3. Effective depth of slab (For max.BM):
Mu lim = 0.138fckbd2
d =

( Mu lim ) / ( 0.138fckb )

15.9 x 106
d =

= 67.9 mm <

available depth 200mm

0.138 x 25 x 1000
Hence OK
4.Calculation of Area of steel:
Main steel:
MD = 15 KN-m

0.50 fCK
Ast

4.6 x Mu
1-

1-

bd
fCK bd2

fy
88

4.6 x 15.9 x 106

0.50 x 25
Ast

1-

1-

x 1000 x 170
25 x 1000 x 1702

415

= 266.09 mm2 > 204 mm2 (Min.Ast 0.12% of bD as per

Clause 26.5.2.1

of IS 456-2000)

Provide 12 mm dia. Tor steel

ast = x 122 / 4
= 113 mm2

ast
Spacing of Steel =

X 1000
Ast

113
Spacing of Steel =

x 1000 = 424.6 mm
266.09

89

But maximum spacing of Tension Reinforcement as per Clause

26.3.3 b 1 from
IS 456 2000 is 3d or 300 mm whichever is less,
1) 3d = 3 x 170 = 510 mm

or

2) 300 mm

Hence provide 12 mm dia. @ 300 mm C/C

Revised Astxm = (1000 x 170) / 300 = 566.6 mm2

Distribution Steel:
Area of steel = 0.12% of gross sectional area
= (0.12 x 1000 x 170) / 100 = 204 mm
Provide 8 mm dia. Tor steel

ast = x 82 / 4
= 50.26 mm2

ast
Spacing of Steel =

X 1000
Ast

50.26
Spacing of Steel =

x 1000 = 246.3 mm
204

90

But maximum spacing of Tension Reinforcement as per Clause

26.3.3 b 2 from
IS 456 2000 is 5d or 450 mm whichever is less,
1) 5d= 5 x 170 = 850 mm

or

2) 450 mm

Hence provide 8 mm dia. @ 250 mm C/C

5. Check for Shear:

Shear Force (Vu) = WL/2 = (13.27 x 3.1) / 2 = 20.56 KN
Nominal shear stress ( V) = Vu / bd = (20.56 x 106) / (1000 x 170) =
0.12 N/mm2
Area of steel available Ast = 560mm2
Pt% = (100 x 560 / 1000 x 170) = 0.32%
From Table 19 of IS 456 2000

c = 0.464 N/ mm2

c > V Hence shear stress is within limits

7) Check for Bond:
Development length Ld for 12 mm = ( x 0.87fy) / 4bd
= (12 x 0.87 x 415) / 4 x 1.40 =
773.67mm
From 26.2.1.1 of IS456 2000
bd = 1.40 for M25 grade
91

Tension bars crossing at bends should be extended by 773.67mm

beyond crossing point.
8) Check for Serviceability:
Basic l/d Ratio = 20
Pt = 0.32%

Service stress = (0.58 x 415 x 270)/ 560 =

116N/mm2
Modification factor = 1.20
Modified value of l/d ratio = 20 x 1.20 = 24
Actual l/d ratio = 3100/170 = 18 < 24
Actual l/d ratio is < modified value of l/d ratio
Hence the thickness of the slab is safe.

92

CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSIONS
Flat-slab building structures possesses major advantages over
traditional slab-beam-column structures because of the free design of
space,

shorter

construction

time,

architectural

functional

and

economical aspects. Because of the absence of deep beams and shear

walls, flat-slab structural system is significantly more flexible for lateral
loads then traditional RC frame system and that make the system more
vulnerable under seismic events.
The purely flat-slab RC structural system is considerably more
flexible for horizontal loads than the traditional RC frame structures
which contributes to the increase of its vulnerability to seismic effects.
The critical moment in design of these systems is the slab-column
93

connection, i.e., the penetration force in the slab at the connection,

which

should

retain

its

bearing

capacity

even

at

maximal

displacements. The ductility of these structural systems is generally

limited by the deformability capacity of the column-slab connection. To
increase the bearing capacity of the flat-slab structure under horizontal
loads, particularly when speaking about seismically prone areas and
limitation of deformations, modifications of the system by adding
structural elements are necessary.

REFERENCES
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures by A. K. Jain,
Surya Prakash S. Krishna Murthy,

Design of R.C.C structural elements by S.S. Bhavikatti,

Design of R.C.C slabs by K.C.Jain,

Design of R.C.C structures by prof.N.Krishna Raju,

Design of R.C.C structures by prof.S.Ramamrutham,

94

The code books referred for this project are:

1.
2. SP 16 (design aids for IS 456),
3. IS 1893 (part-1) 2002 criteria for earthquake resistant design
of structures Part-1 general provision & buildings,
4. IS 456:2000 for RCC design,
5. IS 875 part I for weight and density of materials ( RCC = 25
kN/m3, PCC = 24 kN/m3, Brick = 18-20 kN/m3 ect.),
6. IS 875 part II for live load,
7. IS 875 part III for wind load and
8. IS 875 part V for load combination.

95