DC Motor

Prepared & Presented By

Amit kumer podder
 Principle of operation

 When current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,

it experienced a force.
 In case of DC motor, the magnetic field us developed by the
field current i.e. current flowing in field winding and armature
winding plays the role of current carrying conductor

 So armature winding experienced a force and start rotating.

 Principle of operation

Magnitude of Force:
The magnitude of the force experienced by the current carrying
conductor placed in the magnetic field is given by,
F = BIl Newton
Where B = Flux density produced by Magnet
I = current flowing through conductor
l = Length of the conductor

Direction of force:
The direction of rotation of a motor depends on the direction of
force exerted on the the armature winding and the direction of
force experienced by a current carrying conductor is given by
Fleming’s left hand rule.
 Principle of operation

Statement of Fleming’s left hand rule:

It states that if the first three fingers of the left hand are held
mutually at right angles to each other and if index finger indicates the
direction of the magnetic field, and if middle finger indicates the
direction of current flowing through the conductor, then thumb
indicates the direction of force exerted on the conductor.

Figure :Fleming’s left hand rule thumb

 Construction

Figure: construction of DC motor

 Construction

Figure: construction of DC motor

 Construction

• Important parts of DC motor:

1. Yoke 4. Armature
2. Field winding 5. Commutator, brushes & gear
3. poles 6. Brushes

1. Yoke:
 It acts as the outer support of a DC motor.
 It provides mechanical support for the poles.
 Construction

2. Poles:
 pole of a dc motor is an electromagnet.
 The field winding is wound over the poles.
 Poles produces magnetic flux when the filed winding is
excited.

3. Field winding:
 The coils wound around the pole are called field coils and
they are connected in series with each other to form field
winding.
 When current passing through the field winding, magnetic
flux produced in the air gap between pole and armature.
 Construction

4. Armature:
 Armature is a cylindrical drum mounted on shaft in which
number of slots are provided.
 Armature conductors are placed in these slots.
 Theses armature conductors are interconnected to form the
armature winding.

5. Commutator:
 A commutator is a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft
alonwith the armature core.
 It collects the current from the armature conductors and
passed it to the external load via brushes.
Function of commutator
 • It converts the ac emf generated internally into dc
 • It helps to produce unidirectional torque.
 Construction

6. Brushes
 Commutator is rotating. So it is not possible to connect the
load directly to it.
 Hence current is conducted from the armature to the external
load by the carbon brushes which are held against the surface
of commutator by springs.

 Function of brushes: To collect the current from the

commutator and apply it to the external load in generator,
and vice versa in motor.
 Back EMF

When the armature winding of dc motor is start rotating in the

magnetic flux produced by the field winding, it cuts the lines of
magnetic flux and induces the emf in the armature winding.
According to Lenz’s law
This induced emf acts in the opposite direction to the armature
supply voltage. Hence this emf is called as back emfs.
 Significance of Back EMF

• As shown in figure, the armature supply

voltage V has to overcome the opposition
posed by the back emf Eb and some other
voltage drops such as brush drop and the
voltage drop across Ra.
• From figure, we can write that,
V = Eb + Ia Ra + Vb …….(1)
• But voltage drop across brushes is negligible.
∴ V = Eb + Ia Ra ……(2)
 Significance of Back EMF

 The presence of back e.m.f. makes the d.c. motor a self -

regulating machine i.e., it makes the motor to draw as
much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the
torque required by the load.

1. When the motor is running on no load, small torque is

required to overcome the friction and windage losses.
Therefore, the armature current Ia is small and the back
e.m.f. is nearly equal to the applied voltage.
 Significance of Back EMF

2. If the motor is suddenly loaded, the first effect is to cause the

armature to slow down. Therefore, the speed at which the armature
conductors move through the field is reduced and hence the back
e.m.f. Eb falls. The decreased back e.m.f. allows a larger current to
flow through the armature and larger current means increased
driving torque. Thus, the driving torque increases as the motor slows
down. The motor will stop slowing down when the armature current
is just sufficient to produce the increased torque required by the
load.
 Significance of Back EMF

3. If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving torque is

momentarily in excess of the requirement so that armature is
accelerated. As the armature speed increases, the back e.m.f.
Eb also increases and causes the armature current Ia to
decrease. The motor will stop accelerating when the armature
current is just sufficient to produce the reduced torque
required by the load. It follows, therefore, that back e.m.f. in a
d.c. motor regulates the flow of armature current i.e., it
automatically changes the armature current to meet the Load
requirement.
 Voltage and Power Equation

Voltage and Power equation of DC Motor

𝑉 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎
If we multiply the above equation by 𝐼𝑎, we will get
𝑉𝐼𝑎 = 𝐸𝑏𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎

𝑉𝐼𝑎 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 th𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐸𝑏𝐼𝑎 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑐h𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑏𝑦 the 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
Ia 2 R a = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
Thus,
𝐸𝑏𝐼𝑎 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 =input power-power loss= Pm
thus, 𝐸𝑏𝐼𝑎= Gross mechanical power produce by the motor
 Torque Equation

Torque : By the term torque is meant the turning or twisting moment of a force about
an axis. It is measured by the product of the force and the radius at which this force acts.
Then torque T = F*r Nm
Work done by this force in one revolution= F * 2 * pi* r joule
For N revolution power developed = F * 2 * pi* r * N = (F * r) * (2 * pi * N) = T * w
Torque Equation
 Types of DC Motor

• Depending on the way of connecting the

armature and field windings of a d.c. motors
are classified as follows:
DC Motor

DC series Shunt motor Compound Separately

motor motor excited motor

Short shunt Long shunt

compound compound
Types of DC Motor
DC Shunt Motor
DC Shunt Motor
DC Shunt Motor
DC Shunt Motor
DC Series Motor
DC Series Motor
DC Series Motor
DC Series Motor
DC Series Motor
Speed Control Of DC Motor
Starting Of DC Motor
Starting Of DC Motor
Starter Of DC Motor
Starter Of DC Motor
 Applications Of DC Motor

1. Shunt motor applications:

i. Various machine tools such as lathe
machines, drilling machines, milling
machines etc.
ii. Printing machines
iii. Paper machines
iv. Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
v. Blowers and fans etc.
 Applications Of DC Motor

2. Series motor applications:

i. Electric trains
ii. Diesel-electric locomotives
iii. Cranes
iv. Hoists
v. Trolley cars and trolley buses
vi. Rapid transit systems
vii. Conveyers etc.
 Applications Of DC Motor

3. Cumulative compound motor applications:

i. Elevators
ii. Rolling mills
iii. Planers
iv. Punches
v. Shears
4. Differentials compound motors applications:
 The speed of these motors will increase with increase
in the load, which leads to an unstable operation.
 Therefore we can not use this motor for any practical
applications
 Specifications Of DC Motor

• Some of important specifications of a DC motor:

1. Output power in horse power(H.P.)
2. Rated voltage
3. Type of field winding
4. Excitation voltage
5. Base speed in RPM
6. Current
7. Frame size
8. Rating
 Specifications Of DC Motor

• Typical specifications of DC series motor:

Sr. Specifications/Rating Value
No.
1. Output power in horse power 3HP
2. Rated voltage 230V
3. Type of field winding Series
4. Excitation voltage 230V
5. Insulation B
6. Base speed 1000RPM
7. Current 11Amp
8. Frame size 132 S
9. Rating Continous
10. S.R.Number 840858
Specifications Of DC Motor