TRADE PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MODERN

MEDICAL LABORATORY AT SOGOMO

INSTITUTION : RIFT VALLEY TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT : BUILDING AND CIVILENGINEERING

COURSE : DIPLOMA IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

COURSE CODE : 2705

PRESENTER :

INDEX NO : 534101

CENTRE CODE : 534101

PRESENTED TO : KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL

IN PARTIALFULLFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN BUILDING AND

CONSTRUCTION

SUPERVISOR : MR.

SERIES : NOVEMBER SERIES

YEAR : 2022

i
 DECLARATION

Declaration by the candidate

This project is my original work and that it has not been submitted to any other institution for
examination.

PRESENTER :

INDEX NO :

Signature……….…… Date……………….

Declaration by the Supervisor

This Research project has been submitted for examination to The Eldoret National Polytechnic
as the Supervisor.

MR OMONDI

Signature: …………………….. Date: …………………

Lecturer –

ii
 DEDICATION
This research Project is dedicated to all my family members who provided moral support and
financial support they have given me during my studies and to my family members for being
there for me.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I want to thank God the almighty father who has enabled me to complete my project
and course as a whole. I also want to thank my supervisor who assisted in giving enthusiastic
support and advice throughout my project.

iv
 ABSTRACT
The Medical Laboratory includes a 20000 square feet indoor water park as well as outdoor
pool. The other side of the Five Star hotel is a convention center, which provides multiple
meeting spaces. These spaces are connected with expansion joints and therefore can be looked
at as three buildings. The scope of this project is limited to the laboratory portion of the site;
however, future assignment may incorporate an impactful design to improve cohesiveness of
adjacent buildings. The proposed thesis will include an investigation of an alternate lateral
resisting system as staggered steel truss system. The existing structure contains extraordinary
number of load bearing masonry shear wall in a non-seismic zone, which raises a question
about the efficiency and necessity of all shear walls the structure has. With the repetitive floor
layout of residential , staggered truss was chosen to take the advantage of layout and minimize
the design conflicts. To compare the existing lateral system and the alternate system, the
existing load bearing masonry shear walls and moment frames will be examined; steel
staggered truss system will be investigated and designed. During this redesign process, other
breadths require careful considerations. The floor plan layout of lower floor that uses steel
moment frames for lobby spaces may need readjustment with staggered truss system
implementation. As an architectural breadth study, redesign of floor layout of lower levels and
change in façade design will be investigated.

v
Table of Contents
DECLARATION....................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION.......................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................v

CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................9

1.2 Problem Statement.............................................................................................9

1.3 Research Purpose and Objectives......................................................................9

1.4 Purpose and Scope...........................................................................................10

1.5 Building Background Description...................................................................10

CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................11

LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................11

2.1 Structural System..........................................................................................11

2.2 Brief Description of Structural System...........................................................11

Foundation.......................................................................................................11

Concrete Wall Footing Section..............................................................................12

Floor Systems........................................................................................................13

Lateral Load Resisting Elements...........................................................................13

CHAPTER THREE.............................................................................................15

CHAPTER FOUR:................................................................................................19

LOADINGS..................................................................................................20

DETAILS.....................................................................................................21

SYMBOLS USED IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN ....................................21

Total weight..................................................................................................23

vi
 Shear reinforcement....................................................................................25

COLUMN DESIGN.............................................................................................25

DATA............................................................................................................25

PITCH..........................................................................................................26

DATA............................................................................................................27

D1 provided...................................................................................................29

DESIGN........................................................................................................29

DATA............................................................................................................29

Provision of main reinforcement................................................................30

CHAPTER FIVE...................................................................................................36

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS..................................................................36

5.1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................36

5.2 DATAANALYSIS..........................................................................................36

5.3 DATA RESULTS AND FINDINGS..............................................................36

5.4 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................36

5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................37

REFERENCES......................................................................................................39

vii
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Designing a laboratory to address the unique needs of a given area or region is a multi-faceted
process with many different things to consider—safety, security, efficiency, cost-effectiveness,
current research needs, future research needs, operating standards, etc. The list goes on and on.
Approaching the lab design process in an organized and thorough manner can give laboratory
teams confidence that they are getting the best outcome for their efforts.

1.2 Problem Statement

A thorough assessment of unmet testing needs in comparison to current international standards
and best practices and comparable, leading benchmark facilities is key in developing a plan for
facility improvements needed to support the laboratory’s vision and mission. An Existing
Conditions Assessment Report and a review of the laboratory’s operational plan will provide
crucial information toward meeting this goal. This begins by performing a SWOT (Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis to examine the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats for the existing laboratory facilities and identifying associated gaps.
Specifically, examine the issues, needs, deficiencies or problems that need to be addressed in the
following areas: • Workforce: Review the quantity and capability of the existing lab personnel to
carry out the mission and laboratory’s operational plan. • Site: Review adequacies of space
needs, workflow, and site safety and security. • Facility: Assess the building’s capacity and
capability, efficiency and location. • Space: Evaluate the existing facilities to determine if the
quality and quantity of space exists to safely perform the anticipated test list and volumes. This
includes assessing the needs for specialized space, such as PCR and higher biosafety level space.
Consider efficiency, work flows and life safety. • Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing Systems:
Assess operational condition and sustainability. • Equipment: Catalog existing equipment and
evaluate it for capability to support the required laboratory services.

1.3 Research Purpose and Objectives

The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate design on the members of public as it’s a
target place for business to earn. This study aims to provide more insight about the post-
occupancy evaluation and suggest better building design considerations for improving
comfort and satisfaction of the welfare of occupants in their service environments.

Based on the purpose, this study set the following objectives for the study:

8
To examine how the design might influence the perception of the comfort toward the
success of the students.

1.4 Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this proposal is to describe existing structural condition, state the potential
problem of it and redesign existing load bearing masonry shear wall to staggered steel truss
system as an alternate lateral system for medical laboratory. This proposal also includes two
breadth topics that must be examined along with the alternate lateral system design, architectural
and construction management.

1.5 Building Background Description

Five Star Hotel, which includes both indoor waterpark and outdoor pool as well as convention
centers while providing luxury space for relaxation is located in Sogomo outside Eldoret town ,
has square footage of 143,175 SF in first floor and 73,905 SF in second. Figure 1 shows the
convention center that is located on the opposite north east side of the laboratory. The basement
space of 18,802 SF, the convention center has first floor space of 92,668 SF.

The commencement of the construction is to take off April 2022 and to be completed and opened
to public in summer of 2023. The Five star hotel has the tallest part of the project as 101’-5” tall
and has the visual impact when confronted to the site.

The façade of laboratory building has color tone of brown, red, and grey to give earth-like
feeling. Custom ancient stone architectural finishes, applied at the corners of the building, will
keep the consistency of tribal jungle theme façade finishes. Also little more distinctive color
finishes will be used at the top of the laboratory façade to give tribal character to the building.
The interior designs are also jungle theme. Most of the furniture in the laboratory have bark
surface finishes.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Surveying

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the
terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them.
Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the

9
beginning of recorded history. In survey I will prepare a detail site plan showing all existing
features by chain traversing method. After this I will prepare contours site plan and map using a
suitable method, and I will prepare analysis of the field /site i.e. drainage

Soil mechanics

Soil mechanics is a branch of soil physics and applied mechanics that describes the behavior of
soils. It differs from fluid mechanics and solid mechanics in the sense that soils consist of a
heterogeneous mixture of fluids and particles but soil may also contain organic solids and other
matter In soil mechanics I will have to know that the stability and the design of the building
depend on the state on which it rests. The research on basic soil test will be carried out as so as to
determine the capacity beaming of different kind of soil. The site engineer will be able to know
the procedure and necessity of the following test; moisture content determination test;
consolidation test and soil classification and shear test of the soil.

Architectural requirements

I will prepare plan sections and elevations and critical points showing all constructions details
also I will prepare schedules for all the wall floor and roof finishes not forgetting the critical
section and staircase.

Structural design

In a design I will prepare the structural column, beams, trusses and footings/bases. The estimates
of loads transfers systems vertically as well as lateral loads. The analysis of the structure for the
shear bending moment axle loads and deflection of beams will do the design and the drawing of
schedules for RCC work. Then I will do the structural supervision.

Mechanical.

In mechanical part I shall prepare connections and locations of septic tanks, soak pit, manholes
with drainage systems of the site.

Measurements

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I will measure all walls, floors, roof, and finishes with all substructure works. Taking off:
abstract and finally come up with the bill of quantities.

SITE ORGONISATION AND MANAGEMENT

I have to prepare site layout and a method statement for all the finishes and substructure work.

Then I will come up with a proposed and detailed program from all the finishes and substructure
work.

Equipment Used For Linear Measurement

1. Surveyors’ chain.

2. 30m tape measure.

Instrument.

1. For making rods.

2. Ranging rods.

3. Pegs.

For Setting Out.

1. Theodolite.

2. Builders Square.

3. Dumpy Level.

4. Spirit Level.

Levelling.

Is the establishment of points with respect to given or assumed data.

Level Transfers

11
This was done specifically to get different heights to given site. Out bench mark was taken from
railway line stopper which is just across our institute about one kilometer to our site. Acted as
our permanent site of reference of elevation. Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) was taken from a
manhole outside current Mechanical workshop; here is where our levels were referred. After
using the dumpy level for getting various heights in different points, we used rise and fall
method to reduce the level as shown.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

There has been an increasing number of research focusing on the impact of building design
on occupants’ comfort and satisfaction. This chapter aims to give an overview of what kinds
of studies have been conducted so far and provide a background for the research. Articles
reviewed are group into three categories, including;

(1) The relation between built environment and comfort.

(2) The relation between built environment and satisfaction.

(3) The impact of building design on the healthcare staff.

2.1 Structural System

2.2 Brief Description of Structural System
The Five Star hotel is composed with three major components: indoor waterpark, the laboratory
and convention center. These components are connected by expansion joints, which allows each
section to be looked at as separate independent buildings. As stated before hotel building will be
described in this report due to its size. The main structural system used in this building is
masonry shear walls and precast planks. There are also concrete piers, spread and strip footings,
walls and masonry walls in the foundation and steel framing system in areas that require more
flexible open spaces. The roof system is also precast hollow core planks.

Foundation

The foundation of the hotel has spread and strip footings or varying sizes to support concrete
columns, exterior walls, steel columns and concrete shear walls. According to the geotechnical
report done by Pennon Associates Inc., “spread footing foundations is feasible in dense natural
soils, weathered rock or compacted load-bearing fill.” Both spread and strip footings have
allowable bearing pressure of 4,000 and 6,000 psi with varying steel reinforcement

For floor slabs, the geotechnical report approved using slab on grade with the usage of 4 inches
thick layer of granular, free draining aggregate base course directly below the bottom of the

13
slabs to provide a uniform bearing surface and improve overall slab performance. Figure 4
illustrates areas where 4” or 5” slab on grade is used.

A typical section of strip footings supporting the 1’ wide concrete shear walls is shown in figure
5. Because these footings are supporting the lateral resisting system, their thickness range from
2’ to 3’-6” whereas the strip footings of exterior walls are below 2’. The width of footings for

Concrete Wall Footing Section

Shear walls are also 12’-6” wide compared to exterior wall strip footing width, 2’-6”.
Similarly, the spread footings supporting concrete columns and steel columns are shown below
in figure 6 and 7.

14
 Floor Systems
The Five Star Hotel has main floor system restressed precast hollow core planks. The hotel is a
very narrow rectangular building with slight turn at the southeast end. The north-west side is
about 501’-6” by 69’ and southeast is 151’-6” by 69’. Having precast planks spanning long
direction allowed usage of load bearing walls in the other direction. This is a very effective
choice of system while utilizing the architectural layout of the hotel . Because the floor layout is
repetitive with identical rooms next to one another, putting loadbearing walls in between the
rooms to support the precast planks is efficient approach.

There are two different thickness of precast planks. There is 10” and 12” thick precast planks.
10” thick planks have six restressed strands and are used throughout the building typically
spanning 28’. The 12” thick planks, which also uses six strands, are only placed at the 45º
corner. At this location, bigger suites that have maximum span of 40’ were designed. The
balcony is also precast but solid plank that is 1’-½” thick that is supported by 1’ x 1’ precast
columns at each exterior corner.

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

The main lateral force resisting system for the Five Star hotel consists of solid grouted 12” thick
masonry walls. These concrete masonry units are structured to have masonry piers at each ends
and at the middle as well instead of steel columns. The masonry pier schedule can be found in
figure 10. The blocks have FM of 2000 psi, which requires a net area compressive strength of
2800 psi and grouted with 3000-psi grout. The typical layout of masonry shear walls can be
found in figure 9.

15
The size of vertical reinforcement for the masonry shear walls vary from #5 to #8. The
spacing of the reinforcements also vary from 8” to 48” c.c. as the placement of reinforcing
become higher in elevation. #5 bars, which is used the most throughout the shear walls, have
2’-4” of splice and #6 bars have 4’-0” splice.

Another lateral force resisting system is reinforced concrete shear walls that erect from the
foundation and up to first and second level of Five Star hotel structure. Varying from 12” to 14”
thick, the concrete shear walls are vertically reinforced in two curtains with #5 or #6 for walls
from basement to first floor and #7 for walls from basement to second floor with varying
spacing from 12” to 16” c.c. The horizontal reinforcement uses #5 or #6 bars both at 10” c.c.
spacing.

The last lateral force resisting system is steel moment frame. Due to the demand and purpose
of certain spaces that require spacious area, reinforced concrete and masonry shear walls were
not adequate. Therefore, to remove the abruptness of blocking space from solid shear walls,
steel moment frames were chosen. Due to this transition, the load from the masonry shear wall
will transfer to the moment frame, which will have an impact on the lateral system analysis.

The most influential space out of these three is the service area. While the other two spaces only
require moment frame that replaces half of shear walls in one grid line, the service area has entire
gridline to have moment frame as illustrated in figure 11. The frame uses smallest beam of
W27x102 to biggest size of W36x330. The columns of the moment frame vary from W12x65 to
W14x120

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. Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

COLLECTION OF SOIL

The trial pits are excavated from different fields at the selected corners of the field at the field.

At the selected area, the top of the soil is dug and removed which is 400mm (0.4) then a depth of
1300mm (1.3m) is excavated below the ground to make up a 1700mm (1.7m) depth forming a
cube.

SOIL CLASSIFICATIONS

The aim of this exercise is to know the general characteristic and hence obtain soil bearing
capacity.

PARTICLE SOIL ANNALYSIS/DISTRIBUTION

Apparatus

• Weight balance
• Measuring cylinder
• British standard sieve (BS)
• Scoop
• Water
• Plan
• Sodium hexamataphosphate(reagent)
• Oven

Procedure
• Air-day the sample
• Pass it through sieve number 20mm and carry out riffing/quartering to obtain a
representative sample. Weigh about 1250g of the sample and add water until it
over flow.
• Add two grams of sodium hexametaphosphate which will brake soil clots, then
wait for at least24 hours.
• Take this sample this sample and wash it through BS sieve number
Page 2 / 17
 Bill Nr.2 -
0.075mm until its clean (no more dirty water comes out) Godowns
• Over dry the sample for at least 16 hours at a temperature of between 105-
110degrees Celsius.
• Pass the sample through a series of sieve from 20mm-0.075mm except sieve
number 4.
• Plot the graph of percentage passing against sieve.

PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

The main aim was to obtain the maximum dry density of our soil in site.

Apparatus

• Proctor mold , base and its color

• Hammer
• Chisel
• Straight ledge
• Modified
• Proctor moisture tins
• Pans
• Two weighing machine
• Oven
• Scoop
• Measuring cylinder

Procedure
• Take one quarter of the riffled sample
• Take two moisture tins of and weigh their masses and fill them with the air dried
sample to obtain preset moisture content(PMC)
• Put them in an oven to obtain the preset moisture
• Take the pans and put equal masses of 2500g
• To the first, add water 12% mass of specimen. Use the scoop to mix thoroughly
the sample until a homogeneous material is obtained.
• Weigh the mold with its based only.
• Put the color and put the specimen in sequential layers being compacted with 25
blows each.
• Dismantle the color and straighten the surface using the straight edge  Weigh
the wet mass of sample.
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 • BillRepeat
Nr.2the- procedure using the remaining sample increasing water
Godowns
by 2%
• Put the tins with specimen into the oven at a temperature of between
105110degrees Celsius for 24hours.
• Determine the dry density of the sample at every percentage increase of water
• Find the moisture content of the sample and plot a graph of dry density against
Mc.
• MDD and OMC were obtained from the graph

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR)

Apparatus

• CBR mold base plate and collar

• Weighing balance
• Scoop
• Oven
• Spatula
• CBR penetration machine 20mm sieve
• Measuring cylinder
• Swell gauge
• Soaking tank

Procedure
• Sieve the sample through 20mm sieve to obtain enough sample
• Weigh the mold base plate
• Using the values obtained in proctor test
• ≤MDD, OMC, PMC≥ calculate the material to be weighed as shown above.
• Add 465ml of water and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogeneous material.
• Prepare the CBR mold with its base plate , weigh and record its mass
• Put a filter paper on the base, add collar then weigh 1378g of the sample and put
it in the mold
• Put filter add spacers and compact using hand.

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 • BillRemove
Nr.2 the
- filter paper, track the surface and put the second layer
Godowns
and repeat the
above procedure.
• Put the third layer put a filter paper then compact using CBR machine.
• Remove the collar and spacers, weigh the specimen and record.
• Find the initial swell using the swell gauge.
• Put the collar and spacer and soak for four days.
• Take the specimen out water, remove the collar and spacers and take the final
swell.
• Remove the base plate and test for penetration using CBR tester machine.
• Plot a graph of prove ring against penetration.

PLASTIC LIMIT TEST (PI TEST)

CASAGRANDE METHOD

Wet soil in the casagrande are divided in to two half by a grooving tool.

Tap the cup several times and the number of taps required to bring the two half together is record
and moisture content of the soil is observed.

Repeat the procedure for different water content.

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 Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

CHAPTER FOUR:
4.0 STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENT/DESIGN

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 Bill with
This section deals Nr.2 - of the structural members in contamination works. Godowns
design The structural
members are such as:

COLUMNS

In columns design the designer has to educate the type and size of reinforcement to be used
longitudinally as well as laterally. This design column enables the designer to determine whether
the column is longer or short. In long column design ration coefficient is introduced.

BEAMS

Beams are horizontal structural members used in the structural design to distribute the load to
the columns. The design of beams help the designer to know And the diameter of reinforcement
beams to be used on main bars as well as distribution beam.

FLOOR SLAB

In slabs there are two forms either one way or two way slabs. Slabs are designed into continuous
and non-continuous slabs.

In designing slabs the designer is able to determine the size, type and number of reinforcement
bars. Also on designing of slabs the designer is able to determine whether the slab is one or two
way

STAIRS
These are designed in construction of a building which is providing an access to the upper floor

2700

Page 2 / 22
 Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

LOADINGS

Self-weight of waist

=0.15x1x1.118=4025kN/m

Riser=0.15/2x1x1.24=1.8kN/m

Live loads=1.5x1x1=1.5Kn

TOTAL LOADS

7.325 k N/m

3800

total loads
M=4L2/8= (7.325X3.82)/8

=13.22KN/m

Use 12mm Ø bar and 15mm cover

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 Bill =129mm
D1=150-(12/2x15) Nr.2 - A depth 129mm δ 1 required =v Godowns

(m/kb) =v (13.22x106)/1287x1000)=101.358mm

N1=MPcb/ (pst+MPcb) = (15x7)/ (140+15x7) =0.4284

A1=1-(n1/3) =1-(0.4283 /3) =0.857

K=1/2 Pcb a1 n1=1/2xnx0.4284x0.857=1.284

1a=a1 δ1=0.857x129=110.553mm

Ast=M max /P st lab= (13.222x106) / (140x110.553) =854.28 mm2

A dept RR @125mm dc (905mm2)

Distribution bars=0.15% bd

= (0.15 /100) x1000x129=193.5 mm2

A dept RD @ 225 mm dc (223 mm2)

DETAILS

R 12@129

R 3 @225 c/c

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R R @125 c/c

Stairs details
 Bill Nr.2
SYMBOLS USED -
IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN Godowns

Pcb - this is permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending.

Pst – permissible tensile stress in St.

Ast – Area of steel in tension Asc -Area steel in

compression d1 –Effective depth to the center of

tensile reinforcement dn –Neutral axis depth la –n live

arm

M – Modular ratio K –

Constant a1-level arm

n1 –shear force MR –

Moment of resistance q

–maximum shear stress

d –overall depth b –

Breath of the beam

Unit weight of concrete= 24k N/m3

Permissible stress in shear=0.8 N/mm2

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 Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

400 mm

250mm

beam design

Required to design and detail the elevation

Solution:

Loading (from the deflection control table)

(Span/depth) <20 d= (8000/20) =400mm

Self-weight of the beam;

W=0.25X 0.4X24X8=19.2k N

Per meter run 19.2/8=2.4 k N/m

Total weight

= self-weight +imposed load

= (2.4+10.5) k N/m

= 12.5 kN/m

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 Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

weight distribution

Maximum bending moment

Mmax=WL 2/8= (12.5X82) /8=103.2 k N/m2

Check the adequacy of depth provided overall depth=d1+φ/2+cover

Assume 25mm φ bars and a cover of

25mm Therefore; 400=d1+25/5+25

d1=400-25/5+25 d1=362.5mm

provided Actual d1=√ (4MR)/Pcb b d1=√

(4x103.2x106)/ (8.5x250) =440.74mm

Since d1 provided is <d1 required (actual) then we redesign i.e. provided> d1 required.

Therefore; d=d1+φ/2+25=440.74+25/2+25

D1=478.24 mm

Adopt 500 mm

New self-weight of the beam;

W=0.500x0.25x24x8=24 K N/m

Per meter length 24/8=3k N/m

Total weight =3+10.5=13.5k N /m

New max=WL2/8= (13.5X82)/8=108k N/m2

Per meter run=108/8k N/m

Provision of reinforcement

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 Bill Nr.2 -
D=d1+φ/2+cover Godowns

500=d1+28/2+25

D1=452.5mm

La=3/4d1=3/4x462.5=346.89 mm

Moment=AstPstLa

Ast=M/PstLa= (108x106)/ (230x346.89) =1353.64mm2

Provide 4Y20 (1257 mm2

Shear reinforcement
q=Q/bLa when Q=……………………………….

Q= (13.5 x8)/2= 54k N/m

= (54x100)/ (250x346.89)=0.623N/mm2

0.623<0.8 check ok

Hence provide shear reinforcement at 1.12% bd.

= (0.12/100)250x1500=150mm2

Use 2 legs Y6@ 200mm

COLUMN

Column-vertical element which transmit loads from slabs, beams and walls to the bases

DATA

- Size =(300x300)m with both ends fixed

- Le =4375m
Axial load=800k N/m

Pcc=5.3 N/mm2

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Psc=175N/mmBill
2 Nr.2 - Godowns

Shear=0.7 N/mm2

Use punch shear method

Required to design the column

Po=175ASC+5.3(3002-Asc)

80,000=175ASC+531,000-5.3ASC

ASC=1903mm

Adopt 4Y25 (1963mm2)

Check for steel reinforcement

(1903/3002) x100=2.1% falls 0.8 %< 2.1 %< 8%

Steel reinforcement ok.

Traverse reinforcement

1/4x25=6.25mm

Adopt 6mm φ bars (Y6)

PITCH

• 300mm
• 25x12=300mm
• 300mm
Adopt a pitch of 300mm

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 Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

Adopt 300mm dc as a pitch of lateral bars provide Y6@ 300mm dc 300mm

COLUMN FOOTING DESIGN

Design procedure

• Compute the load on the footing

• Size the footing
• Compute the erect upward pressure on the footing
• Compute the maximum bending moment
• By using either elastic method or the load factor method compute the.
 Effective depth required
 Tensile reinforcement required
 Check for punching shear
 Check for local bond
DATA
Column =300x300

Pcb=7N/mm2

Pst=210N/mm2

Shear=0.7N/mm2

Use shear punch method

Axial load=800k N

Soil bearing capacity= 275k N/m2

Solution

WO=Axial load +10% axial load

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 Bill X800=880k
WO=800+ (10/100) Nr.2 - N Godowns

Size of the footing;

WO/L2< soil bearing capacity

(880/L2)=275

L2=3.2

L=1.78=adopt 1.8m

Thickness of footing; df =axial load/ (_ of column punching shear)

-800/ (300x4x0.7)0.95mm

Net upwards pressure-

Actual weight of footing 1.8x 1.8x0.95x24=73.872kN

Net upwards pressure= (800+73.872)/1.82=269.71kN/m2

2669.11<275 k N/m2 (size ok)

Maximum bending moment

MMax=WL2/2=(269.71X 0.752)/2=75.86k Nm

From loads factor method Mmax= (Pcb^ bd12)/4 d1=√

(4MMax/pcbb) =√ (4x15.86x106)/ (7x1000) =208.2mm

Provision of tensile reinforcement

Mr=PstAstLa

La=3/4x 208.2=156.15

78.86x106=210Astx156.15

Ast=2313.4 mm2

Provide Y20@150mm dc (2096 mm2)

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D1 provided Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

Assume cover of 40mm

D=d1+φ/2+cover

D1=950-50=900mm

Check for punch shear; qcal

=Q/bLa La=3/4x900-675

mm Q= 269.71(0.75-0.9)

q=(269.71X0.15)/(1000X675)=0.059X103N/mm2

0.059x10-3<0.7N/mm2

DESIGN
Design procedure

• Categorize the slab

• Size the slab
• Compute the loadings
• Compute the moment
• Compute the required tensile reinforcement
• Sketch the reinforcement details
DATA

Slab measurement=4.5m by 5m

Thickness=150mm

Pst=225N/mm2

Pcb=8N/mm2

Unit weight of concrete= 24k N/m3

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 Bill
Life loads=7.5k N/mNr.2
2 - Godowns

Finishes=0.5kN/m2

Solution:

Classification of slabs;Ly/Lx=5000/4000=1.25 (two way spanning)

Loading on the slab

Dead

weight=24x1x1x0.15=3.6kNm2

ay= (1.3-1.2) =0.055-0.059 0.1= -

0.004

(1.3+1.25)= (0.055-y)

0.05=0.055-y
0.1= -0.004

ay=0.053

Mx=axWLX2=0.089X11.6X42=16.52k Nm

My=ayWLX2=0.057X11.6X42=10.58k NM

Check for the adequacy of the slab assume using 12 mm φ bars and a cover of 15.

D=d1+cover+φ/2

D1=150-(c+k)

D1=129 mm provided alsou56ikul.kl’”:?.,mnbvcf

Mx=pcbb d12)/4

Page 2 / 33
 Bill Nr.2 - mm (required)
D1=√ (16.52x103x4)/8=90.88 Godowns

D1 adopted is okay so d1 (required) <d1

Provision of main reinforcement
M=PstAstLa
16.52x106=225xAstx (129/4) x3
Ast=461.05mm2

Provide Y12 at 200mm (566mm2)

Structural Design

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Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

Page 2 / 35
 Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

5.1SITE ORGANISATION
Site organization is the arrangement made in site to facilitate the safe running of the activities in
progressing the project.

Each section will have leader who must ensure that the work of his/her group is coordinated with
the effort of the other sections.

SITE LATOUT PREPARATION

All preliminaries required in the site should be arranged well for easy access to site and
materials within the shortest time possible and without interruption to one another.
Preliminary required in site location

• Hoarding(fencing)
• Access routes
• Avail water
• Locate storage houses
• Changing rooms
• Toilets
• Hotel café
All should be interlinked to avoid confusion and waste of time.

SERVICES
WATER SUPPLY
The local authority has duty to ensure that every dwelling is provided with or has a reasonable
sufficient of wholesome water. Water authorities make by-laws for waste, excessive
consumption, misuse or contamination water supplied by them.

Public water is sterilized before being passed to consumers by treating with chlorine. The
connection to the water mains is made by the authorities that normally drill and tap water. The
main is laid by a communication pipe normally 12mm size in diameter up to the boundary of the
side finishing with a stop valve or stop cork in a suitable chamber often fitted with a hinged cast
iron.

This part of the water supply remain the property of the water company.

COLD WATER SUPPLY

Page 2 / 36
In this systemBill Nr.2
all water - off points are fed directly from the rising pipe with the
draw Godowns
cistern,
where provided serving the sole purpose of a feed cistern (supplying the cold water to the hot
water system).

The system requires more pipe work but it gives a rescuers supply in case of main failure and it
reduces the risk of contamination by back syphoning.

DRAINAGE
Drainage is system of pipe work installed underground level on a suitable depth basing the
gradient to carry the discharge from the sanitary facilities such as rain water gutters and down
pipe mainly used.

DOMETIC WATER SUPPLY

Water is a basic need to be supplied to the building from the main in the college by school the
local authority. Water will be supplied to the main pipe and supplied in the building through
direction.

WATER REQIUREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT CONFERENCE

Consumption by 250 customers

• Toilets 400 litres water per day

• Washing hands 400 litres
• Dining hall 400 litres
• Consumption in the kitchen 6m3

Total consumption of water in kitchen, toilets and dining

=6m3 + (0.3*3) =6.9 m3
Add say 15%waste = (15/100)*6.9=1.035m3

Total =6.9 + 1.035=7.935m3 per Office consumption

• 6 offices 200 litres

• 1 conference hall consuming 300 litres

Overall consumption

Page 2 / 37
 Billseater
A 600 dining Nr.2 -
occupancy consuming 300 litres for drinking per day Godowns

Total 6*200=1200 litres

Total offices conference hall and audience consumption per day

=1200+300+300

=1800 litres
= (1800/1000) =1.8m3

Overall cast=7.935+1.8

=9.735m3 per day

Therefore, future demand =Pd (1+ (8/100)) n

Where; n = number of years expected

R =growth rate of say

10% Pd=9.735 n= 100

=9.7351(1+ (10/100)) 100

=134,154.26litres

Add say 10% miscellaneous= (10/100)*134,154.26litres

=13,415.43litres
Total =147,569.69 litres approximately 150,000 litres

=150m3 water tank daily

Hence provided a storage tank of the following measurements =6m*5m*5m

Page 2 / 38
 Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

5m

5m

6m

required water tank

5.2MEASUREMENT WORK
This section deals with measuring and dimensioning of a structure as to be able to calculate the
contract fee for the project. In measurement the structural members are broken into sections and
their dimension column, squaring columns, description columns and waste column.

Then the taken off items are used to prepare bills of quantities for the tank on exaction.

ORDER OF TAKING OFF

SUBSTRUCTURE WORK.
•Site clearance

•Top soil excavation

•Fdn(foundation) excavation

•Trench exaction

•Plunking and strutting

•Dewatering

•Formwork to column base

•Formwork to column

•Concrete in column base

•Concrete in column

•Foundation walling

Page 2 / 39
 Bill membrane)
•Dpm (damp proof Nr.2 - Godowns

•Concrete in bed

•Hardcore

•Concrete in fdn strip

•Formwork in soffit

•Suspended slab

•Plastering

•Concrete in beam

•Adjustment roof finish

CHAPTER FIVE
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
During the soil analysis technique. The soil type in the area is sufficiently fit for the construction
works that has to be carried out in the area. The soil has a good bearing capacity to carry the load
that is exerted on the structure. Furthermore, the soil having a good soil bearing capacity, it will
be used for backfilling at some stages of construction work.

The data from surveying work shows the ground was flat hence the readings taken were nearly
the same.

5.1 INTRODUCTION
The quantitative data was coded and entered into a computer database designed using Statistical
Package format.

5.2 DATAANALYSIS
Data analysis was conducted using SPSS statistical software. Exploratory data techniques were
use at the initial stage of analysis to uncover the structure of data and identify outliers or unusual
entered values. Quantitative data was coded and processed using SPSS version 16.0.

Page 2 / 40
 Bill Nr.2
Descriptive statistics - frequencies, standard deviation and means were used
such as Godowns
to summarize,
organize and simplify the data collected. Correlation analysis was employed to test the
relationship between dependent and independent variables. A significance level of 0.06 was used.

Quantitative data was presented using frequency tables and graphs while qualitative data was
used to reinforce the quantitative data.

5.3 DATA RESULTS AND FINDINGS

According to the survey, results most of the household involved in this study were owner

Occupied 58% with rental residences accounting for 42%. Male headed and managed households
accounted for 60% of the total respondents while male headed but female managed households
accounted for 18% and female headed and managed households accounted for 16% of the
respondents who participated in the study.

5.4 CONCLUSIONS
Buildings in the area of study incorporated no form of Five Star hotel design but some had
installed some hotel features such as enough food for all customers in recreational purposes. Most
of the material used in Construction of these buildings are stone and plaster for the walling and
iron sheets for roofing. Building orientation to ensure maximum light entry into the building was
almost absent in the construction site. Sustainable building technologies such as incorporating
automated system for Heat, Ventilation and few respondents did Air Conditioning. Installation of
low energy light bulbs and the installation of solar hot-water system and solar panel was among
the sustainable building technologies in the buildings. However Lighting quality and air quality
were the best-rated indoor environmental variables by occupants, who frequently cited the
availability of natural light and fresh air provisions in the building. Noise was the most significant
area of concern in the building with occupants highly dissatisfied overall, and ambient noise
levels found to be within the average to above average range levels. Personal controls were
generally frequently used where provided, with the exception of heating controls. Wellbeing was
also highly rated, with over three quarters of respondents satisfied with their personal well-being.

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 Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendation to promote Five Star building design and sustainable building technologies
include the following:

Sustainable building materials should be exploited and recommended to developers during the
planning and construction phase of residential buildings. The Five Star hotel should try to exhibit
some of the available sustainable building technologies and materials in Kenya.

Other recommendations to promote and provide high levels of occupant comfort and include the
following:

• Outstanding air quality issues related to the plumbing system need to be resolved, as they
Continue to be raised by occupants as problematic and posing a concern to health and safety.

• Lack of ventilation systems especially in multistory buildings should be addressed.

• Glare issues form excessive day lighting exposure may be addressed by reducing the source of
glare (tin roof and walls), and ensuring that when interior blinds are used to cut out glare,

Occupants have adequate means of illuminating their homes.

• Lighting control issues could be address by changing the overhead lighting system default from
on to off to reduce the number of hours lights are on during daylight hours.

REFERENCES

Anderson, D. (1995). Building Efficiency Policies. New York: New York: Routledge.

California Urban Water Conservation Council. (2013, October 25). Top five Actions. Retrieved
from California Urban Water Conservation Council Web site: http://www.h2ouse.org/

Page 2 / 42
Cassidy, E. Bill Nr.2
(2000). -
Prospect Godowns
for Sustainable Energy: A Critical Assessment. Cambridge:
Cambridge

Page 2 / 43
 Bill Nr.2 - APPENDIX 1: BILL OF QUANTITY Godowns

Item Descriptions Qty Unit Rate Amount (TZS)

A ELEMENT NR 1: SUBSTRUCTURE
Site Preparations;
Clearing the site; grubbing up roots bushes, scrub,
undergrowth or the likesmall trees not exceeding 551 m2 350.00 192,850.00
600 mm girth

Excavation and Earthworks; 551 m2 495,900.00

B 900.00
Excavate oversite average 150mm deep to remove
top soil, convey average 50 linear meters and deposit
in temporary spoil heaps

Excavate pit for column base commencing at 68 m3 488,750.00

C
stripped level and not exceeding 1.50meters deep 7,187.50

Excavate foundation trench commencing at 73 m3 958,125.00

D stripped level and not exceeding 1.50meters deep 13,125.00

Extra over any kind of excavation for breaking up 18 m3 517,500.00

E rock and the like 28,750.00

Earth backfilling of selected materials around the 46 m3 198,375.00

F foundations 4,312.50

Ditto around columns 66 m3 429,000.00

G 6,500.00

Earth filling of imported selected excavated material, 159 m3 1,074,840.00

H well rammed and consolidated to make up levels 6,760.00
under floors.

Load up surplus excavated material and remove 9 m3 101,700.00

J away from site 11,300.00

Disposal of water 1 Item 430,000.00

K Allow for keeping all excavations free from water 430,000.00
(except spring or runing water) by pumping,baling or
by other means necessary

Plaking and strutting 1 Item 220,000.00

Allow for the provision and subsquent removal of
L 220,000.00
planking and strutting to up hold and maintain
all faces of excavations

To Collection 5,107,040.00

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Item Bill Nr.2 Descriptions
- Qty Unit Rate Godowns
Amount (TZS)
Substructure Cont'd

Hardcore
A 150mm Bed levelled and blinded to receive 397 m2 2,137.50 848,587.50
damp proof membrane

150mm Ditto, sloping 17 m2

B 6,500.00 110,500.00

Soil sterilization

"Gammalin"solution applied at a rate of 7 litres 414 m2

C
per square metre to hardcore beds 9,500.00 3,933,000.00

CONCRETE WORK

Plain Concrete grade "10" 45 m2

D 50mm Blinding 170,000.00 7,650,000.00

Plain concrete Grade "15" 21 m3

E Strip Foundations 220,000.00 4,620,000.00

125mm Thick bed 397 m2

F 28,000.00 11,116,000.00
125mm thich Ramps 17 m2
G 28,000.00 476,000.00
Reinforced concrete grade '20' including vibrating 11 m3
around reinforcement
H 270,000.00 2,970,000.00
Column bases

Columns 2 m3
J 270,000.00 540,000.00
Ground beams 9 m3
K 270,000.00 2,430,000.00
Reinforcement

High yield strength deformed type 2 steel bar

reinforcement to BS 4449:1969

8mm Diameter bars 448 kg

L 3,900.00 1,747,200.00
16mm Diameter bars 2256 kg

M 3,900.00 8,798,400.00

To Collection 45,239,687.50

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 Bill Nr.2 - Godowns
Item Descriptions Qty Unit Rate Amount (TZS)
Substructure Cont'd

A Sawn formwork to: 61 m2 35,122.00 2,142,442.00

Vertical sides of columns

B Vertical edge of bed over 150mm but not exceeding 99 m

8,681.25 859,443.75
350mm high

WALLING

Solid concrete blocks to BS2828 type 'A' bedded

and jointed in cement mortar (1:3)

230mm Wall 129 m2

C 33,200.00 4,282,800.00

Hessian based bitumem damp proof course to BS 743 74 m

D type 5A 230mm wide laid horizontally on blockwork 15,000.00 1,110,000.00

Damp proof membrane; 414 m2

E 500Gauge polythene damp proof membrane laid 2,500.00 1,035,000.00
over blinded hardcore (measured separately)

Sundries;

12mm Cement and sand (1:3) external rendering to 59 m2

F concrete blockwall to match existing 4,500.00 265,500.00

Prepare and apply two coats of black bituminous 59 m2

paint on rendered or concrete surface, externally to
G 11,000.00 649,000.00
match existing

To collection 10,344,185.75
COLLECTION

Page 2/1 5,107,040.00

Page 2/2 45,239,687.50

Page 2/3 10,344,185.75

ELEMENT NR.1: SUBSTRUCTURE TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY OF BILL NR. 2 60,690,913.25

Page 2 / 3
Item Bill Nr.2 - Descriptions Qty Unit Rate Godowns
Amount (TZS)

ELEMENT NR. 2: FRAME; CONCRETE WORK

Reinforced conrete grade '20' including vibrating

around reinforcement

Columns 9 m3 220,000.00 1,980,000.00

B

Beams 13 m3 220,000.00 2,860,000.00

Reinforcement;

High yield strength deformed type 2 steel bar

C
reinforcement to BS4449:1969

D
8mm Diameter bars 174 Kg 3,900.00 678,600.00

16mm Ditto 2356 Kg 3,900.00 9,188,400.00

E
Sawn formwork to:

F
Vertical or battering sides of columns 151 m2 35,122.00 5,303,422.00

Sides and soffits of horizontal beams 173 m2 8,681.25 1,501,856.25

ELEMENT NR.2: FRAME - TOTAL CARRIED TO 21,512,278.25

SUMMARY OF BILL NR. 2

Item Descriptions Qty Unit Rate Amount (TZS)

AB ELEMENT NR. 3: WALLS Blockwork;
Solid concrete blocks to B.S. 2028 type 'A' bedded and
jointed in cement mortar (1:4)

230mm Wall 716 m2 33,200.00 23,771,200.00

150mm Louvre block Wall 18 m2 22,193.92 399,490.56

ELEMENT NR. 3 - WALLS TOTAL CARRIED TO 24,170,690.56

SUMMARY OF BILL NR. 2

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Bill Nr.2 - Godowns

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