The idea of correspondence plays a central role in the formulation

of the concept of function. You have already had experiences with

d(t) = distance
of the stone
has fallen
a. an equation
The equation d(t) = 16t2 indicates the distance (d) a rock falls and the time
(t) it has been falling.

b. a table
According to the equation, in 1 second a rock will fall 16 feet, which we
denote by the ordered pair (1,16). For each nonnegative number t, the
equation assigns only one nonnegative value for the distance.

In t seconds 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

d(t)
a. an equation
The equation d(t) = 16t2 indicates the distance (d) a rock falls and the time
(t) it has been falling.

b. a table
According to the equation, in 1 second a rock will fall 16 feet, which we
denote by the ordered pair (1,16). For each nonnegative number t, the
equation assigns only one nonnegative value for the distance.

In t seconds 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

d(t) 0 4 16 36 64 100
c. a graph 120
The graph below expresses a 100
correspondence between two
sets. The f irst set, 80
representing time, is the

distance
60
domain D of the
correspondence; the second 40
set, representing distance, is 20
the range R of the
correspondence. Such Ds are 0
called functions. time
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
A function f from a set D to set R
is a correspondence or rule that
pairs each element of D with
exactly one element of R. The set D
is called the domain of f, and the
set R is called the range of f.
Functions Def ined as Set of Ordered Pairs
The set M = {(2,4), (3,9), (4,16), (5,25)} def ines a
function since no two ordered pairs have the
same f irst component.

Domain: {2, 3, 4, 5}
Range: {4, 9, 16, 25}
Functions Def ined by Equations
Determine which of the following
equations def ine functions with
independent variable x and domain all
real numbers:
a. 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 4
3

b. 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 16
2 2
a. 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 4
3

3
𝑦 −𝑥 =4 (Eq. 1)
3
𝑥−𝑦 =4+𝑥
(Eq. 2)
3 3
𝑥−𝑦 = 4+𝑥
Since it has exactly one real cube root. The equation
def ines a function.
b. 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 16
2 2

2 2
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 16 (Eq. 1)
2 2 2
𝑦 − 𝑦 = 16 + 𝑥
2 2
𝑦 − 𝑦 = ± 16 + 𝑥 2 (Eq. 2)
Since it has 2 two real square roots. The equation
does not def ine a function.
Functions Def ined by Graphs
Use the vertical line test to determine whether
the graphs below def ine a function.
a. 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 4
3

b. 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 16
2 2
a. 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 4
3

FUNCTION
b. 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 16
2 2

NOT
FUNCTION
 The domain of a function is the set of
all inputs for the function. The domain of a
function may be stated explicitly. For
example,
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5;
then the domain is the set of all real
numbers for which 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5.
Find the domain of each function.
1
a. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−4
The function 𝑓 is not def ined at 𝑥 = 4. so its
domain is 𝑥 𝑥 ≠ 4 .
b. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
The function 𝑔 is not def ined for negative 𝑥, so
its domain is 𝑥 𝑥 ≥ 0
Domain and Range of a Function from a Graph
Find the domain and range of the function f def ined by the graph in the
f igure.
Domain
Interval notation: [2,7]
(4,5)
Set notation: 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7
Range
(7,2) Interval notation: [1,5]
(2,1)
Set notation: 𝑦 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 5
Graph of a Piecewise-Def ined Function
2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑔 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1
Domain
Interval notation: (- ∞,∞)
Set notation: 𝑥 𝑥 𝜖 ℝ
Range
Interval notation: [2,∞)
Set notation: 𝑦 𝑦 ≥ 2
To evaluate a function is to f ind
the value of the function for a
given value of the variable.
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1, evaluate the following
a. 𝑓(2)
b. 𝑓(𝑎)
c. 𝑓(−𝑎)
d. 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ)
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓(𝑎)
e. ,ℎ ≠0
ℎ
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1, evaluate the following
a. 𝑓(2)
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1
2
𝑓 2 = 2(2) +3(2) − 1
𝑓 2 = 2(4) + 3(2) − 1
𝑓 2 =8+6−1
𝑓 2 = 13
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1, evaluate the following
a. 𝑓(2)
b. 𝑓(𝑎)
c. 𝑓(−𝑎)
d. 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ)
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓(𝑎)
e. ,ℎ ≠0
ℎ
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1, evaluate the following
b. 𝑓(𝑎)
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1
𝑓 𝑎 = 2
2(𝑎) +3(𝑎) − 1
𝑓 𝑎 = 2𝑎 2 + 3𝑎 − 1
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1, evaluate the following
c. 𝑓(−𝑎)
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1
𝑓 −𝑎 = 2
2(−𝑎) +3(−𝑎) −1
𝑓 −𝑎 = 2𝑎 2 − 3𝑎 − 1
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1, evaluate the following
d. 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1
𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ = 2(𝑎 + 2
ℎ) +3(𝑎 + ℎ) − 1
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ =2 + 2𝑎ℎ +𝑎 2 ℎ 2
+ 3(𝑎 + ℎ) − 1
2 2
𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ = 2𝑎 + 4𝑎ℎ + 2ℎ + 3𝑎 + 3ℎ − 1
Evaluate the piecewise-def ined function at the indicated value.
𝑥 2 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑔 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
a. 𝑔(−3)
b. 𝑔(−1)
c. 𝑔(0)
d. 𝑔(1)
e. 𝑔(2)
Evaluate the piecewise-def ined function at the indicated value.
𝑥 2 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑔 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
a. 𝑔(−3)
2
−𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥 +1
2
𝑔 −3 = (−3) +1
𝑔 −3 =9+1
𝑔 −3 = 10
Evaluate the piecewise-def ined function at the indicated value.
𝑥 2 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑔 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
a. 𝑔(−3)
b. 𝑔(−1)
c. 𝑔(0)
d. 𝑔(1)
e. 𝑔(2)
Evaluate the piecewise-def ined function at the indicated value.
𝑥 2 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑔 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
b. 𝑔(−1)
2
−𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥 +1
2
𝑔 −1 = (−1) +1
𝑔 −1 =1+1
𝑔 −1 =2
Evaluate the piecewise-def ined function at the indicated value.
𝑥 2 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑔 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
c. 𝑔(0)

𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥+1
𝑔 0 =0+1
𝑔 0 =1
Evaluate the piecewise-def ined function at the indicated value.
𝑥 2 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑔 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
d. 𝑔(1)

𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥+1
𝑔 1 =1+1
𝑔 1 =2
For all the values of x for which both g(x) and h(x)
are def ined, we def ine the following:
Sum: 𝑔 + ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥)
Difference: 𝑔−ℎ 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑥 −ℎ 𝑥
Product: 𝑔ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) ∙ ℎ(𝑥)
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
Quotient: 𝑥 = ;ℎ 𝑥 ≠0
ℎ ℎ(𝑥)
Given 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1; ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
a. 𝑔 + ℎ
b. 𝑔 − ℎ
c. 𝑔ℎ
𝑔
d.
ℎ
Given 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2− 1; ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
a. 𝑔 + ℎ
2
𝑔+ℎ = 𝑥 −1 + 𝑥+1
2
𝑔+ℎ =𝑥 −1+𝑥+1
2
𝑔 + ℎ = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
Given 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1; ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
a. 𝑔 + ℎ
b. 𝑔 − ℎ
c. 𝑔ℎ
𝑔
d.
ℎ
Given 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥 2
− 1; ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
b. 𝑔 − ℎ
2
𝑔−ℎ = 𝑥 −1 − 𝑥+1
2
𝑔+ℎ =𝑥 −1−𝑥−1
2
𝑔−ℎ =𝑥 −𝑥 −2
Given 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1; ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
c. 𝑔ℎ
2
𝑔ℎ = 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1
3 2
𝑔ℎ = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1
Given 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥 2
− 1; ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑔
d.
ℎ
2
𝑔 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
= =
ℎ 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑔
=𝑥−1
ℎ
Given: 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1; ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
Find:
a. (𝑔 + ℎ)(2)
b. (𝑔ℎ)(−2)
Given: 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1; ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
2

a. (𝑔 + ℎ)(2)
𝑔+ℎ = 𝑥 2 +𝑥 from Ex. 10 a.
𝑔+ℎ 𝑥 2
= 𝑥 +𝑥
2
𝑔+ℎ 2 = (2) +2
𝑔+ℎ 2 =6
Given: 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1; ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
2

b. (𝑔ℎ)(−2)
𝑔ℎ = 𝑥 3 𝑥 2
+ − 𝑥 − 1 from Ex. 10 c.
3 2
𝑔ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1
3 2
𝑔ℎ −2 = (−2) +(−2) − (−2) − 1
𝑔ℎ −2 = −8 + 4 + 2 − 1
𝑔ℎ −2 = −3
 For the functions of f and g, the
composite function or composition
of 𝑓 by 𝑔, is given by 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑔[𝑓 𝑥 ] for all 𝑥 in the domain of f
such that 𝑓(𝑥) is in the domain of
𝑔.
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1, f ind
2

a. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
b. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1, f ind
2

a. 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
𝑔∘𝑓 =𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
𝑔∘𝑓 =2 𝑓 𝑥 +1
𝑔∘𝑓 2
= 2 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 1
𝑔∘𝑓 2
= 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 1
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1, f ind
2

b. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔
𝑓∘𝑔 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
𝑓∘𝑔 2
= [𝑔 𝑥 ] −3[𝑔 𝑥 ]
𝑓∘𝑔 2
= (2𝑥 + 1) −3(2𝑥 + 1)
𝑓∘𝑔 2
= 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 2
Evaluate 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 3 , where 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 7 and 𝑔 𝑥 =
2
3𝑥 + 2.
(3) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
(3) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 2[𝑔 𝑥 ] − 7
(3) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 2[3𝑥 2 + 2] − 7
2
𝑓∘𝑔 3 =2 3 3 +2 −7
𝑓∘𝑔 3 = 2 3(9) + 2 − 7
𝑓∘𝑔 3 = 2(29) − 7
𝑓∘𝑔 3 = 51
A rectangular f ield is to be fenced off along the bank of a
river, and no fence is required along the river. The material
for the fence costs ₱8 per running for the two ends and ₱12
per running foot for the side parallel to the river; ₱3,600
worth of fence is to be used.
a. Let x feet be the length of an end; express the number of
square feet in the area of the f ield as a function of x.
b. What is the domain of the resulting function?
Let 𝑦 feet be the length of the side of the f ield parallel to
the river and 𝐴 square feet be the area of the f ield. Then,
𝑨 = 𝒙𝒚
Because the cost of the material for each end is ₱8 per
running foot and the length of an end is 𝑥 feet, the total cost
of the fence for each end is 8𝑥 pesos.
Similarly, the total cost of the fence for the third side is 12𝑦
pesos. We have then 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
To express A in terms of a single variable,
𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙
𝟒
𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙
𝟑
since 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦, then
𝟒
𝑨 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙
𝟑
Both 𝑥 and 𝑦 must be nonnegative. The smallest
value that 𝑥 can assume is 0.
The smallest value that y can assume is 0, and
when 𝑦 = 0 we obtain, from the equation 𝑥 =
225.
Then 225 is the largest value of 𝑥 can be assume.
Hence the domain of the function is
𝒙 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟐𝟓 .
A cardboard box manufacturer wishes to make open
boxes from square pieces of cardboard of side 12in by
cutting equal squares from the four corners and turning
up the sides.
a. Let x inches be the length of the side of the square
to be cut out; express the number of cubic inches in the
volume of the box as a function of x.
b. What is the domain of the resulting function?
a. The number of inches in the dimensions of the
box are 𝑥, 12 − 2𝑥 and 12 − 2𝑥.
𝑽 𝒙 = 𝒙(𝟏𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙)(𝟏𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙)
𝑽 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 𝟑

b. Domain: 𝒙 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟔