SRIDHAR
SRIDHAR
SRIDHAR
2022-2023
CHRISTU JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Colombonagar, Yeshwanthapur, Jangaon, TS 506167.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. Technical seminar
Report entitled “MULTILEVEL INVERTER TOPOLOGY WITH SYMMETRICAL AND
ASYMMETRICAL SOURCES FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURSES” being
submitted by NOMULA SRIDHAR (20685A0206) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering and
submitted to the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Christu Jyothi Institute
of Technology & Science, Jangaon.
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
G.Saritha Reddy,
Sr. Asst Professor,
H.O.D, Department of EEE.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby express my sincere gratitude to the Management of Christu Jyothi Institute of
Technology & Science for their kind encouragement bestowed up on me to do this project.
I earnestly take the responsibility to acknowledge the following distinguished personalities who
graciously allowed my project work successfully.
I am greatly indebted to the Head of the Department Mrs. G. Saritha Reddy, Sr. Asst Prof. for
her motivation and guidance through the course of this project work. she has been responsible for
providing us with lot of splendid opportunities, which has shaped our career. Her advice ideas
and constant support has engaged us on and helped us get through in difficult time.
My heartfelt thanks to my Technical Seminar Coordinators, Mr. O.MOHAN for his support and
advice he has given us through our project reviews. I also wish to thank them for their guidance
and support during my early days in the area of power electronics.
Last but not least I express my gratitude to the faculty and lab technicians of Department of
Electrical and Electronics for their needy and continuous support in technical assistance.
CHRISTU JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Department Vision:
To be a centre of excellence in Electrical Engineering education, research in pursuit of
rapidly changing industrial practice.
Department Mission:
1. Impart high quality technical education and training oriented towards industrial, research
solutions and serve the society.
2. Provide creative solutions to society needs and industrial practice of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering design.
3. Inculcate consciousness to the universal values adhere to the professional ethics
Towards professionals.
4. Generate and disseminate knowledge and technologies to the local and global needs with
inter discipline team work and collaborations.
HOD
CHRISTU JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
PEO 1: Develop the all-round personality and attitude to become good citizens fully aware of
PEO 2: Exhibit life-long learning ability, leadership skills and practice ethics in multi discipline teams.
PEO 3: Analyze, design, develop, optimize, and implement complex electrical systems and provide
sustainable solutions.
HOD
CHRISTU JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
HOD
ABSTRACT
Multilevel inverters have been developed to handle high power and high voltage in the flexible
power systems. These inverters offer some inherent advantages over conventional 2-level
inverters. High quality of the output voltage of the multilevel inverters is one of the most
important advantages. In this paper, new symmetric and asymmetric multilevel inverter
topologies are proposed. The proposed multilevel inverters use reduced number of switching
devices for a specified number of output voltage levels in comparison with the conventional
multilevel inverters and other non-conventional topologies. Hybrid topologies extracted from the
proposed topologies are proposed for operating in higher voltage levels. In order to validate the
proposed topologies, the simulation results with PSCAD/EMTDC software as well as the
experimental results from a laboratory prototype are presented. The Power Electronics converters
used for the power conversion should provide quality AC output to have near sinusoidal voltage.
The inverter topology and the PWM technique of the inverter play a vital role in providing
quality output. This paper reviews recent contribution to establish the current status and
development of the technology to provide reader with an insightful review of multilevel inverters
and its control strategy. A brief overview of Multi Level Inverters (MLI) topology and
advantages of Cascaded H-Bridge Multi Level Inverter (CHBMLI) for solar power conversion is
presented and the various control strategies for CHBMLI are discussed with view point of
quality output.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 9.
6. Functionalities 20.
7. Scale 22.
8. Trends 23.
9. Technology 20.
INTRODUCTION
In these modern days, the demand for electricity increasing day by day rapidly. So as to meet the
load necessities effectively, in addition to conventional energy sources, there is a need to depend
upon non-conventional energy sources also. To decrease the power loss in the transmission
system, the use of distributed energy sources at the load center such as solar panels, electricity
storage, small natural gas, fueled generators etc.
The conventional multilevel inverters are proposed for distributed energy resources (DER’s).
However, these require more no of components (diodes, capacitors, switches) and it leads to
more power loss. In the literature, many single-phase topologies are presented for distributed
energy resources. The topology presented in has reduced no of switching components for
generating multilevel output voltages. But this topology not having fault tolerant operation in
case of switch failures. This issue addressed in though it has curbed in terms of power loss. In
single phase 5-level inverter is projected for grid independent photo-voltaic utilization. The
inherent feature of this topology is, it can work with failures of converter like switch and source
failures.
To find alternative solution for the above examined points this research paper a 1-φ multi-level
inverter is planned for distributed energy resources. The planned configuration has a smaller
number of switching components and also has the fault- tolerant operation in the event of switch
failure. The achievement of fault-tolerance with the slight modifications in switching order will
formulate the inverter system more reliable. The planned configuration also has the improvement
of low power loss, since only two switches will conduct always for generating any level of
output voltage.
The rest of this research paper is set up as pursues, explanation and function of configuration
along with modified carrier pulse width modulation (PWM) are explained in the segment –II,
similarity and fault-tolerance discussed in segment-III, results are illustrated in segment-IV and
working of the system is encapsulated at the end.
1
Multilevel Inverter Topology with Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Sources for Distributed Energy Resources CJITS
Definition:
An inverter, also named a power inverter, is an electrical power device that is used to convert
direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC). Using a few control circuits and switches, one
can get AC at any required voltage and frequency. Inverter plays exactly the opposite role of
rectifiers as rectifiers are used for converting alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC).
There are different types of inverters available these days. You should also have a look at Pure
Sine wave Inverter Design with code and Modified Sine Wave Inverter Design with code. I think
you are gonna like that one. Few most commonly used inverter types are:
• Mostly a two-level inverter is used in order to generate the AC voltage from DC voltage.
A two-level Inverter creates two different voltages for the load i.e., suppose we are providing
Vdc as an input to a two-level inverter then it will provide + Vdc/2 and – Vdc/2 on output. In
order to build an AC voltage, these two newly generated voltages are usually switched. For
switching mostly PWM is used as shown in Figure 2.1.
Reference wave is shown in the dashed blue line. Although this method of creating AC is
effective but it has few drawbacks as it creates harmonic distortions in the output voltage and
also has a high dv/dt as compared to that of a multilevel inverter. Normally this method works
but, in few applications, it creates problems particularly those where low distortion in the output
voltage is required.
2
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
3
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
There are several topologies of multilevel inverters available. The difference lies in the
mechanism of switching and the source of input voltage to the multilevel inverters. Three most
commonly used multilevel inverter topologies are:
This inverter uses several H-bridge inverters connected in series to provide a sinusoidal output
voltage. Each cell contains one H-bridge and the output voltage generated by this multilevel
inverter is actually the sum of all the voltages generated by each cell i.e., if there are k cells in an
H-bridge multilevel inverter then a number of output voltage levels will be 2k+1. This type of
inverter has an advantage over the other two as it requires fewer components as compared to the
other two types of inverters and so its overall weight and price are also less. Below Figure shows
a k level cascaded H-bridge inverter.
Figure 2.3
4
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
Diode clamped multilevel inverters use clamping diodes in order to limit the voltage stress of
power devices. It was first proposed in 1981 by Nabae, Takashi and Akagi and it is also known
as a neutral point converter. A k level diode clamped inverter needs (2k – 2) switching devices,
(k – 1) input voltage source and (k – 1) (k – 2) diodes in order to operate. Vdc is the voltage
present across each diode and the switch. Single-phase diode clamped multilevel inverter is
shown in the figure below:
Figure 2.4
5
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
Figure 2.5
6
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
The configuration of this inverter topology is quite similar to previous one except the difference
that here flying capacitors is used in order to limit the voltage instead of diodes. The input DC
voltages are divided by the capacitors here. The voltage over each capacitor and each switch is
Vdc. A k level flying capacitor inverter with (2k – 2) switches will use (k – 1) number of
capacitors in order to operate. The figure below shows a five-level flying capacitor multilevel
inverter.
Figure 2.6
7
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
Figure 2.7
using four Bidirectional switches (S5-S8, voltage rating of each switch 2Vdc). The load is
connected between the legs of H- Bridge as appeared in Fig.2. The key advantage of using
bidirectional switches is, it provides the multiple switching combinations for different voltage
levels which are helpful in case of any of the switch malfunction to generate an output voltage
and also power balancing between sources. The further advantage of this configuration with Bi-
lateral switches is, works as 5-Level inverter in the event of switch failures (S1 and/or S3 and S2
and/or S4) and generate 7-Level even though in case of Bi-Directional switch disappointment
which is discussed soon after part of this segment.
8
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
Here the 7-levels of converter AC output voltage can be generated by considering three voltage
sources which are of equal magnitudes i.e., V1=V2=V3=Vdc.
The switching arrangement for generating 7-Level output voltage is given in Table I. The Fig.3
shows the current direction and conduction of switches during each voltage state. It can be
observed from Table I only two switches are turning ON to get the required output voltage level.
Therefore, the topology has less switching loss compared to other conventional multi-level
inverters such as Neutral-point clamped (NPC), a Flying-capacitor (FC), and cascade H-bridge
multi-level inverter which can be calculated using and approximate losses are shown in fig.4.
Here for a 100KW system the power losses are calculated for IGBT rating of FD300R06KE3
with the help of equations obtainable in.
TABLE 1.1: SWITCHING ARRANGEMENT FOR SINGLE PHASE INVERTER WITH 7-LEVEL
Voltage Direction of Current path and switches to turn ON
Magnitude
9
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
TABLE 1.2: SWITCHING ARRANGEMENT FOR SINGLE PHASE INVERTER WITH 9-LEVEL
Voltage Direction of Current path and switches to turn ON
Magnitude
Multicarrier pulse width modulation techniques for multi-level inverters are presented in
literature The gating signals for the planned configuration are generated with phase disposition
carrier pulse width modulation to make the 7-level output voltage. Here the sinusoidal wave is
used as modulating signal and is contrast with six triangular waves which is used as carrier
signals as revealed
Figure 2.8
10
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
The planned configuration is differentiated with conventional and modern 7-level inverter
topologies given in Table III. The Table III clearly shows the planned topology needed less
number of components and switching devices. From Table III the proposed topology needs only
8 switches whereas other conventional topologies require 12 switches and extra diodes,
therefore, the average switching loss is less for planned topology.
Switches 12 12 12 10 8
Diodes 10 0 0 0 16
DC sources 1 1 3 3 3
Capacitors
6 21 0 0 0
Power Loss
More More More More Less
Reliability in
terms of
switch
failure No No No No Yes
The developed configuration also has the further advantage of fault-tolerance with respect to
different switch open circuit fault. The proposed configuration is able to generate seven levels
with rated voltage in case of switch S7 or S8 open circuit fault. But during the switches S1 and
S3 or S2 and S4 open circuit fault the five-level output can be generated with reduced voltage
magnitude. The switching combination can be generated using Table 1.3
11
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
FUNCTIONALITIES
Demand
The graph of the demand over time is called the demand curve.
Base load is the minimum load on the grid over any given period, peak demand is the maximum
load. Historically, base load was commonly met by equipment that was relatively cheap to run,
that ran continuously for weeks or months at a time, but globally this is becoming less common.
The extra peak demand requirements are sometimes produced by expensive peaking plants that
are generators optimised to come on-line quickly but these too are becoming less common.
Voltage
Grids are designed to supply electricity to their customers at largely constant voltages. This has
to be achieved with varying demand, variable reactive loads, and even nonlinear loads, with
electricity provided by generators and distribution and transmission equipment that are not
perfectly reliable.[27] Often grids use tap changers on transformers near to the consumers to
adjust the voltage and keep it within specification.
Frequency
In a synchronous grid all the generators must run at the same frequency, and must stay very
nearly in phase with each other and the grid. Generation and consumption must be balanced
across the entire grid, because energy is consumed as it is produced. For rotating generators, a
local governor regulates the driving torque, maintaining almost constant rotation speed as
loading changes.
Energy is stored in the immediate short term by the rotational kinetic energy of the generators.
Although the speed is kept largely constant, small deviations from the nominal system frequency
are very important in regulating individual generators and are used as a way of assessing the
equilibrium of the grid as a whole.
When the grid is lightly loaded the grid frequency runs above the nominal frequency, and this is
taken as an indication by Automatic Generation Control systems across the network that
generators should reduce their output. Conversely, when the grid is heavily loaded, the frequency
naturally slows, and governors adjust their generators so that more power is output (droop speed
control). When generators have identical droop speed control settings it ensures that multiple
parallel generators with the same settings share load in proportion to their rating.
12
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
In addition, there's often central control, which can change the parameters of the AGC systems
over timescales of a minute or longer to further adjust the regional network flows and the
operating frequency of the grid.
For timekeeping purposes, the nominal frequency will be allowed to vary in the short term, but is
adjusted to prevent line-operated clocks from gaining or losing significant time over the course
of a whole 24 hour period.
An entire synchronous grid runs at the same frequency, neighbouring grids would not be
synchronised even if they run at the same nominal frequency. High-voltage direct current lines
or variable-frequency transformers can be used to connect two alternating current
interconnection networks which are not synchronized with each other. This provides the benefit
of interconnection without the need to synchronize an even wider area. For example, compare
the wide area synchronous grid map of Europe with the map of HVDC lines.
The sum of the maximum power outputs (nameplate capacity) of the generators attached to an
electrical grid might be considered to be the capacity of the grid.
However, in practice, they are never run flat out simultaneously. Typically, some generators are
kept running at lower output powers (spinning reserve) to deal with failures as well as variation
in demand. In addition generators can be off-line for maintenance or other reasons, such as
availability of energy inputs (fuel, water, wind, sun etc.) or pollution constraints.
Firm capacity is the maximum power output on a grid that is immediately available over a given
time period, and is a far more useful figure.
Production
Most grid codes specify that the load is shared between the generators in merit order according to
their marginal cost (i.e. cheapest first) and sometimes their environmental impact. Thus cheap
electricity providers tend to be run flat out almost all the time, and the more expensive producers
are only run when necessary.
Handling failurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical_grid&action=edit§ion=14
Failures are usually associated with generators or power transmission lines tripping circuit
breakers due to faults leading to a loss of generation capacity for customers, or excess demand.
This will often cause the frequency to reduce, and the remaining generators will react and
together attempt to stabilize above the minimum. If that is not possible then a number of
scenarios can occur.
13
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
SCALE
The most common type of inverter which is used to generate AC voltage from DC Voltage is
two level inverters. A two-level Inverter creates two different voltages for the load i.e., suppose
we are providing V as an input to a two-level inverter then it will provide + V/2 and – V/2 on
output. In order to build an AC voltage, these two newly generated voltages are usually switched.
Wide area synchronous grid.
x
Although this method of conversion of voltage is effective but it has some limitations as it causes
disturbance in the output voltage. Normally this method works but in some applications it
creates problems specifically where high distortion in the output voltage is not required.
14
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
The Flying capacitor clamped inverter has the lowest power losses between all of the other
topologies, since there is no diode in its topology. It has two big problems.
Cascaded H-Bridge
The diode clamped multilevel inverters power losses are lower than cascaded H-bridge the cost
will not be that much higher than the cascaded H-bridge. It seems that diode clamped inverter is
a topology between all other topologies that THD, cost and power losses are between other types
of inverters.
24
30
20.73
5894
Number of
capacitors
TRENDS
15
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
Demand response
16
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
17
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
TECHNOLOGY
Symmetric compensation
In symmetric compensation, power system is connected in shunt (parallel) with the FACTS. It
works as a controllable current source. Shunt compensation is of two types:
Asymmetric compensation
This method is used to improve the power factor. Whenever an inductive load is connected to the
transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt
capacitor is connected which draws the current leading the source voltage. The net result is
improvement in power factor.
Symmetric compensation
18
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
Asymmetric compensation
B.SMART GRIDS
19
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
A smart grid would allow the power industry to observe and control parts
of the system at higher resolution in time and space.[52] One of the
purposes of the smart grid is real time information exchange to make
operation as efficient as possible. It would allow management of the grid
on all time scales from high-frequency switching devices on a microsecond
scale, to wind and solar output variations on a minute scale, to the future
effects of the carbon emissions generated by power production on a decade
scale.
20
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
C.DIGITAL GRID
Digital Grid can be a solution for the future power grid because it may
solve all the existing problems with power transmission and distribution.
Digital Grid was proposed by Prof. Rikiya Abe, University of Tokyo.
Inspired by internet communication, digital grids will transform a
synchronized large power grid into interconnected cells [5].
Different from smart grids, the proposed digital grids will change the
fundamentals of the current grids in the following aspects:
1) divide existing large interconnected power grids into many
interconnected cells;
2) cells are connected asynchronously via digital grid routers (DGR);
3) electrical power is coupled with information and sent in discrete power
packets from one DGR to another over existing transmission and
distribution lines.
For the proposed digital grids, current existing electric power grids will be
used. It only requires adding equipment such as DGRs.
21
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
2. Input Current:
3. Switching Frequency:
22
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
CONCLUSION
In multilevel inverters we don’t deal with the two level voltages instead in
order to create a smoother stepped output waveform, more than two
voltage levels are combined together. Smoothness of the waveform is
directly proportional to the voltage levels, as we increase the voltage level,
the waveform.
23
Multi-Level Inverter Topology CJITS
REFERENCES
[1] J. Duncan Glover and Mulukutla S. Sarma, “Power System Analyis and Design”, 3rd
edition, Brooks/Cole, 2002.
[2] “Proposed terms and definitions for flexible AC transmission system(FACTS),” IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 12, Issue 4, October 1997, pp. 1848–1853.
[3] Debrup Das and Deepak Divan, “Power Flow Control in Networks Using Controllable
Network Transformers,” in Proc. IEEE Energy Conv. Congr. Expo., 2009, pp. 2224-2231.
[4] IntelliGrid – Program 161, EPRI 2012 Research Portfolio, Available:
http://intelligrid.epri.com [Online].
[5] Rikiya Abe, Hisao Taoka and David McQuilkin, “Digital Grid: Communicative Electrical
Grids of the Future,” IEEE Transaction on Smart Grid, vol. 2, No. 2, June 2011. pp. 399 –
410.
[6] Hiroumi Saitou, Satoshi Miyamori, Toru Shimada and Jun’ichi Toyoda, “An Autonomous
Decentralized Control Mechanism for Power Flow in an Open Electric Energy Network,”
Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 121, No. 4, 1997, pp. 28-37
[7] "A Primer on Electric Utilities, Deregulation, and Restructuring of U.S. Electricity
Markets" (PDF). United States Department of Energy Federal Energy Management
Program (FEMP). May 2002. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
[8] ^ Mr Alan Shaw (29 September 2005). "Kelvin to Weir, and on to GB SYS 2005" (PDF).
Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2009.
[9] ^ "Survey of Belford 1995". North Northumberland Online.
[10] ^ "Lighting by electricity". The National Trust. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
[11] ^ Mazer, A. (2007). Electric Power Planning for Regulated and Deregulated Markets. John,
Wiley, and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. 313pgs.
[12] ^ Jump up to:a b . (2001). Glover J. D., Sarma M. S., Overbye T. J. (2010) Power System
and Analysis 5th Edition. Cengage Learning. Pg 10.
[13] ^ People's Republic of China Year Book. Xinhua Publishing House. 1989. p. 190.
[14] ^ China Report: Economic affairs. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Joint
Publications Research Service. 1984. p. 54.
[15] ^ "Hong Kong Express Rail Link officially opens". Xinhuanet.com. 3 October 2018.
Archived from the original on 18 October 2018.
24