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    of 10

    Geotechnics of Roads: Fundamentals

    Geotechnics of Roads:
    Fundamentals

    Bernardo Caicedo
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
    Los Andes University, Bogotá, Colombia
    CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
    © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
    Typeset by Apex CoVantage, LLC
    All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein
    may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
    means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written
    prior permission from the publishers.
    Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and
    the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for
    any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication
    and/or the information contained herein.
    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
    Names: Caicedo, Bernardo, author.
    Title: Geotechnics of roads : fundamentals / Bernardo Caicedo.
    Description: Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2019] |
    Includes bibliographical references and index.
    Identifiers: LCCN 2018044343 (print) | LCCN 2018051953 (ebook) |
    ISBN 9780429025914 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138600577 (hardcover : alk. paper)
    Subjects: LCSH: Geotechnical engineering. | Roads–Design and construction. |
    Road materials. | Soil mechanics.
    Classification: LCC TA705 (ebook) | LCC TA705 .C27 2019 (print) |
    DDC 625.7/32–dc23
    LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018044343
    ISBN: 978-1-138-60057-7 (hbk Volume 1)
    ISBN: 978-0-429-02591-4 (ebk Volume 1)
    ISBN: 978-1-138-60058-4 (hbk Volume 2)
    ISBN: 978-0-429-02592-1 (ebk Volume 2)
    ISBN: 978-1-138-02956-9 (hbk set of 2 volumes)
    ISBN: 978-1-315-22639-2 (ebk set of 2 volumes)
    To Gloria
    Alejandro and Nicolás
    Contents

    Acknowledgments xiii
    List of mathematical symbols xv

    Introduction 1

    1 Distribution of stresses and strains in roads 7


    1.1 Fundamental relationships and definitions 7
    1.1.1 Stresses in particulate media 7
    1.1.2 Representation of stresses in a continuum media 9
    1.1.3 Geometric derivation of strains 16
    1.2 Fundamental definitions of elasticity 19
    1.2.1 Equilibrium equations 20
    1.2.2 Relationships between stresses and strains for isotropic
    linear elasticity 21
    1.2.3 Strain compatibility equations 24
    1.3 Plane strain problems 26
    1.3.1 Airy’s stress function 28
    1.4 Some useful elastostatic solutions for stress distribution 31
    1.4.1 Boussinesq’s solution 31
    1.4.2 Cerrutti’s solution 33
    1.4.3 Fröhlich solution 34
    1.4.4 Stress components from triangular loads 35
    1.5 Anisotropy 36
    1.6 Generalities about the elastic limit 38
    1.6.1 Physical meaning of a yield criterion 39
    1.6.2 Representation of yield criteria in the plan of principal
    stresses 40
    1.6.3 Some classical yield criteria of geomaterials 41
    1.7 Contact problems in road engineering 44
    1.7.1 Contact between two spheres 48
    1.7.2 Contact between an ellipsoid and a flat surface 48
    1.7.3 Contact between a cylindrical body and an elastic half space 49
    1.7.4 Internal stresses in Hertzian contacts 50
    viii Contents viii

    1.7.5 Non Hertzian contacts 50


    1.7.5.1 Contact between a rigid cone and an elastic
    half space 50
    1.7.5.2 Contact between a rigid cylinder and an elastic
    half-space 51
    1.8 Elastodynamic solutions 52
    1.8.1 Lumped spring-dashpot model 53
    1.8.2 Cone macro element model 57
    1.8.3 Propagation of surface waves 60
    1.9 Response of a multilayer linear elastic system 62
    1.10 Generalities about tire-road interaction 67
    1.10.1 Theoretical basis derived from the Hertz theory 67
    1.10.2 Tire interaction on bare soils 69
    1.10.3 Tire interaction on pavements 72

    2 Unsaturated soil mechanics applied to road materials 77


    2.1 Physical principles of unsaturated soils 77
    2.1.1 Potential of water in a porous media 77
    2.1.2 Surface tension 78
    2.1.3 Contact angle 79
    2.1.4 Capillarity and Laplace’s equation 79
    2.1.5 Thermophysical properties of moist air 82
    2.1.6 Psychrometric equation 85
    2.1.7 Raoult’s Law 86
    2.1.8 Relationship between suction and relative humidity:
    the Kelvin equation 88
    2.1.9 Osmotic, capillary, and total suction 91
    2.1.10 Dissolution of gas and tensile strength of water 92
    2.1.11 Reduction of the freezing point of water 93
    2.2 Water Retention Curve 94
    2.2.1 Water retention curve for drainage 94
    2.2.2 Water retention curve in wetting 95
    2.2.3 Hysteresis of the water retention curve 95
    2.2.4 Methods for measurement of suction 97
    2.2.4.1 Suction plate 97
    2.2.4.2 Pressure plate 99
    2.2.4.3 Osmotic control 101
    2.2.4.4 Vapor control 102
    2.2.4.5 Tensiometers 103
    2.2.4.6 Thermocouple psychrometers 103
    2.2.4.7 Chilled mirror apparatus 104
    2.2.4.8 Filter paper 106
    2.2.4.9 Other methods 107
    ix Contents ix

    2.2.5 Models for adjusting the Water Retention Curve 107


    2.2.5.1 Correlations for the Water Retention Curve
    proposed in the MEPDM 108
    2.2.6 Evolution of suction during compaction and water
    retention model 110
    2.3 Flow of water and air in unsaturated soils 113
    2.3.1 Assessment of the functions of relative permeability 114
    2.3.1.1 Steady State Methods 115
    2.3.1.2 Unsteady State Methods 116
    2.3.1.3 Indirect methods 118
    2.3.2 Continuity equation for water flow in unsaturated soils 121
    2.3.2.1 Continuity equation in terms of diffusivity 124
    2.4 Heat transport and thermal properties of unsaturated soils 126
    2.4.1 Thermal conductivity models 127
    2.4.1.1 Johansen’s model 128
    2.4.1.2 Côté and Konrad model 129
    2.4.2 Heat capacity of soils 131
    2.5 Mechanical properties of unsaturated soils 132
    2.5.1 Shear strength of unsaturated materials 133
    2.5.2 Compressibility of unsaturated materials 135
    2.5.3 Stiffness of unsaturated materials 135
    2.6 Modeling the behavior of unsaturated soils using the Barcelona
    Basic Model, BBM 135

    3 Compaction 147
    3.1 Mechanical framework of soil compaction 147
    3.2 Stress distributions 151
    3.2.1 Tire compactors 151
    3.2.2 Cylinder compactors 155
    3.2.3 Sheepsfoot and padsfoot compactors 163
    3.2.4 Vibratory compactors 164
    3.2.5 Polygonal drums and impact compactors 166
    3.2.6 Theoretical analysis of vibratory rollers 167
    3.3 Relationships between soil compaction and stress paths 176
    3.3.1 Static compaction along an oedometric path 184
    3.3.1.1 Fine-grained soils 184
    3.3.1.2 Coarse grained soils 185
    3.3.1.3 Effect of cyclic loading 186
    3.3.2 Static compaction along a triaxial path 187
    3.3.3 Static compaction along stress paths with inversion
    or rotation 187
    3.3.4 Dynamic compaction 189
    3.3.5 Effects of temperature 191

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