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    B102 Organisational Behaviour OB06: Cloudy Visions

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    This document discusses perceptual errors that can influence how people judge others. It examines common biases like stereotyping, horn effect, recency effect, and self-serving bias. The document provides strategies for team leaders to minimize errors in perception when evaluating team members, such as setting clear goals, collecting objective performance data, and getting independent assessments. It also analyzes specific examples of perceptual errors committed by various team leaders in assessing different team members.

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    B102 Organisational Behaviour OB06: Cloudy Visions

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    JoJo asdf
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    This document discusses perceptual errors that can influence how people judge others. It examines common biases like stereotyping, horn effect, recency effect, and self-serving bias. The document provides strategies for team leaders to minimize errors in perception when evaluating team members, such as setting clear goals, collecting objective performance data, and getting independent assessments. It also analyzes specific examples of perceptual errors committed by various team leaders in assessing different team members.

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    Republic Polytechnic - Organisational Behaviour Lecture Notes 6P

    Original Title

    B102_OB06_6P

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    This document discusses perceptual errors that can influence how people judge others. It examines common biases like stereotyping, horn effect, recency effect, and self-serving bias. The document provides strategies for team leaders to minimize errors in perception when evaluating team members, such as setting clear goals, collecting objective performance data, and getting independent assessments. It also analyzes specific examples of perceptual errors committed by various team leaders in assessing different team members.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views24 pages

    B102 Organisational Behaviour OB06: Cloudy Visions

    Uploaded by

    JoJo asdf
    This document discusses perceptual errors that can influence how people judge others. It examines common biases like stereotyping, horn effect, recency effect, and self-serving bias. The document provides strategies for team leaders to minimize errors in perception when evaluating team members, such as setting clear goals, collecting objective performance data, and getting independent assessments. It also analyzes specific examples of perceptual errors committed by various team leaders in assessing different team members.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 24

    B102 Organisational Behaviour

    OB06: Cloudy Visions


    Learning Outcomes

    • Discuss how perception influences attitude.

    • Examine common biases and errors in making


    people/perceptual judgments.

    • Propose strategies to minimise errors in perception


    and attribution.
    Reason for this Problem
    Working with People to Get Things Done

    Managing Individuals - Job Performance, Satisfaction and Involvement

    Managing Interpersonal Processes - Interaction With & Influence Over Others

    Judgments and Decisions


    Perception For the Workplace:

    Enables you to :-
    Immediate Benefit: •Address and check any perceptual errors you may have
    which will help strengthen your relationship with your peers
    and bosses.
    •Understanding and addressing •Develop strategies to handle being on the receiving end
    perceptual errors allows everyone to of perceptual errors.
    have a more harmonious learning •Appreciate that learning (about others and self) is a
    environment. continuous and lifelong process
    •Develop respect for self and others, and through
    understanding perceptual errors, preserve harmony in
    school and at the workplace.
    Problem Analysis
    Anil’s team has not performed up to expectation and he needs to cut three
    members by the end of the day
    Fanny’s Team Eric’s Team Bavani’s Team

    Each Team Leader has their perceptions about the following:

    Danial Hafiz Charlie Guang Ming

    Advise Anil on:

    The errors in opinion that each of The strategies that can be used to What he needs to do to help his
    his team leaders has committed overcome these errors team leaders overcome these errors.
    Perception

    The process of receiving


    information about and making
    sense of the world around us:

     deciding which information


    to notice

     how to categorise this


    information

     how to interpret information


    within our existing
    knowledge framework
    Perceptual Errors
    Type of Brief Definition
    Perceptual Error
    Stereotype The process of assigning traits to people based on their
    membership in a social category.
    Horn Effect The extension of one particular negative trait to influence the
    total judgment of that person.
    Recency Effect A perceptual error in which the most recent information
    dominates one's perception of others.
    Similar-to-me Effect The perceiver tends to give more favourable evaluations to
    people who are similar to themselves in terms of background
    or attitudes.
    Self-serving Bias A perceptual error whereby people tend to attribute their
    favourable outcomes to internal factors and their failures to
    external factors.
    Fundamental The tendency to see the person rather than the situation as the
    Attribution Error main cause of that person’s behaviour.
    Application: Eric
     Evidence:
     Eric claims his team did everything they were supposed to and it is
    not their fault that there have been delays.
     Last year, all the tests were done on time because of his team’s
    hard work in sourcing the animals, getting them ready and
    administering the drugs.
     This year, Animal Farm Pte Ltd gave poor quality animals that died
    easily and the cleaning team disposed some of the animals
    before Fanny’s team could study the effects of the new drug.
     Anil recalls asking Eric about the sick animals and was told there
    would be no impact on the tests.

     Perceptual Error: Self-Serving Bias


    Application: Eric
     Solution:
     Anil and Eric should set in place clear procedures for the
    procurement of the animals in terms of their health and quality in
    addition to acceptable prices.
     There should be clear procedures about what should happen to
    the animals after they have been administered the drugs.
     There should also be a process by which Eric’s team takes
    responsibility for the animals from the time they order the animals
    from the vendors until Fanny’s team is able to study them.
     Anil and Eric should assess Eric’s team on their objective
    contributions to the team.
    Application:
    Fanny (Danial)
     Evidence:
     Fanny expressed her opinion that an old man like Danial is out of
    place in the new laboratory and cannot keep up with the
    modern technology.
     Annie said that she needed to show Danial how to use the same
    piece of equipment at least five times.
     Danial is only 52 years old.

     Perceptual Error: Stereotype


    Application:
    Fanny (Danial)
     Solution:
     Fanny should investigate to see if Annie is teaching Danial the
    same thing every time, or different aspects of the machine each
    time.
     Fanny could also observe Annie as she teaches Danial to see if
    the issue is due to Annie’s ability to teach or Danial’s ability to
    learn how to operate the machine.
     Fanny and Eric should assess Danial based on his objective
    contributions to the team as he may have contributed in other
    ways.
     Both Fanny and Eric should ignore Danial’s age in assessing his
    performance on the team.
    Application:
    Fanny (Guang Ming)
     Evidence:
     Anil observed that Guang Ming had not done much in the past 2
    years.
     Fanny defended Guang Ming’s performance based on the last 3
    months, but had difficulty remembering what he had achieved
    previously.

     Perceptual Error: Recency Effect


    Application:
    Fanny (Guang Ming)
     Solution:
     Fanny should develop an objective set of goals for Guang Ming
    to achieve at the beginning of the project.
     She should follow up with Guang Ming on a regular basis (every
    month or every 3-6 months) to check on his progress.
     Fanny should maintain detailed records of Guang Ming’s past
    achievements over the course of the project and use the records
    to assess his performance, rather than relying solely on her
    memory to assess his performance.
    Application:
    Eric (Charlie)
     Evidence:
     Eric thinks that Charlie has a poor work attitude , no interest in
    work and does not contribute to the project because he comes
    to work late and always needs to leave work on time.
     Charlie has confided in Anil that he is a single parent who is
    caring for his cancer-stricken, terminally-ill son.
     Bavani highlighted that Charlie had done helpful research on
    drugs currently in the market and has good connections with the
    industry.

     Perceptual Error:
     Fundamental Attribution Error
     Horn Effect
    Horn Effect does not take into account external factors at all in
    judging someone; Fundamental Attribution Error takes into account
    both internal and external factors, but the perceiver ignores external
    factors in his judgement.
    Application:
    Eric (Charlie)
     Solution:
     Fundamental Attribution Error
     Anil could share with the team about Charlie’s situation with his
    terminally-ill child.
     Anil could ask Eric to cite other evidences to prove his claim
    about Charlie. E.g. Is Charlie always late for other activities? Is
    Charlie the only one who is late for work?

     Horn Effect
     Eric should assess Charlie based on his performance on the job
    based on the goals that Bavani has set for him instead of based
    on when he arrives for and leaves work.
     Eric should ask to see Charlie’s performance record and draw
    his conclusion from review of all the information collectively.
    Application: Bavani (Hafiz)
     Evidence:
     Bavani wants to keep Hafiz because he reminds her of how she
    was when she was younger and new to the company.
     She believes that he will be successful in the company based on
    how well she herself has progressed.
     Fanny and Eric agree that Hafiz and Bavani sound the same – all
    ideas and no real solutions.

     Perceptual Error:
     Similar-to-Me Effect
    Application: Bavani (Hafiz)
     Solution:
     Bavani should set and communicate clear, objective goals and
    performance assessment criteria for Hafiz.
     Bavani should use these goals to measure Hafiz’s performance in
    the project.
     An independent person should assess the performance of Hafiz to
    determine his contributions to team’s overall goals.
    Conclusion
     Perception is “reality” as far as the perceiver is
    concerned.

     However, such “reality” is coloured by the person’s


    past experiences, values as well as biases, among
    other things.

     Therefore, greater self-awareness through


    understanding of our biases, values and the
    reasons on the way we think, feel and behave (with
    inputs from others), would go a long way to enable
    us to have a more accurate perception of the
    reality around us.
    Extended Learning A
    Extending Learning A:
    More Perceptual Errors
    Type of Brief Definition
    Perceptual Error
    Halo Effect The extension of one particular positive trait to influence the
    total judgment of that person.
    Primacy Effect Our tendency to quickly form an opinion of people based on
    the first information we receive about them.
    Contrast Error Perception of performance exaggerated as a result of
    conscious/subconscious comparison with another person.
    Extended Learning B
    Extended Learning B:
    Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Cycle
    Person A forms
    Expectations
    about us
    •You have great potential
    •You are intelligent
    My Behaviour •You are intellectually curious
    Person A’s
    become consistent expectations affect
    with Person A’s his/her Behaviour
    expectation towards us
    •I show enthusiasm in class •The teacher encourages and praises
    •I am diligent in studies me
    •The teacher lets me know that I am
    Person A’s behaviour one of the better students in class

    affect my Beliefs
    about myself
    •I am intelligent
    •I am one of the better students in class
    References
    Recommended Text
     Greenberg, J. (2011). Behavior in Organizations, 10th Edition, Pearson.
    Other Texts
     McShane, S. L. & Von Glinow, M. A. (2009). Organizational Behaviour: [essentials], 2nd Edition,
    New York: McGraw-Hill.
     Kreitner, R and Kinicki, R (2004), Organizational Behaviour, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill
     Robbins, S P (2003), Organizational Behaviour, 10th Edition, Prentice Hall
    Internet Resources
     Envision Software, Inc. http://www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/Halo_Effect.html. Retrieved
    28 Aug, 2013.
     AllPsych.com (n.d.) Our View of Self and Others.
    http://allpsych.com/psychology101/attribution_attraction.html. Retrieved 28 Aug, 2013.
     ChangingMinds.com (n.d) Self-Serving Bias.
    http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/self-serving_bias.htm. Retrieved 28 Aug,
    2013.
     Self-Fulfilling Prophecy. http://sujenman.wordpress.com/2010/08/27/self-fulfilling-prophecy/.
    Retrieved on 28 Aug, 2013.
     History of Education: Selected Moments.
    http://legacy.oise.utoronto.ca/research/edu20/moments/1968rosenjacob.html?cms_page=
    edu20/moments/1968rosenjacob.html . Retrieved on 28 Aug, 2013.
    References
    Internet Resources
     Ruth (n.d.) How Your View Colours Your Life.
    http://www.manifestingyourabundance.com/how-your-view-colours-your-life/.
    Retrieved on 28 Mar, 2014.
     Stereotypes and Prejudices (n.d.)
    http://www.remember.org/guide/History.root.stereotypes.html. Retrieved on 28
    Mar, 2014.
    After-Class Activities

    Daily Activity (by 2359 hrs today)


     Complete the quiz as well as peer and self-evaluations.
     Complete your Reflection Journal.

    End-of-Week Activity
     Review the 6th Presentation slides.
     Read the materials given in the Resources (compulsory
    reading).

    Preparation for Next Week


     Read the pre-class reading for Week 7 (compulsory reading).

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