CHAPTER

01
Indefinite
Integral
Learning Part
Session 1
● Fundamental of Indefinite Integral

Session 2
● Methods of Integration

Session 3
● Some Special Integrals

Session 4
● Integration by Parts

Session 5
● Integration Using Partial Fractions

Session 6
● Indirect and Derived Substitutions

Session 7
● Euler’s Substitution, Reduction Formula and Integration Using Differentiation

Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises

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2 Textbook of Integral Calculus

It was in this aspect that the process of integration was d n +1

y Example 1 If [x + c ] = (n + 1) x n , then find
treated by Leibnitz, the symbol of ∫ being regarded as the dx
∫x
n
initial letter of the word sum, in the same way as the dx .
symbol of differentiation d is the initial letter in the word d
difference. Sol. As, [ x n + 1 + C ] = ( n + 1) x n
dx
⇒ ( x n + 1 + C ) is anti-derivative or integral of (n + 1) x n .
Definition xn + 1
∴ ∫ x dx = +C
n
If f and g are functions of x such that g ′ ( x ) = f ( x ), then n +1
the function g is called a anti-derivative (or primitive
function or simply integral) of f w.r.t. x . It is written d
d y Example 2 If (sin x + c ) = cos x , then find
symbolically, ∫ f ( x ) dx = g ( x ), where, g (x ) = f (x ) dx
dx
∫ cos x dx .
Remarks
d
1. In other words, ∫ f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) iff g ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) Sol. As, (sin x + C ) = cos x
dx
2. ∫ f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) + c,wherecisconstant, ⇒ sin x + C is anti-derivative or integral of cos x.
[Q( g( x ) + C) ′= g ′( x ) = f ( x )] and Cis called constant of integration. ∴ ∫ cos x dx = (sin x ) + C

Session 1
Fundamental of Indefinite Integral
Fundamental of Indefinite Integral (v)
d
( − cos x ) = sin x ⇒ ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
d dx
Since, { g ( x )} = f ( x )
dx d
(vi) (sin x ) = cos x ⇒ ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
⇔ ∫ f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) + C dx
d
(tan x ) = sec 2 x ⇒ ∫ sec x dx = tan x + C
2
Therefore, based upon this definition and various standard (vii)
differentiation formulas, we obtain the following dx
d
integration formulae (viii) ( − cot x ) = cosec 2 x ⇒∫ cosec 2 x dx = − cot x + C
d x n +1 n x n +1 dx
(i)   = x , n ≠− 1 ⇒∫ x n dx = + C, n ≠ − 1 d
dx  n + 1  n +1 (ix) (sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx
d 1 1
(ii) (log | x | ) = ⇒ ∫ dx = log | x | + C , when x ≠ 0 ⇒ ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx x x
d x d
(iii) (e ) = e x ⇒ ∫ e x dx = e x + C (x) ( − cosec x ) = cosec x cot x
dx dx
d  ax  ⇒ ∫ cosec x cot x dx = − cosec x + C
(iv)   = a x , a > 0, a ≠ 1
dx  log e a  d
x
(xi) (log | sin x | ) = cot x
a dx
⇒ ∫a dx = +C
x
log e a ⇒ ∫ cot x dx = log | sin x | + C
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 3

= ∫ (x + 5x 1/ 2 − x − 1/ 2 ) dx
d 3/2
(xii) ( − log | cos x | ) = tan x
dx
 xn +1 
⇒ ∫ tan x dx = − log | cos x | + C ∫ = + C
n
 using x dx
 n +1 
d
(xiii) (log |sec x + tan x | ) = sec x x 3 / 2 + 1 5x 1/ 2 + 1 x − 1/ 2 + 1
dx = + − +C
3/2 + 1 1/2 + 1 − 1/2 + 1
⇒ ∫ sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x | + C ⇒ I =
2 5/2 2
x + ⋅ 5x 3 / 2 − 2x 1/ 2 + C
d 5 3
(xiv) (log| cosec x − cot x | ) = cosec x (ii) I = ∫ ( x + 5) dx [using (a + b) = a + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 +b 3 ]
2 3 3 3
dx
⇒ ∫ cosec x dx = log | cosec x − cot x | + C I = ∫ (x + 15x + 75x + 125) dx
6 4 2

d  −1 x  1 x7 15x 5 75x 3
(xv)  sin = 2 I= + + + 125x + C
dx  a  a − x2 7 5 3
x7
dx x I = + 3x 5 + 25x 3 + 125x + C
⇒ ∫ = sin − 1   + C 7
a2 − x 2 a

−1
y Example 4 Evaluate
d  −1 x 
(xvi)  cos = 2 dx
dx  a  ∫ tan ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x
2
a − x2 (i) x dx (ii)
−1 x
⇒ ∫ dx = cos − 1   + C sin 6 x + cos 6 x cos x − cos 2 x
a
a2 − x 2 (iii) ∫ 2
sin x cos x 2
dx (iv) ∫ 1 − cos x
dx
d 1 −1 x  1
(xvii)  tan = 2 Sol. (i) I = ∫ tan x dx ⇒ I = ∫ (sec x − 1) dx
2 2
dx a a  a + x2
x I = ∫ sec x dx − ∫ 1 dx [using ∫ sec xdx = tan x + C ]
2 2
dx 1
⇒ ∫ 2 = tan − 1   + C
a +x 2 a a
⇒ I = tan x − x + C
d 1 −1 x  −1 1
(xviii)  cot = (ii) I = ∫ dx
dx  a a  a2 + x 2 sin x cos 2 x
2

−1 1 x sin 2 x + cos 2 x

⇒ ∫ 2 dx = cot −1   + C I = ∫ dx [Using sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1]
a +x 2 a a sin 2 x cos 2 x
d 1 −1 x  1 sin 2 x cos 2 x
(xix)  sec
dx  a
=
a  x x 2 − a2
I = ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x dx + ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
x I = ∫ sec x dx + ∫ cosec
2 2
dx 1 x dx
⇒ ∫ = sec −1   + C
x x −a
2 2 a a
I = tan x − cot x + C
d 1 −1 x  −1 sin 6 x + cos 6 x
(xx)  cosec
dx  a
=
a x
(iii) I = ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
x 2 − a2
(sin 2 x )3 + (cos 2 x )3
− dx 1 x I = ∫ dx
⇒ ∫x x −a
2 2
= cosec −1   + C
a a sin 2 x cos 2 x
[ using (a + b )3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3ab (a + b )]
y Example 3 Evaluate (sin 2 x + cos 2 x )3 −3sin 2 x cos 2 x (sin 2 x + cos 2 x )
x 2 + 5x − 1
I = ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ (x 2 + 5) 3 dx
x 1 − 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x
x + 5x − 1
2  x2 5x 1 1 
I = ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx
Sol. (i) I = ∫ dx = ∫  1/ 2 + 1/ 2 − 1/ 2  dx
x x x x 
4 Textbook of Integral Calculus

1 y Example 6 Evaluate
I = ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x dx − ∫ 3 dx
(i) ∫ 5 log e x
dx (ii) ∫ 2log 4 x dx
(sin x + cos x )
2 2
I = ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx − 3x + C
Sol. (i) I = ∫ 5log e x
dx = ∫ x log e 5 dx [ Using a log e b = b log c a ]

I = ∫ sec x dx + ∫ cosec 2 x dx − 3x + C x log e 5 + 1

2
= +C
I = tan x − cot x − 3x + C (loge 5 + 1)
cos x − cos 2x x log e 5 + 1
(iv) I = ∫ dx [using cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x − 1.] ∴ ∫5 e dx = +C
log x
1 − cos x loge 5 + 1
cos x − (2 cos 2 x − 1) (ii) I = ∫ 2log 4 x
dx = ∫ 2
log
22
x
dx = ∫ 21/ 2 log 2 x dx
I = ∫ 1 − cos x
dx
 1 
= ∫
− 2 cos 2 x + cos x + 1
dx using logbn x = n logb x

1 − cos x
= ∫ 2log 2 x
dx = ∫ x dx [ using a log a b = b ]
− (2 cos x + 1) (cos x − 1)
⇒I = ∫ dx
− (cos x − 1) x 3/2
= +C
[as −2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = −(2 cos x + 1) ⋅ (cos x − 1)] 3/2
⇒ I = ∫ (2 cos x + 1) dx 2 3/2
∴ ∫2 dx = +C
log 4 x
x
3
∴ I = 2 sin x + x + C
( x + 1)( x 2 − x )
Remark y Example 7 Evaluate ∫ x x +x+ x
dx .
In rational algebraic functions if the degree of numerator is
greater than or equal to degree of denominator, then always ( x + 1) ⋅ x ( x 3 / 2 − 1)
divide the numerator by denominator and use the result of Sol. Here, I = ∫ x ( x + x + 1)
dx
integration.
( x + 1)[( x )3 − 13 ]
y Example 5 Evaluate ∴ I = ∫ ( x + x + 1)
dx

x3 x2
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ x 2 + 5 dx ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + x + 1)
x +2 = ∫ ( x + x + 1)
dx

x3 x3 +8−8 [Using, a 3 − b 3 = (a − b )(a 2 + ab + b 2 )]

Sol. (i) I = ∫ x + 2 dx = ∫ x +2
dx
x2
 ( x 3 + 23 ) 8  = ∫ ( x − 1) dx = − x +C
I = ∫ −  dx 2
 x +2 x + 2
 ( x + 2)( x 2 − 2x + 4 )
y Example 8 Evaluate
8 
⇒ I = ∫  x +2
−  dx
x + 2 1 + 2x 2 x6 −1
(i) ∫ 2 dx (ii) ∫ (x 2 + 1) dx
 8  x (1 + x 2 )
I = ∫  x 2 − 2x + 4 −  dx
 x + 2 1 + 2x 2 1 + x2 + x2
x3
Sol. (i) Here, I = ∫ x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx = ∫ x 2 (1 + x 2 )
dx
∴ I = − x 2 + 4 x − 8 log | x + 2 | + C
3 1 + x2 x2
x2 x2+5−5  x2 +5 5 
= ∫ x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx + ∫ x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx
(ii) I = ∫ 2 dx = ∫ 2 dx = ∫  2 − 2  dx
x +5 x +5  x + 5 x + 5 1 1 1
 5  dx
= ∫ x 2 dx + ∫ 1 + x 2 dx = − x + tan −1 x + C
I = ∫ 1 − 2  dx = x − 5 ∫ 2
 x + 5 x + ( 5 )2 x6 − 1 x6 + 1 − 2
5  x 
(ii) Here, I = ∫ x 2 + 1 dx = ∫ x2 + 1
dx
I =x− tan − 1   + C
5  5
( x 2 ) 3 + 13 2
I = x − 5 tan −1  x  = ∫ x +1
2
dx − ∫ x 2 + 1 dx
  +C
 5
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 5

( x 2 + 1)( x 4 − x 2 + 1) dx  ( 1 + 2x ) ⋅ ( 4 x 2 − 2x + 1) 4 x 2 ( 2x + 1) 
I = ∫ ( x 2 + 1)
dx − 2∫
x2 + 1
= ∫
 ( 1 − 2x )
−
( 1 − 2x ) 
 dx

[Using, a 3 + b 3 = (a + b )(a 2 − ab + b 2 )] (2x + 1){ 4 x 2 − 2x + 1 − 4 x 2 } dx

1
=∫ 1 − 2x
= ∫ ( x 4 − x 2 + 1) dx − 2∫ 2 dx
x +1 (2x + 1)(1 − 2x )
=∫ dx
x5 x3 ( 1 − 2x )
= − + x − 2tan −1 x + C
5 3 = ∫ (2x + 1) dx = x 2 + x + C

y Example 9 Evaluate y Example 10 Evaluate

 1 − x −2 2 x −2 − x  1
(i) ∫  1/ 2 − +  dx (i) ∫ dx
x −x
−1 / 2
x 3/ 2 x 1/ 2 − x −1/ 2  sin (x − a) cos (x − b)
1
 x −6 − 64 x2 4x 2 (2 x + 1)  (ii) ∫ dx
(ii) ∫  −1
 4 + 2x + x
−2
⋅
4 − 4 x −1 + x −2
−
1 − 2x 
 dx cos (x − a) cos (x − b)
1
 1 − x −2 2 x −2 − x 
Sol. (i) I = ∫ sin ( x − a ) cos ( x − b ) dx
Sol. (i) Here, I = ∫  1/ 2 −1/ 2
− 3 / 2 + 1/ 2  dx
x − x x x − x −1/ 2  cos (a − b ) dx
cos (a − b ) ∫ sin ( x − a ) cos ( x − b )
I = ⋅
 ( 1 − x −2 ) + ( x −2 − x ) 2 
= ∫ − 3 / 2  dx
 x −x
1/ 2 −1/ 2
x  1 cos {( x − b ) − ( x − a )}
cos (a − b ) ∫ sin ( x − a ) cos ( x − b )
= ⋅ dx
   
 1− x 2  1 − x 2  1  cos ( x − b ) ⋅ cos ( x − a )
= ∫ − 3 / 2  dx = ∫  − 3 / 2  dx = ⋅∫ 
 x − 1 x  x −1 x  cos (a − b )  sin ( x − a ) cos ( x − b )
 x   x  sin ( x − b ) ⋅ sin ( x − a )
+  dx
= ∫ ( − x − 2x −3 / 2 ) dx sin ( x − a ) cos ( x − b ) 
1
 x 3/2
= − − 2⋅
x −1/ 2  2
 + C = − x 3/2 +
4
+C
=
cos (a − b ) ∫ {cot ( x − a ) + tan ( x − b )} dx
 3 / 2 − 1 / 2  3 x 1
= {log | sin ( x − a ) | − log| cos( x − b ) |} + C
(ii) Here cos (a − b )
 x −6 − 64 x2 4 x 2 ( 2x + 1)  1  sin ( x − a ) 
I = ∫ −1 −2
⋅ −  dx = loge  + C
 4 + 2x + x 4 − 4 x −1 + x −2 1 − 2x  cos (a − b )  cos ( x − b ) 
 1 − 64 x 6  1
 6 x 2
4 x 2
( 2 x + 1 )
 (ii) I = ∫ cos ( x − a ) cos ( x − b ) dx
= ∫ 2 x ⋅ 2 −  dx
1 sin (a − b )
 4 x + 2x + 1 4 x − 4 x + 1 ( 1 − 2x ) 
sin (a − b ) ∫ cos ( x − a ) cos ( x − b )
= dx
 
 x2 x2 
1 sin {( x − b ) − ( x − a )}
sin (a − b ) ∫ cos ( x − a ) cos ( x − b )
 1 − ( 4 x 2 )3 x6 4 x 2 ( 2x + 1)  = dx
= ∫ 6 ⋅ −  dx
 x ⋅ ( 4 x + 2x + 1) ( 4 x − 4 x + 1)
2 2
( 1 − 2x ) 
1  sin ( x − b ) cos ( x − a )
 (1 − 4 x )(1 + 4 x + 16x )
2 2
4 x ( 2x + 1) 
4 2
= ∫ 
sin (a − b )  cos ( x − a ) cos ( x − b )
= ∫ −  dx
 ( 4 x 2
+ 2 x + 1 )( 4 x 2
− 4 x + 1 ) ( 1 − 2x )  cos ( x − b ) sin ( x − a ) 
−  dx
 (1 − 4 x ) ⋅ ( 4 x + 2x + 1)( 4 x − 2x + 1) 4 x (2x + 1)
2 2 2 2 cos ( x − a ) cos ( x − b )
= ∫ −  dx 1
 ( 4 x 2 + 2x + 1)(2x − 1)2 ( 1 − 2x )  =
sin (a − b ) ∫ {tan ( x − b ) − tan ( x − a )} dx
[using, 16x 4 + 4 x 2 + 1 = 16x 4 + 8x 2 + 1 − 4 x 2 =
1
[ − log| cos( x − b )| + log | cos( x − a ) | ] + C
sin (a − b )
= ( 4 x 2 + 1) 2 − ( 2x ) 2 = ( 4 x 2 + 1 + 2x ) ]
1   cos ( x − a ) 
 (1 − 2x )(1 + 2x )( 4 x 2 − 2x + 1) 4 x 2 (2x + 1) = log cos ( x − b )  + C
= ∫ −  dx sin (a − b )
 ( 1 − 2x ) 2 ( 1 − 2x )    
6 Textbook of Integral Calculus

sin ( x + a )
y Example 11 Evaluate ∫ sin ( x + b ) dx. Important Points Related
sin ( x + a ) to Integration
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin ( x + b ) dx . Put x + b = t ⇒ dx = dt
1. ∫ k f ( x ) dx = k ∫ f ( x ) dx , where k is constant. i.e. the
sin (t − b + a )
∴ I =∫ dt integral of the product of a constant and a
sin t function = the constant × integral of the function
 sin t cos (a − b ) cos t sin (a − b )
= ∫ +  dt 2. ∫ { f 1 ( x ) ± f 2 ( x ) ±… ± f n ( x ) } dx
 sin t sin t 
= cos (a − b ) ∫ 1dt + sin (a − b ) ∫ cot (t ) dt = ∫ f 1 ( x ) dx ± ∫ f 2 ( x ) dx ± … ± ∫ f n ( x ) dx .

= t cos (a − b ) + sin (a − b )log | sin t | + C i.e. the integral of the sum or difference of a finite
= ( x + b ) cos (a − b ) + sin (a − b ) log| sin ( x + b )| +C number of functions is equal to the sum or difference
of the integrals of the various functions.
y Example 12 3. Geometrical interpretation of constant of
x 2 5
(i) If f ′ (x ) =
+ and f (1) = , then find f (x ). integration By adding C means the graph of
2 x 4 function would shift in upward or downward
dy 3 direction along y-axis as C is +ve or − ve respectively.
(ii) The gradient of the curve is given by = 2x − 2 .
dx x x2
The curve passes through (1, 2) find its equation. e.g. y = ∫ x dx = +C
2
x 2
(i) Given, f ′ ( x ) = + ,
2 x x2+C3
On integrating both sides w.r.t. x, x2+C2
 x 2 x2+C1
we get ∫ f ′ ( x ) dx = ∫  +  dx
 2 x
1 x2
⇒ f (x ) = ⋅ + 2 log | x | + c …(i)
2 2 O (x,0)
5
Now, as f (1) = (called as initial value problem Figure. 1.1
4
5
i.e. when x = 1,y = or f (1) = )
5 ∴ y = ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C
4 4
Putting, x = 1 in Eq. (i), ⇒ F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ); F ′ ( x 1 ) = f ( x 1 )
1
f (1) = + 2 log | 1 | + C , but f (1) =
5 Hence, y = ∫ f ( x ) dx denotes a family of curves such
4 4
5 1
that the slope of the tangent at x = x 1 on every
∴ = +C ⇒ C =1 member is same i.e. F ′ ( x 1 ) = f ( x ) [when x 1 lies in
4 4
the domain of f ( x )]
x2
⇒ f (x ) =
+ 2 log | x | + 1 Hence, anti-derivative of a function is not unique. If
4
g 1 ( x ) and g 2 ( x ) are two anti-derivatives of a function
dy 3  3
(ii) Given, = 2x − 2 or dy = 2x − 2  dx , f ( x ) on [a, b ], then they differ only by a constant.
dx x  x 
i.e. g1 (x ) − g2 (x ) = C
On integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 3 Anti-derivative of a continuous function is
∫ dy = ∫ 2x − x 2  dx differentiable.
2x 2 3 4. If f ( x ) is continuous, then
⇒ y= + +C
2 x ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C
Since, curve passes through (1, 1).
⇒ F ′( x ) = f ( x )
⇒ 1 = 1 + 3 + C ⇒C = − 3
⇒ always exists and is continuous.
3
∴ f (x ) = x 2 + − 3 ⇒ F ′( x )
x
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 7

5. If integral is discontinuous at x = x 1 , then its anti-derivative at x = x 1 need not be discontinuous.

3
e.g. ∫ x −1 / 3 dx . Here, x −1 / 3 is discontinuous at x = 0. But ∫ x −1 / 3 dx = x 2 / 3 + C is continuous at x = 0.
2
6. Anti-derivative of a periodic function need not be a periodic function. e.g. f ( x ) = cos x + 1 is periodic but
∫ ( cos x + 1) dx = sin x + x + C is a periodic.
Daily Life Applications
The Derivative The Integral
Function Its derivative function In symbols Function It’s Anti- In symbols
derivative Function
ds
Distance (s) Velocity (v ) v= Velocity Distance s = ∫ v (t ) dt
dt
Velocity (v ) Acceleration (a) a=
dv Acceleration Velocity v = ∫ a(t ) dt
dt
Mass (µ ) Liner Density (ρ ) dµ Linear Density Mass µ = ∫ ρ (x ) dx
ρ=
dx
Population (P ) Instantaneous growth dP Instantaneous Growth Population  dP 
ρ = ∫   dt
dt  dt 

Cost (C ) Marginal cost (MC) MC =

dC Marginal Cost Cost  dC 
C (q)= ∫   dq
dq  dq 

Revenue (R ) Marginal Revenue (MR) MR =

dR Marginal Revenue Revenue  dR 
R (q) = ∫   dq
dq  dq 

Here, q is quantity of products.

Exercise for Session 1

n
Evaluate the following integration
dx x2 + 3
1. ∫ 2. ∫ dx
x + 1− x x ( x 2 + 1)
6

(1 + x )2 4
3. ∫ dx 4. ∫ x 2 dx
x (1 + x 2 ) 1+ x
x4 + x 2 + 1 2
+ sin2 x )sec2 x
5. ∫ dx 6. ∫ ( x dx
2(1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 2 )
2
7. ∫ x 2 dx 8. ∫ 2x ⋅ e x ⋅ dx
(a + bx )
3x
+ e 5x
9. ∫ e x dx 10. ∫ (e alog x + e x log a ) dx
e + e −x

11. ∫ 1 + cos 4x dx 12. ∫ tan x tan 2x tan 3x dx

cot x − tan x

13. ∫ sin 4x dx 14. ∫ cos 3 x dx

sin x

15. ∫ sin3 x cos 3 x dx

Session 2
Methods of Integration
Methods of Integration we substitute g ( x ) = t and g ′ ( x ) dx = dt
If the integral is not a derivative of a simple function, then The substitution reduces the integral to ∫ f (t ) dt . After
the corresponding integrals cannot be found directly. In evaluating this integral we substitute back the value of t.
order to find the integral of complex problems.
sin x cos x 1 y Example 13 Prove that
e.g. ∫ dx , ∫ dx , ∫ dx
x x log x (ax + b )n +1
∫ + = + C , n ≠ 1.
n
(ax b ) dx
(n + 1)a
Sol. Putting, ax + b = t , we get
Some Integrals adx = dt or dx = dt
1

which Cannot be Found a

dt 1 t n +1
Any function continuous on an interval (a, b ) has an ∴ I = ∫ (ax + b )n dx = ∫ t n ⋅ = ⋅ +C
anti-derivative in that interval. In other words, there exists a a n +1
a function F ( x ) such that F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ). 1 (ax + b )n + 1dx
= + C.
However, not every anti-derivative F ( x ), even when it a(n + 1)
exists, is expressible in closed form in terms of elementary Remarks
functions such as polynomials, trigonometric, logarithmic, 1. If ∫ f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) + C, then ∫ f ( ax + b) dx =
1
g ( ax + b) + C
exponential functions etc. Then, we say that such a
1 1 1
anti-derivatives or integrals “cannot be found’’. 2. If ∫ dx = log| x | + C, then ∫ dx = log| ax + b| + C
x ax + b a
Some typical examples are
Thus, in any fundamental integral formulae given in article
sin x cos x
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ dx fundamental integration formulae if in place of x we have
x x ( ax + b), then same formula is applicable but we must divide by
coefficient of x or derivative of (ax + b) i.e. a.
1
(iii) ∫ dx (iv) ∫ 1 − k 2 sin2 x dx
log x Here is the list of some of
∫ sin x dx (vi) ∫ sin ( x ) dx frequently used formulae
2
(v)
(ax + b ) n + 1
(vii) ∫ cos ( x 2 ) dx ∫ x tan x dx ∫ (ax + b ) dx = + C, n ≠ − 1
n
(viii) (i)
a (n + 1)
(ix) ∫ e − x dx (x) ∫ e x dx
2 2
1 1
(ii) ∫ ax + b dx = a log | ax + b | + C
x2
∫ 1 + x 5 dx ∫ 1 + x 2 dx
3
(xi) (xii) 1 ax + b
∫e
ax + b
(iii) dx = e +C
a
(xiii) ∫ 1 + x 3 dx etc. 1 a bx + c
∫ a dx =
bx + c
(iv) ⋅ +C
b log a
1
Integration by Substitution (v) ∫ sin (ax + b ) dx = − cos (ax + b ) + C
a
(or by change of the independent variable) 1
(vi) ∫ cos (ax + b ) dx = sin (ax + b ) + C
If g ( x ) is a continuously differentiable function, then to a
evaluate integrals of the form, 1
(vii) ∫ sec (ax + b ) dx = tan (ax + b ) + C
2
I= ∫ f ( g ( x )) . g ′ ( x ) dx , a
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 9

1  2
∫ cosec (ax + b ) dx = − cot (ax + b ) + C (iii) Here, I = ∫ (7 x − 2) 3x + 2 dx = 7 ∫  x −  3x + 2 dx
2
(viii)
a  7
1 7  6
(ix) ∫ sec (ax + b ) tan (ax + b ) dx = a sec (ax + b ) + C = ∫ 3x −  3x + 2 dx
3  7
1
(x) ∫ cosec (ax + b ) cot (ax + b ) dx = − a cosec (ax + b ) +C =
7 
3∫
6
3x + 2 − 2 −  3x + 2 dx
7
1
(xi) ∫ tan (ax + b ) dx = − a log | cos (ax + b ) | + C 7 20
= ∫ (3x + 2) 3x + 2 dx − ∫ 3x + 2 dx
3 3
1
(xii) ∫ cot (ax + b ) dx = a log | sin (ax + b ) | + C 7 20
= ∫ (3x + 2) dx − ∫ 3x + 2 dx
3/2
3 3
1
(xiii) ∫ sec (ax + b )dx = a log | sec (ax + b ) + tan (ax + b )|+C    
7  (3x + 2)5 / 2  20  (3x + 2)3 / 2 
1 =   −   +C
(xiv) ∫ cosec (ax + b ) dx = a log | cosec (ax + b ) − cot(ax + b )|+C 3 5 ×3 
 2 
3  3 ×3 
 2 
y Example 14 Evaluate 14 40
= ( 3x + 2) 5 / 2 − ( 3x + 2) 3 / 2 + C
1 8x + 13 45 27
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ dx . (2 + 3x 2 ) dx 2 + 2x 2 + x 2
3x + 4 − 3x + 1 4x + 7 (iv) Here, I = ∫ = ∫ dx
x 2 (1 + x 2 ) x 2 (1 + x 2 )
2 + 3x 2
(iii) ∫ (7 x − 2) 3 x + 2 dx . (iv) ∫ x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx .  2(1 + x 2 ) x2 
= ∫ 2 +  dx
 x (1 + x ) x (1 + x )
2 2 2

dx
Sol. (i) Here, I = ∫ 3x + 4 − 3x + 1
 2
= ∫ 2 +
1 
 dx = 2∫ x dx + ∫
−2 1
dx
x 1 + x2 1 + x2
( 3 x + 4 + 3x + 1 )
= ∫( 3x + 4 − 3x + 1 ) ( 3x + 4 + 3x + 1 )
dx
= 2⋅
x −1
+ tan −1 x + C = −
−2
+ tan −1 x + C
−1 x
( 3 x + 4 + 3x + 1 )
= ∫ ( 3x + 4 ) − ( 3x + 1)
dx
y Example 15 Evaluate
1 1 sin (log x )  3 sin x + 4 cos x 
=
3 ∫ 3x + 4 dx +
3 ∫ 3x + 1 dx
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫   dx
x 4 sin x − 3 cos x 
1  ( 3x + 4 ) 3 / 2  1  ( 3x + 1) 3 / 2  m tan −1 x
=  +   +C e
∫ ∫ x sin (4x + 7) dx
2
3  3/2 × 3  3 3/2 × 3  (iii)
1+x2
dx (iv)
(ax + b )n +1
∫ (ax + b ) dx = +C
n sin (log x )
Using,
( n + 1) a Sol. (i) I = ∫ x
dx
2
=
[(3x + 4 )3 / 2 + (3x + 1)3 / 2 ] + C d 1
27 We know that, (log x ) =
dx x
8x + 13 8x + 14 − 1
(ii) Here, I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx Thus, let log x = t
4x + 7 4x + 7
1
⇒ dx = dt …(i)
2 ( 4 x + 7 ) −1
= ∫ 4 x + 7 dx x
∴ I = ∫ sin (t ) dt = − cos (t ) + C
4x + 7 dx
=2∫ dx − ∫ = − cos (log x ) + C [using Eq. (i)]
4x + 7 4x + 7
3 sin x + 4 cos x
(ii) I = ∫ dx
= 2 ∫ ( 4 x + 7 )dx − ∫ ( 4 x + 7 )−1/ 2dx 4 sin x − 3 cos x
 ( 4 x + 7 )3 / 2   ( 4 x + 7 )1/ 2  We know,
d
( 4 sin x − 3 cos x ) = ( 4 cos x + 3 sin x )
=2  −  +C dx
 3/2 × 4   1/2× 4 
Thus, let 4 sin x − 3 cos x = t …(i)
1 1
= ( 4 x + 7 )3 / 2 − ( 4 x + 7 )1/ 2 + C ⇒ ( 4 cos x + 3 sin x ) dx = dt
3 2
10 Textbook of Integral Calculus

dt 1
∴ I = ∫
t
= log | t | + C =
4
{2 cos x cos 5x + 2 cos 3x cos 5x}

= log | 4 sin x − 3 cos x | + C [using Eq. (i)] 1

= {(cos 4 x + cos 6x ) + (cos 2x + cos 8x )}
m tan − 1 x 4
e
(iii) I = ∫ 1 + x2
dx Let m tan − 1 x = t 1
∴ cos x cos 2x cos 5x = {cos2x + cos 4x + cos6x + cos8x}
4
m 1 1
⇒ dx = dt ⇒ dx = dt ∴ I = ∫ (cos x cos 2x cos 5x ) dx
1+ x 2
1+ x 2
m
1
4 ∫
dt 1 = (cos 2x + cos 4 x + cos 6x + cos 8x ) dx
∴ I = ∫e ⋅ ⇒ I =
m ∫
t
e t dt
m
sin 2x sin 4 x sin 6x sin 8x
1 1 −1
I = e t + C = e m tan x + C = + + + +C
m m 8 16 24 32
(iv) I = ∫ x sin ( 4 x + 7 ) dx
2
y Example 17 Evaluate
1
Let 4 x 2 + 7 = t ⇒ 8x dx = dt ⇒ x dx = dt (i) ∫ sin x cos x ⋅ cos 2 x ⋅ cos 4x dx
8
dt 1 1 − tan 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
∴ I = ∫ sin (t ) = − cos (t ) + C
8 8 (ii) ∫ 1 + tan 2 x dx (iii) ∫ 1 + cos 2x dx
1
= − cos ( 4 x 2 + 7 ) + C
cos 2 x sec 2 x − 1
∫ cos 2 x sin 2 x dx ∫ sec 2x + 1 dx
8
(iv) (v)
Remarks
While solving product of trignometric, it is expedient to use the Sol. (i) Here, I = ∫ sinx cos x ⋅ cos 2x cos 4 x dx
following trigonometric identities
1 1
2∫
1. sin mx cos nx = {sin ( m − n) x + sin ( m + n) x } = 2sin x ⋅ cos x ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ cos 4 x dx
2
1 [using, sin 2x = 2sin x ⋅ cos x ]
2. cos mx sin nx = {sin ( m + n) x − sin ( m − n) x }
1
2 × 2∫
2 = 2sin 2x ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ cos 4 x ⋅ dx
1
3. sin mx sin nx = {cos ( m − n) x − cos ( m + n) x }
2
1 1
4∫ 2× 4 ∫
1
4. cos mx cos nx = {cos ( m − n) x + cos ( m + n) x } = sin 4 x ⋅ cos 4 xdx = 2sin 4 x cos 4 x dx
2
1 − cos 8x
= ∫ sin 8x dx = +C
y Example 16 Evaluate 8 64
(i) ∫ cos 4x cos 7 x dx (ii) ∫ cos x cos 2 x cos 5 x dx 1 − tan 2 x
(ii) Here, I = ∫ 1 + tan 2 x dx
Sol. When calculating such integrals it is advisable to use the
trigonometric product formulae. 1 − tan 2 x
∴ I = ∫ cos 2x dx Using, cos 2x =
1 + tan 2 x
(i) ∫ cos 4 x cos 7 x dx sin 2x
1 = +c
Here, cos 4 x cos 7 x = (cos 3x + cos 11x ), 2
2 1 + cos 2 x
(iii) Here, I = ∫ dx ,
1
[using cos mx ⋅ cos nx = {cos(m − n )x + cos(m + n )x ] 1 + cos 2x
2
1 + cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
1
∴ I = ∫ cos 4 x cos 7 x dx = ∫ (cos 3x + cos 11x ) dx
= ∫ 1 + 2 cos 2 x − 1 dx = ∫2 cos 2 x
dx
2
[Using, cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x − 1]
1 1
= ∫ cos 3x dx + ∫ cos 11x dx 1 1
2
sin 3x sin 11x
2
2 ∫=(sec 2 x + 1) dx = (tan x + x ) + C
2
= + +C
6 22 cos 2x
(iv) Here, I = ∫ dx
(ii) ∫ cos x cos 2x cos 5x dx , cos 2 x ⋅ sin 2 x
1 (cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) dx
We have (cos x cos 2x )cos 5x = (cos x + cos 3x )cos 5x ,
2 I = ∫ cos 2 x ⋅ sin 2 x
1
[using cos mx .cos nx = {cos(m − n )x + cos(m + n )x ] [Using, cos 2x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x ]
2
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 11

 1 1   cot 2 2x − 1 
= ∫ 2 −  dx Sol. Here, I = ∫  − cos 8x ⋅ cot 4 x  dx
 sin x cos 2 x   2 cot 2x 
= ∫ ( cosec 2 x − sec 2 x ) dx = − cot x − tan x + C I = ∫ (cot 4 x − cos 8x ⋅ cot 4 x ) dx
sec 2x − 1 1 − cos 2x  cot 2 A − 1
(v) Here, I = ∫ sec 2x + 1 ⋅ dx = ∫ 1 + cos 2x dx, using cot 2A = 
 2 cot A 
2sin 2 x
We get, I = ∫ 2 cos 2 x dx = ∫ cot 4 x (1 − cos 8x ) dx
[using 1 − cos 2A = 2sin 2 A ]
[using, 1 − cos 2x = 2sin 2 x and 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x]
= ∫ cot 4 x ⋅ 2sin 2 ( 4 x ) dx
= ∫ tan x ⋅ dx
2
cos 4 x
= ∫ sin 4 x ⋅ 2sin
2
4 x dx
As, tan x = sec 2 x − 1
2

∴ I = ∫ (sec 2 x − 1) dx = tan x − x + C = ∫ 2sin 4 x ⋅ cos 4 xdx,

y Example 18 Evaluate using sin 2A = 2sin A cos A

 cot 2 2x − 1  − cos 8x
= ∫ sin 8x dx = +C
I= ∫ 
 2 cot 2x
− cos 8 x ⋅ cot 4 x  dx .

8

Exercise for Session 2

n
Solve the following integration

1. ∫ dx 2. ∫ cos x − sin x ⋅ (2 + 2 sin 2x ) dx

1 + sin x cos x + sin x

3. ∫ (3 sin x cos 2 x − sin3 x ) dx 4. ∫ cos x ° dx

5. ∫ sin x + cos x ⋅ dx , here (sin x + cos x ) > 0 6. ∫ cos 2x − cos 2α

⋅ dx
1 + sin 2x cos x − cos α

7. ∫ sin 2x + cos2 x
3 3
dx 8. ∫ sec2 x ⋅ cosec2x dx
sin x ⋅ cos x

10. ∫ sin 2x + cos2 x

6 6
9. ∫ 1 − sin 2x dx dx
sin x ⋅ cos x

11. ∫ sin2  9π +

x 2  7π
 − sin 
x 
+   dx 12. ∫ cos 4x + 1 dx
 8 4  8 4 cot x − tan x

13. ∫ sin α ⋅ sin ( x x 

− α ) + sin2  − α   dx
2 
14. ∫ sin 2x + sin 5x − sin 3x
dx
 cos x + 1 − 2 sin2 2x

15. ∫ cos x + sin x

4 4
dx , here cos 2x > 0
1 + cos 4x
Session 3
Some Special Integrals
Some Special Integrals Type I
x dx dx
(i)
dx
∫ x 2 + a2 =
1
a
tan − 1   + C
a
(i) ∫ ax 2 + bx + c (ii) ∫
ax + bx + c
2

(ii)
dx
∫ x 2 − a2 =
1 x −a
log + C (iii) ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx
2a x +a If ax 2 + bx + c can be factorised, then the integration is
dx 1 a + x
(iii) ∫ a2 − x 2 = log + C easily done by the method of partial fractions (explained
2a a − x later). If the denominator cannot be factorised, then
express it as the sum or difference of two squares by the
dx x
(iv) ∫ a −x
2 2
= sin − 1   + C
a
method of completing the square
 b c   b   c  b 2 
2
dx ax 2 + bx + c = a  x 2 + x +  = a  x +  +   − 2 
(v) ∫ a +x
2 2
= log | x + x 2 + a 2 | + C  a a   2a   a  4a 
b
dx make the substitution x + = t.
(vi) ∫ x −a
2 2
= log | x + x 2 − a 2 | + C 2a

y Example 19 Evaluate
1 1 x
∫ a − x dx = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin − 1   + C
2 2 1 1
(vii)
2 2 a (i) ∫ 2 dx (ii) ∫ 2 dx
x − x +1 2x + x − 1
(viii) ∫ a 2 + x 2 dx 1
(iii) ∫ dx (iv) ∫ 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 dx
1 1 x − 2x + 3
2
= x a 2 + x 2 + a 2 log | x + a 2 + x 2 | + C
2 2
dx
(ix) ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx Sol. (i) I = ∫ x 2 − x + 1,
1 1 completing x 2 − x + 1 into perfect square.
= x x 2 − a 2 − a 2 log | x + x 2 − a 2 | + C
2 2 dx dx
= ∫ x 2 − x + 1 / 4 − 1 / 4 + 1 = ∫ ( x − 1 / 2) 2 + 3 / 4
Some Important Substitutions
dx
Expression Substitution ∴I = ∫ ( x − 1 / 2) 2 + ( 3 / 2) 2
a2 + x 2 x = a tan θ or a cot θ
1  x − 1 / 2
a2 − x 2 x = a sin θ or a cos θ = tan − 1   +C
3 /2  3 /2 
x 2 − a2 x = a sec θ or a cosec θ
2  2x − 1
a−x a+ x ∴I = tan − 1   +C
or x = a cos 2 θ 3  3 
a+ x a−x
 1 1 x 
x −α
or (x − α ) (x − β )
x = α cos 2 θ + β sin 2 θ using ∫ 2 dx = tan − 1   + C 
 
β−x  x + a 2
a a 
1 1 1
(ii) I = ∫ 2x 2 + x − 1 dx = 2 ∫ x 2 + x /2 − 1 / 2 dx
Application of these Formulae 1 1
The above standard integrals are very important. Given =
2 ∫ x 2 + x /2 + 1 / 16 − 1 / 16 − 1 / 2 dx
below are integrals which are applications of these.
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 13

1 dx 1 dx − t dt
2 ∫ ( x + 1 / 4 )2 − 9 / 16 2 ∫ ( x + 1 / 4 )2 − (3 / 4 )2
= = ⇒ dx = − ,
e 2x
t dt 1 t
=
1
⋅
1  x + 1/ 4 − 3/ 4
log + C dx =
t2 − 1
= ∫ t 2
⋅
t2 − 1
dt
2 2 (3 / 4 )  x + 1/ 4 + 3/ 4
dt 1  t − 1

using ∫ 2
dx
=
1
log + C
 x − a

I = ∫ t 2 − 1 = 2 ⋅ 1 log t + 1 + C
x −a  x + a
2
 2a 
1  1 − e 2x − 1
1  x − 1 / 2 = log + C
= log + C
2  1 − e + 1
2x
3  x +1 
 2x − 1  2x
∴ I =
1
log + C (ii) Here, I = ∫ 1 − x2 − x4
dx
3  2 ( x + 1) 
dx dx Let, x 2 = t , 2x dx = dt
(iii) I = ∫ x − 2x + 3
2
= ∫ x − 2x + 1 − 1 + 3
2
dt dt
dx
∴ I = ∫ 1 − t − t2
= ∫
1 1
1 + − − t − t2
= ∫ ( x − 1) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 4 4
dt dt
= log | ( x − 1) + ( x − 1)2 + ( 2 )2 | I = ∫ 5 / 4 − ( t + 1 / 2) 2
=∫
( 5 / 2) − ( t + 1 / 2) 2
2

 
− 1  2x + 1
dx  t + 1 / 2
2
using ∫ = log | x + x 2 + a 2 | + C  = sin − 1   + C = sin   +C
 x +a
2 2
  5 /2   5 
∴ I = log | ( x − 1) + x 2 − 2x + 3 | + C ax
(iii) Here, I = ∫ 1−a 2x
dx . Let, a x = t
(iv) I = ∫ ( 2x 2 − 3x + 1 ) dx = 2 ∫ ( x 2 − 3x /2 + 1 / 2 ) dx
dt
∴ a x log a dx = dt , a x dx =
= 2 ∫ ( x − 3x /2 + 9 / 16 − 9 / 16 + 1 / 2 ) dx
2 log a
1 dt 1
= 2 ∫ ( ( x − 3 / 4 )2 − 1 / 16 ) dx ∴ I = ∫ 1−t
⋅
2 log a
=
log a
⋅ sin − 1 (t ) + C

1  1
( x − 3/ 4 ) ( x − 3/ 4 )2 − 1/ 16 I = sin − 1 (a x ) + C
2  log a
= 2  +C
 − 1 log | ( x − 3/ 4 ) + ( x − 3/ 4 )2 − 1/ 16 x x 1/ 2 dx
 16 × 2  (iv) Here, I = ∫ a3 − x 3
dx = ∫ (a 3 / 2 )2 − ( x 3 / 2 )2
1 
( 4 x − 3) x 2 − 3x / 2 + 1 / 2
8  Let, x 3/2 = t,
3 1/ 2 2
x dx = dt , x 1/ 2 dx = dt
= 2  +C 2 3
− 1
log | ( x − 3 / 4 ) + x − 3x /2 + 1 / 2
2
2
 32  dt
=∫ 3
y Example 20 Evaluate (a 3 / 2 )2 − (t )2
1 2x −1 x
3/2 
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ dx =
2
⋅ sin − 1
 t  2
 3 / 2  + C = sin  3 / 2  + C
1 − e 2x 1−x −x 2 4
3 a  3 a 
x
a x
(iii) ∫ 1 − a 2x
dx (iv) ∫ a −x3
3
dx y Example 21 Evaluate
cos x sin (x − α)
(i) ∫ dx . (ii) ∫ dx .
dx sin x − 2 sin x − 3
2 sin (x + α)
Sol. (i) Here, I = ∫ 1 − e 2x
2 sin 2 x − cos x
Let, 1 − e 2x = t 2 (iii) ∫ 6 − cos 2 x − 4 sin x dx .
Then, −2e 2 x dx = 2t dt
14 Textbook of Integral Calculus

cos x dx ( 4t − 1) dt
Sol. (i) Let I = ∫ sin x − 2 sin x − 3
2
∴ I = ∫ ( t 2 − 4t + 5) …(i)

Put sin x = t ∴ cos x dx = dt Now, let ( 4t − 1) = λ (2t − 4 ) + µ

dt dt Comparing coefficients of like powers of t, we get
⇒ I = ∫ t 2 − 2t − 3
= ∫ t 2 − 2t + 1 − 1 − 3 2λ = 4, − 4 λ + µ = − 1
dt ⇒ λ = 2, µ = 7 …(ii)
I = ∫ ( t − 1) 2 − ( 2) 2
2 (2t − 4 ) + 7
∴I = ∫ 2 dt [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
t − 4t + 5
= log | (t − 1) + (t − 1)2 − (2)2 | + C
2t − 4 dt
=2∫ dt + 7 ∫ t 2 − 4t + 5
∴ I = log | (sin x − 1) + sin 2 x − 2 sin x − 3 | + C t 2 − 4t + 5
sin ( x − α ) dt
(ii) Let I = ∫ sin ( x + α )
dx = 2 log | t 2 − 4t + 5 | +7 ∫ t 2 − 4t + 4 − 4 + 5
sin ( x − α ) sin ( x − α ) dt
I = ∫ × dx = 2 log | t 2 − 4t + 5 | + 7 ∫ ( t − 2) 2 + ( 1) 2
sin ( x + α ) sin ( x − α )
sin ( x − α ) = 2 log | t 2 − 4t + 5 | + 7 tan − 1 (t − 2) + C
= ∫ sin 2 x − sin 2 α
dx
= 2 log | sin 2 x − 4 sin x + 5 | + 7 tan −1(sin x − 2) + C

sin x cos α − cos x sin α

I = ∫ sin 2 x − sin 2 α
dx Type II
( px + q ) dx ( px + q )
sin x dx cos x dx
(i) ∫ ax 2 + bx + c (ii) ∫
ax 2 + bx + c
dx
= cos α ∫ − sin α ∫
sin 2 x − sin 2 α sin 2 x − sin 2 α
sin x dx
(iii) ∫ ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx
= cos α ∫ 1 − cos 2 x − sin 2 α The linear factor ( px + q ) is expressed in terms of the
cos x dx derivative of the quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c together
− sin α ∫ sin 2 x − sin 2 α λd
with a constant as px + q = (ax 2 + bx + c ) + µ
sin x dx cos x dx dx
= cos α ∫ − sin α ∫
cos α − cos x
2 2
sin 2 x − sin 2 α ⇒ px + q = λ (2ax + b ) + µ
In the first part, put cos x = t , so that − sin x dx = dt
Here, we have to find λ and µ and replace ( px + q ) by
and in second part, put sin x = u , so that cos x dx = du
{λ (2ax + b ) + µ} in (i), (ii) and (iii).
dt du
∴ I = − cos α ∫ − sin α ∫
cos α − t
2 2
u − sin 2 α
2
y Example 22 Evaluate
 t  a−x a2 − x 2
= − cos α ⋅ sin − 1   − sin α ⋅ log
 cos α 
(i) ∫ a+x
dx (ii) ∫x a2 + x 2
dx
| u − (u 2 − sin 2 α )| + C
 cos x  a−x
= − cos α ⋅ sin − 1   − sin α ⋅ log
Sol. (i) Let I = ∫ a+x
dx
 cos α 
|sin x − sin 2 x − sin 2 α | + C a−x a−x a−x
I = ∫ ×
a+x a−x
dx = ∫ a2 − x 2
dx
2 sin 2 x − cos x
(iii) I = ∫ 6 − cos 2 x − 4 sin x dx a x
I = ∫ a −x
2 2
dx − ∫ a − x2
2
dx
( 4 sin x − 1) cos x
= ∫ 6 − (1 − sin 2 x ) − 4 sin x dx
x t dt
= a ⋅ sin − 1   + ∫
( 4 sin x − 1) cos x a t
= ∫ sin 2 x − 4 sin x + 5 dx
Put a 2 − x 2 = t 2 ⇒ − 2x dx = 2t dt ⇒ x dx = − t dt
Put sin x = t , so that cos x dx = dt
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 15

x  1 1
= a ⋅ sin − 1   + t + C = ∫  − (1 − 2x ) +  1 + x − x 2 dx
a  2 2
x 1 1
= − ∫ (1 − 2x ) 1 + x − x 2 dx + ∫ 1 + x − x 2 dx
= a ⋅ sin − 1   + a 2 − x 2 + C
a 2 2

a2 − x 2 1 1 1 1
(ii) Let I = ∫x dx =−
2 ∫ t dt +
2 ∫ − (x 2 − x + − − 1) dx
4 4
a2 + x 2
[where t = 1 + x − x 2 ]
Put x 2 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
2
1 t 3/2  1  5   1
2

∴ I = ∫
a 2 − t dt 1
⋅ = ∫
a2 − t a2 − t
⋅ dt
=−
2
  +
 3 / 2 2
∫ 
 2
 −  x −  dx
  2
a2 + t 2 2 a2 + t a2 − t
1 a −t2 1 1
= − t 3/2 +
=
2 ∫ a −t4 2
dt 3 2
 2 2
(x − 1 / 2)  5   1 1  5 
2
1 dt 1 t dt  −1  x − 1 / 2  
  −  x −  +   sin   +C
= a2
2 ∫ (a ) − (t )
2 2 2
−
2 ∫ a4 − t 2  2  2   2 2  2   5 / 2  

1 2 t  1 du 1
=− (1 + x − x 2 )3 / 2
=
2
a ⋅ sin − 1  2  +
a  4 ∫ u
,
3
where a 4 − t 2 = u ⇒ − 2t dt = du 1 ( x − 1 / 2) 5  2x − 1 
+  1 + x − x 2 + sin − 1   +C
2 2 8  5  
 t  1  u 
1/ 2
1 2
= a ⋅ sin − 1  2  + ⋅   +C (ii) Let I = ∫ ( x + 1) 1 − x − x 2 dx
2  a  4  1/2 

[where t = x 2 and u = a 4 − x 4 ] d 
Put, ( x + 1) = λ ⋅  (1 − x − x 2 ) + µ
 dx 
1 2  x2  1
= a ⋅ sin − 1  2  + ⋅ a4 − x 4 + C Then, ( x + 1) = λ ( − 1 − 2x ) + µ comparing the
2  a  2 coefficients of like powers of x, we get − 2λ = 1 and
µ − λ = 1 ⇒ λ = − 1 / 2 and µ = 1 / 2.
k( x ) 1 1
Integrals of the Form ∫ dx, ∴ ( x + 1) = − ( − 1 − 2x ) +
2 2
ax + bx + c
2
 1 1
So, ∫ ( x + 1) 1 − x − x 2 dx = ∫  − ( − 1 − 2x ) + 
where k( x ) is a Polynomial of Degree  2 2

Greater than 2 1 − x − x 2 dx
1 1
2∫ ∫
To evaluate this type of integrals we divide the numerator =− ( − 1 − 2x ) 1 − x − x 2 dx + 1 − x − x 2 dx
by denominator and express the integral as 2
1
Q(x ) + 2
R (x )
, where R ( x ) is a linear function of x . = − ∫ ( − 1 − 2x ) 1 − x − x 2 dx
2
ax + bx + c 1   2 1 1
+ ∫ 1 −  x + x + −   dx
2   4 4
y Example 23 Evaluate
1 1
(i) ∫x 1 + x − x 2 dx (ii) ∫ (x + 1) 1 − x − x 2 dx =−
2
t dt +
2 ∫ ( 5 / 2)2 − ( x + 1 / 2)2 dx
[where t = 1 + x − x 2 ]
Sol. (i) Let I = ∫ x 1 + x − x 2 dx
 t 3/ 2  1 1 
1 1
d  =−   +  x +  1 − x − x
2
Put x = λ  (1 + x − x 2 ) + µ 
2 3 / 2  2  2  2 
 dx  1 5  x + 1 / 2 
+ ⋅ sin − 1   + C
Then, comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, 2 4  5 / 2 
we get 1 1
= − ( 1 − x − x 2 ) 3 / 2 + ( 2x + 1) 1 − x − x 2
1 = − 2λ and λ + µ = 0 ⇒ λ = − 1 / 2, µ = 1 / 2 3 8
∴ I = ∫ x 1 + x − x 2 dx 5  2x + 1
+ sin − 1   +C
16  5 
16 Textbook of Integral Calculus

x2 + x + 3 2x 2 + 5 x + 4
y Example 24 Evaluate ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx. y Example 25 Evaluate ∫ x2 + x +1
dx .

x2 + x + 3 2x 2 + 5x + 4
Sol. Let I = ∫ x2 − x − 2 dx Sol. Let I = ∫ x2 + x + 1
dx

d 
 2x + 5  Put 2x 2 + 5x + 4 = λ ( x 2 + x + 1) + µ  ( x 2 + x + 1) + γ
∴ I = ∫ 1 + 2  dx  dx 
 x − x − 2
or 2x 2 + 5x + 4 = λ ( x 2 + x + 1) + µ (2x + 1) + γ
2x + 5
⇒ I = ∫ 1dx + ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx Comparing the coefficients of like terms, we get
2 = λ , 5 = λ + 2µ , 4 = λ + µ + γ
2x + 5 ∴ λ = 2, µ = 3 / 2, γ = 1/2
I =x+ ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx
Hence, the above integral reduces to
d  2x 2 + 5x + 4
Put, 2x + 5 = λ  ( x 2 − x − 2) + µ . Then, obtaining
 dx  I = ∫ x2 + x + 1
dx
2x + 5 = λ (2x − 1) + µ , comparing the coefficients of like
terms. We get, 2 = 2λ and 5 = µ − λ  ( x 2 + x + 1) 3 
( 2x + 1) 1 1
∴ λ = 1 and µ = 6 = ∫ 2 ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅  dx
 x 2 + x + 1 2 x 2 + x + 1 2 x 2 + x + 1 
λ ( 2x − 1) + µ 
∴ I =x+∫ dx
x2 − x − 2 = 2 ∫ x 2 + x + 1 dx +
3 dt 1 dx
2x − 1 1 2 ∫ +
t 2 ∫ x + x +1
2
=x+ ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx + 6 ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx
[where t = x 2 + x + 1]
1 1
= x + ∫ dt + 6 ∫ 3 t 1/ 2
t 1 1
x2 − x + − − 2 = 2 ∫ ( x + 1 / 2)2 + ( 3 / 2)2 dx + ⋅
4 4 2 1/2
[where t = x 2 − x − 2] 1 dx
+ ∫
dx
2 ( x + 1 / 2) 2 + ( 3 / 2) 2
= x + log | t | + 6 ∫ dx
( x − 1 / 2) 2 − ( 3 / 2) 2 1  1 1 3  1 
= 2   x +  x 2 + x + 1 + ⋅ ⋅ log |  x +  + x 2 + x + 1|
 x − 1 − 3 2  2 2 4  2 
log 2 2 + C
1
= x + log | x − x − 2 | + 6 ⋅
2 1  1
2(3 /2)  1 3 + 3 x2 + x + 1 + log |  x +  + x 2 + x + 1 | + C
x− + 2  2
 2 2
 1 3  1 
 x − 2 ∴ I = x +  x 2+ x + 1 + log   x +  + x 2 + x + 1
= x + log | x 2 − x − 2 | + 2 ⋅ log + C  2 4  2 
 x + 1
1  1 
+ 3 x2 + x + 1 + log   x +  + x 2 + x + 1 + C
2   2  
Integrals of the Type  7 5  1 
ax 2 + bx + c ⇒ I =  x +  x 2 + x + 1 + log   x +  + x 2 + x + 1 + C
 2  
1. ∫ ( px 2 + qx + r ) dx 4  2 

(ax 2 + bx + c )
2. ∫ px 2 + qx + r
dx Trigonometric Integrals
(a) Integrals of the Form
3. ∫ (ax 2 + bx + c ) px 2 + qx + r dx
1 1 1
In above cases; substitute ∫ a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x dx , ∫ a + b sin 2 x dx , ∫ a + b cos 2 x dx ,
d 
ax 2 + bx + c = λ ( px 2 + qx + r ) + µ  ( px 2 + qx + r ) + γ . 1 1
 dx  ∫ (a sin x + b cos x ) 2 dx , ∫ a + b sin 2 x + c cos 2 x dx
Find λ, µ and γ. These integrations reduces to integration
of three independent functions.
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 17

To evaluate this type of integrals, divide numerator and To evaluate this type of integrals we put
denominator both by cos 2 x , replace sec 2 x , if any, in 2 tan x / 2 1 − tan2 x / 2
sin x = and cos x = and replace
denominator by (1 + tan2 x ) and put tan x = t . So that 1 + tan2 x / 2 1 + tan2 x / 2
sec 2 x dx = dt . tan x / 2 = t , by performing these steps the integral reduces
1
y Example 26 Evaluate to the form ∫ 2 dt which can be evaluated by
at + bt + c
1 sin x
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ sin 3x dx methods discussed earlier.
4 sin x + 9 cos 2 x
2

dx y Example 27 Evaluate
Sol. (i) I = ∫ 4 sin 2 x + 9 cos 2 x dx dx
(i) ∫ (ii) ∫
2 + sin x + cos x 3 sin x + cos x
Here, dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2 x .
2 tan x / 2
We get Sol. For this type we use, sin x = ,
sec 2 x 1 + tan 2 x / 2
I = ∫ 4 tan 2 x + 9 dx 1 − tan 2 x / 2
cos x = ⋅
Put tan x = t 1 + tan 2 x / 2

⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt dx
(i) Let I = ∫ 2 + sin x + cos x
dt 1 dt
∴ I = ∫ 4t 2 + 9 = 4 ∫ t 2 + ( 3 / 2) 2 dx
= ∫ 2 tan x / 2 1 − tan 2 x / 2
1 1  t  2+ +
= ⋅ tan − 1   +C 1 + tan x / 2
2
1 + tan 2 x / 2
4 3/2  3 / 2
x
1  2 tan x  dxsec 2
I = tan − 1   +C =∫ 2
6  3  x x x
2 + 2 tan 2 + 2 tan + 1 − tan 2
sin x sin x 2 2 2
(ii) Let I = ∫ sin 3x dx = ∫ 3 sin x − 4 sin 3 x dx x
sec 2 dx
dx I =∫ 2
I = ∫ 3 − 4 sin 2 x tan 2 x x
+ 2 tan + 3
2 2
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2 x , we get x
Put tan = t
sec 2 x dx sec 2 x dx 2
I = ∫ 3 sec 2 x − 4 tan 2 x ∫ 3 (1 + tan 2 x ) − 4 tan 2 x
= 1 x
⇒ sec 2 dx = dt = ∫ 2
2 dt
=2∫ 2
dt
2 2 t + 2t + 3 t + 2t + 1 + 2
sec 2 x dx
I = ∫ 3 − tan 2 x =2∫
dt
( t + 1) 2 + ( 2 ) 2
Let tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt 1  t +1 
= 2⋅ tan − 1   +C
dt 1  3 +t 2  2 
∴ I = ∫( = log + C
3 ) − (t )  3 −t  tan x / 2 + 1 
2 2
2 3
I = 2 tan − 1   +C
 2 
1  3 + tan x 
I = log + C
dx
2 3  3 − tan x  (ii) Let I = ∫ 3 sin x + cos x
dx
(b) Integrals of the Form
= ∫ 3 ⋅ 2 tan x / 2 1 − tan 2 x / 2
+
1 1 1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2
∫ a sin x + b cos x
dx, ∫
a + b sin x
dx,
x
sec 2 dx
1 1 = ∫ 2
∫ a + b cos x dx, ∫ a sin x + b cos x + c dx x
2 3 tan + 1 − tan 2
x
2 2
18 Textbook of Integral Calculus

x 1 x 1   π x π 
Put tan= t ⇒ sec 2 dx = dt = log tan  + −  + C
2 2 2 2   4 2 6 
2dt dt
∴ I =∫ =2∫ 1  x π
− t 2 + 2 3t + 1 − t 2 + 2 3t − 3 + 3 + 1 = log tan  +   + C
2   2 12 
dt dt
=2∫ =2∫
4 − (t − 3 ) 2
( 2) − ( t − 3 ) 2
2

1 2 + t − 3
(d) Integrals of the Form
= 2⋅ log + C
2 ( 2) 2 − t + 3 p cos x + q sin x + r p cos x + q sin x
∫ a cos x + b sin x + c dx , ∫ a cos x + b sin x dx
1  2 − 3 + tan x / 2 
∴ I = log + C
2  2 + 3 − tan x / 2  Rule for (i) In this integral express numerator as,
λ (denominator) + µ (diffn. of denominator) + γ.
Find λ, µ and γ by comparing coefficients of sin x , cos x
(c) Alternative Method to Evaluate and constant term and split the integral into sum of three
the Integrals of the Form integrals.
d.c.of (denominator) dx
1 λ ∫ dx + µ ∫ dx + γ ∫
∫ a sin x + b cos x
dx denominator a sin x + b cos x +c

To evaluate this type of integrals we substitute Rule for (ii) Express numerator as λ (denominator) + µ
a = r cos θ, b = r sin θ and so (differentiation of denominator) and find λ and µ as above.
 b  (2 + 3 cos x )
r = a 2 + b 2 , θ = tan − 1   y Example 29 Evaluate ∫ sin x + 2 cos x + 3 dx.
 a 
∴ a sin x + b cos x = r sin ( x + θ ) Sol. Write the numerator = λ (denominator) + µ (d.c. of
1 1 1
So, ∫ a sin x + b cos x dx = r ∫ sin ( x + θ ) dx denominator) + γ
⇒ 2 + 3 cos x = λ (sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + µ (cos x − 2 sin x ) + γ
1 1   x θ Comparing the coefficients of sin x , cos x and constant
= ∫ cosec ( x + θ ) dx = log tan  +   + C
r r   2 2 terms, we get
0 = λ − 2µ , 3 = 2λ + µ , 2 = 3λ + γ
1 1
∴ ∫ a sin x + b cos x dx = a + b2
2
⇒ λ = 6 / 5, µ = 3 / 5, γ = − 8 / 5
6 3 cos x − 2 sin x
Hence, I = ∫ 1 dx + ∫ dx
 x 1 b  5 5 sin x + 2 cos x + 3
log tan  + tan − 1   + C
 2 2 a  8
− ∫
dx
5 sin x + 2 cos x + 3
1
∫
y Example 28 Evaluate 6 3 8
dx . = ⋅ x + log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | − I 3 …(i)
3 sin x + cos x 5 5 5
dx
Sol. Let 3 = r sin θ and 1 = r cos θ. Where, I 3 = ∫
sin x + 2 cos x + 3
3 π
Then, r = ( 3 )2 + (1)2 = 2 and tan θ = ⇒ θ= dx
1 3 = ∫ 2 tan x / 2 2 (1 − tan 2 x / 2)
1 + +3
∴ I = ∫ 3 sin x + cos x
dx 1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2
x
1 sec 2
∫ r sin θ sin x + r cos θ cos x dx
= dx
=∫ 2
x x x
1 dx 1 2 tan + 2 − 2 tan 2 + 3 + 3 tan 2
=
r ∫ cos ( x − θ) = r ∫ sec ( x − θ) dx 2 2 2
x
sec 2 dx
1   π x θ  =∫ 2 x
= log tan  + −   + C , let tan = t
r   4 2 2  tan 2 x x
+ 2 tan + 5 2
2 2
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 19

⇒
1 x
sec 2 dx = dt = ∫ 2
2dt
=2∫
dt  sin( x + A ) ⋅ cos x cos ( x + A ) ⋅ sin x 
= cot A ⋅ ∫  −  dx
2 2 t + 2t + 5 ( t + 1) 2 + 22  cos x cos( x + A ) cos x ⋅ cos ( x +A ) 
 x  = cot A ⋅ {∫ tan ( x + A )dx − ∫ tan x dx }
 tan + 1
1 −1  t + 1  −1 2
I 3 = 2 ⋅ ⋅ tan   = tan   …(ii)
2  2  2 = cot A ⋅ {log | sec ( x + A ) | − log | sec x |} + C
 
  Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
cos 2x
6 3 8

−1
x 
 tan + 1 
2  +C
y Example 31 The value of ∫ sin x
dx , is equal to
I = x + log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3| − tan 
5 5 5 
 2  
  (a) log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + 2 log | cos x
+ cos 2 x − 1 / 2 | + C
y Example 30 The value of ∫ {1 + tan x ⋅ tan ( x + A )} dx
(b) − log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + 2 log | cos x
is equal to
+ cos 2 x − 1 / 2 | + C
 sec x 
(a) cot A ⋅ log + C (c) log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + 2 log | cos x
 sec (x + A ) 
+ cos 2 x − 1 / 2 | + C
(b) tan A ⋅ log | sec (x + A)| + C
(d) − log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + 2 log | cos x
 sec (x + A) 
(c) cot A ⋅ log + C + cos 2 x − 1 / 2 | + C
 sec (x )  cos 2x cos 2x
(d) None of the above
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin x
dx = ∫
sin x cos 2x
dx

Sol. Let I = ∫ {1 + tan x ⋅ tan ( x + A )} dx 1 − 2 sin 2 x

= ∫ sin x cos 2x
dx

 sin x ⋅ sin ( x + A ) 
= ∫ 1+  dx 1 sin x
 cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A )  = ∫ sin x cos x − sin x
2 2
dx − 2 ∫
2 cos 2 x − 1
dx

cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A ) + sin x ⋅ sin ( x + A )

= ∫ cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A )
dx
= ∫
cosec 2 x
dx −
2
∫
sin x
dx
cot x − 1
2 2 cos 2 x − 1 / 2
cos ( x + A − x ) dx
= ∫ cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A ) =− ∫
dt
− 2 ∫
− ds
t −1
2
s − (1 / 2 )2
2

dx
= cos A ⋅ ∫ [where t = cot x and s = cos x ]
cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A )
= − log | t + t − 1 | + 2 log | s + s 2 − 1 / 2 | + C
2
Multiplying and dividing by sin A , we get
sin A dx = − log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + 2 log | cos x
= cot A ⋅ ∫
cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A )
+ cos 2 x − 1 / 2 | + C
sin ( x + A − x ) dx
= cot A ⋅ ∫ Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A )
20 Textbook of Integral Calculus

Exercise for Session 3

n Evaluate the following integrals
2
1. ∫ x dx 4 2. ∫ x 6 dx
9 − 16x 9 + 16x
3
3. ∫ x 8 dx 4. ∫ x
dx
16x − 25 a3 − x 3

x4
5. ∫ dx 6. ∫ −x 1 x dx
a + x6
6
4e − 9e

2x 8x − 11
7. ∫ dx 8. ∫ dx
4 − 25
x
5 + 2x − x 2
x +2
9. ∫ dx 10. ∫ x − 3 2 dx
x 2 + 2x + 2 3 − 2x − x

11. ∫ 2 3x − 1 dx 12. ∫ x dx
4x − 4x + 17 2x + 3

a−x 1− x
13. ∫ dx 14. ∫ dx
x −b 1+ x

x 2 + 2x + 3 dx
15. ∫ dx 16. ∫
x +x +1
2 1 + sin x + cos x
2
17. ∫ dx
18. ∫ cos x sin x
dx
sin x + 3 cos x sin x − cos x

ex cos x − cos 3 x
19. ∫ dx 20. ∫ dx
5 − 4e − ex 2x (1 − cos 3 x )

3 sin x + 2 cos x
21. Evaluate ∫ dx 22. Evalute ∫ (2x − 4) 4 + 3x − x 2dx .
3 cos x + 2 sin x

23. ∫ (2x + 5x2 + 9) dx

2

( x + 1) x + x + 1
dx
24. The value of ∫ , is equal to
sec x + cosec x
 1  tan x / 2 − 1 − 2 
(a) (sin x + cos x ) + log  + C
 2  tan x / 2 − 1 + 2
 1  tan x / 2 − 1 − 2 
(b) 2 (sin x + cos x ) + log  + C
 2  tan x / 2 − 1 + 2

1 1  tan x / 2 − 1 − 2  
(c) (sin x − cos x ) + log  + C
2 2  tan x − 1 + 2  
(d) None of these
Session 4
Integration by Parts
Integration by Parts
Theorem If u and v are two functions of x , then Usually we use the following preference order for
du  selecting the first function. (Inverse, Logarithmic,
∫ uv dx = u ∫ v dx − ∫ dx ∫ v dx  dx Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponent).
In above stated order, the function on the left is always
i.e. The integral of product of two functions = (first chosen as the first function. This rule is called as ILATE.
function) × (integral of second function) – integral of
(differential of first function × integral of second function). y Example 32 Evaluate
Proof For any two functions f ( x ) and g( x ), we have (i) ∫ sin − 1 x dx (ii) ∫ log e | x | dx
d d d
{ f ( x ) ⋅ g( x )} = f ( x ) ⋅ { g( x )} + g( x ) ⋅ { f ( x )} Sol. (i) I = ∫ sin −1 x dx = ∫ sin −1 x ⋅ 1 dx
dx dx dx
I II
 d d 
∴ ∫  f ( x ) ⋅ { g( x )} + g( x ) ⋅ { f ( x )}  dx = ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ g( x ) dx Here, we know by definition of integration by parts that
 dx dx  order of preference is taken according to ILATE. So,
 d   d  ‘sin −1 x ’ should be taken as first and ‘1’ as the second
⇒ ∫  f ( x )⋅ { g( x )}  dx + ∫  g ( x ) ⋅ { f ( x )}  dx
 dx   dx  function to apply by parts.
Applying integration by parts, we get
= ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ g( x )dx
1
I = sin − 1 x ⋅ ( x ) − ∫ ⋅ x dx
 d  1 − x2
⇒ ∫  f ( x ) ⋅ dx { g ( x )}  dx
 1 dt

= ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) dx − ∫  g ( x ) ⋅
d 
{ f ( x )}  dx
= x ⋅ sin − 1 x +
2 ∫ t 1/ 2
 dx 
d Let 1 − x2 = t
Let f ( x ) = u and { g ( x )} = v
dx 1
− 2x dx = dt ⇒ x dx = − dt
So that, g ( x ) = ∫ v dx 2
1 t 1/ 2
 du  = x sin − 1 x + ⋅ +C
∴ ∫ uv dx = u ⋅ ∫ v dx − ∫  dx ⋅ ∫ v dx  ⋅ dx 2 1/2
I = x sin − 1 x + 1 − x 2 + C
Remarks
∫ sin
−1
While applying the above rule, care has to be taken in the ∴ x dx = x sin − 1 x + 1 − x 2 + C
selection of first function (u) and selection of second function ( v ).
Normally we use the following methods : (ii) I = ∫ loge | x | dx = ∫ loge | x | ⋅ 1 dx
I II
1. If in the product of the two functions, one of the functions is
not directly integrable (e.g. Applying integration by parts, we get
log| x |, sin− 1 x, cos − 1 x, tan− 1 x, …, etc.) Then, we take it as the 1
first function and the remaining function is taken as the = log | x | ⋅ x − ∫ ⋅ x dx
x
second function. i.e. In the integration of ∫ x tan− 1 x dx,
tan− 1 x is taken as the first function and x as the second
= x log | x | − ∫ 1 dx
function. I = x log | x | − x + C
2. If there is no other function, then unity is taken as the second
function. e.g. In the integration of ∫ tan− 1 x dx, tan− 1 x is taken y Example 33 Evaluate
as first function and 1 as the second function. (i) ∫ x cos x dx (ii) ∫x
2
cos x dx
3. If both of the function are directly integrable, then the first
function is chosen in such a way that the derivative of the
function thus obtained under integral sign is easily integrable.
Sol. (i) ∫ x cos x dx , I = ∫ x cos x dx
I II
22 Textbook of Integral Calculus

Applying integration by parts, −1 1

= sin − 1 x (1 − 2x ) + ⋅ x 1− x …(ii)
d  2 2
I = x ( ∫ cos x dx ) − ∫  ( x ) { ∫ (cos x ) dx } dx
 dx  From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
I = x sin x − ∫ 1 ⋅ sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + C 4 − 1 1 
I =  (sin −1 x ) (1 − 2x ) + x 1 − x − x +C
π 2 2 
(ii) I = ∫x
2
cos x dx
I II 2
= { x − x 2 − (1 − 2x ) sin −1 x } − x + C
Applying integration by parts, π
d 
I = x 2 ( ∫ cos x dx ) − ∫  ( x 2 ) ⋅ { ∫ cos x } dx
 dx  Integral of Form ∫ e x { f ( x ) + f ′ ( x )}dx
= x sin x − ∫ 2x ⋅ (sin x ) dx
2
Theorem Prove that
= x 2 sin x − 2 ∫ x (sin x ) dx
∫e { f ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) } dx = e x f ( x ) + C
x

We again have to integrate ∫ x sin x dx using integration Proof We have, ∫ e x { f ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) } dx

by parts,
= ∫e ⋅ f ( x ) dx + ∫ e x ⋅ f ′ ( x ) dx
x

= x 2 ⋅ sin x − 2 ∫ x ⋅ sin x dx II I

= f ( x ) ⋅ e − ∫ f ′ ( x ) ⋅ e x dx + ∫ e x ⋅ f ′( x ) dx + C
I II x
  dx  
= x sin x − 2  x ( ∫ sin x dx ) − ∫   ( ∫ sin x dx ) dx 
2

  dx   = f (x ) ⋅ e x + C
= x 2 sin x − 2 { − x cos x − ∫ 1 ⋅ ( − cos x ) dx } Thus, to evaluate the integrals of the type
∫e { f ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) } dx ,
x
I = x sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x + C
2

sin − 1 x − cos − 1 x we first express the integral as the sum of two integrals
y Example 34 Evaluate ∫ sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x
dx.
∫ e f ( x ) dx and ∫ e f ′ ( x ) dx and then integrate the
x x

sin − 1 x − cos − 1 x
integral involving e x f ( x ) as integral by parts taking e x
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x
dx as second function.

sin − 1 x − ( π / 2 − sin − 1 x ) Remark

= ∫ π /2
dx
The above theorem is also true, if we have ekx in place of ex
[Q sin − 1 θ + cos − 1 θ = π / 2]
∫e { f ( kx ) + f ′( kx ) } dx = ekx f ( kx ) + C
kx
i.e.
2
∫ (2 sin
−1
⇒ I = x − π / 2) dx
π
=
4
∫ sin
−1
x dx − ∫ 1 dx
General Concept
π
∫e { f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) + f ′ ( x )} dx
g (x )
4
∫ sin
−1
I = x dx − x + C …(i)
π g ( x ) f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) dx +
Proof I = ∫ e1 ∫1e442 f ′ ( x ) dx
g(x)
23 123 123
Let x = sin 2 θ, then dx = 2 sin θ cos θ dθ = sin 2θ dθ I
II II
443
as it is

∫ sin x dx = ∫ θ ⋅ sin 2θ dθ
−1
∴ Using, ∫ e g(x)
⋅ g ′ ( x ) dx = e g(x)
, we get
I II
Applying integration by parts = f ( x ) ⋅ e g ( x ) − ∫ f ′( x ) ⋅ e g ( x ) dx + ∫ e g ( x ) ⋅ f ′( x ) dx
cos 2θ 1
∫ sin xdx = − θ ⋅ 2 + ∫ 2 cos 2θ d θ
−1
= f (x ) ⋅ e g (x ) + C
−θ 1  x 2 cos 2 x − ( x sin x + cos x ) 
= ⋅ cos 2θ + sin 2θ
2 4 e.g. = ∫ e ( x sin x + cos x )   dx
 x2 
− 1⋅θ 1
= ⋅ (1 − 2 sin 2 θ ) + ⋅ sin θ ⋅ 1 − sin 2 θ
 2 x sin x + cos x 
∫e
2 2 ( x sin x + cos x )
⇒  cos x −  dx
 x2 
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 23

( x sin x + cos x )   cos x   cos x  ′   1 + x2 2x 

⇒ ∫e  x cos x

  +
 x   x  
  dx = ∫ex 
 (1 + x )
2 2
−  dx
(1 + x 2 )2 
cos x  1 2x   d  1  2x 
⇒ e ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅ +C = ∫ex −  dx as  2
=− 
x  1 + x 2
( 1 + x 2 )2   dx 1 + x  ( 1 + x 2 )2 
e.g. = ∫ e tan x (sin x − sec x ) dx ex
= +C
= ∫ e tan x sin x dx − ∫ e tan x sec x dx 1 + x2
ex
⇒ − e tan x ⋅ cos x + ∫ e tan x sec 2 x cos xdx − ∫ e tan x sec xdx ∴ I = +C
1 + x2
⇒ − e tan x ⋅ cos x

y Example 35 Evaluate Integrals of the Form

∫e sin bx dx, ∫ eax cos bx dx
ax
 1 + sin x cos x   1 + sin 2 x 
(i) ∫ e x   dx (ii) ∫ e 2x
  dx
 cos 2 x   1 + cos 2 x 
Let I = ∫ e ax (sin bx ) dx
 1 + sin x cos x 
Sol. (i) I = ∫ e x   dx I= ∫ sin bx ⋅ e
ax
Then, dx
 cos 2 x 
I II
 1 sin x cos x 
I = ∫ex  +  dx  e ax  e ax
 cos 2
x cos 2 x  = sin bx ⋅   − ∫ b cos bx ⋅ dx
 a  a
I = ∫ e {tan x + sec x} dx
x 2

1 b e ax e ax 
I = ∫ e x ⋅ tan x dx + ∫ e x (sec 2 x ) dx = sin bx ⋅ e ax − cos bx ⋅ − ∫ ( − b sin bx ) ⋅ dx 
II
a a a a 
I
I = tan x ⋅ e − ∫ sec 2 x ⋅ e x dx + ∫ e x ⋅ sec 2 x dx + C
x 1 b b2
=sin bx ⋅ e ax − 2 cos bx ⋅ e ax − 2 ∫ sin bx ⋅ e ax dx
a a a
I = e x tan x + C
1 b b2
 1 + sin 2x  I = sin bx ⋅ e ax − 2 cos bx ⋅ e ax − 2 I
(ii) I = ∫ e 2 x   dx a a a
 1 + cos 2x 
b2 1 ⋅ e ax
 1 + 2 sin x cos x  ∴ I+ I= ⋅ (a sin bx − b cos bx )
= ∫e 2x
  dx a2 a2
 2 cos 2 x 
 a 2 + b 2  e ax
 1 2 sin x cos x  ⇒ I = (a sin bx − b cos bx )
= ∫e 2x
 2
+  dx  a2  a2
 2 cos x 2 cos 2 x 
1  e ax
= ∫ e 2 x  sec 2 x + tan x  dx or I= (a sin bx − b cos bx ) + C
2  a2 + b2
1
= ∫ e 2 x ⋅ tan x dx + ∫ e 2 x ⋅ sec 2 x dx e ax
∫ e sin bx dx = (a sin bx − b cos bx ) + C
ax
2 Thus,
II I a2 + b2
e 2x e 2x 1 e ax
= tan x ⋅ − ∫ sec 2 x ⋅ dx + ∫ e 2 x ⋅ sec 2 x dx
2 2 2 Similarly, ∫ e ax cos bx dx = (a cos bx + b sin bx ) + C
a2 + b2
1 2x
I = e ⋅ tan x + C
2 Aliter Use Euler’s equation
2 Let P = ∫ e ax cos bx dx and Q = ∫ e ax sin bx dx
 1− x 
y Example 36 Evaluate ∫ e x   dx .
1+ x 
2
Hence, P + iQ = ∫ e ax ⋅ e ibx dx = ∫ e (a + ib ) x dx
2
x  1− x  ( 1 − 2x + x 2 ) a − ib ax
Sol. I = ∫ e  1 + x 2  dx = ∫e 1
x
(1 + x 2 )2
dx P + iQ = e (a + ib ) x = 2 e (cos bx + i sin bx )
a + ib a + b2
24 Textbook of Integral Calculus

(ae ax cos bx + be ax sin bx ) − i (ae ax sin bx −be ax cos bx ) x 2dx

=
a2 + b2
y Example 38 Evaluate ∫ ( x sin x + cos x )2 ⋅
e ax (a cos bx + b sin bx ) x2
∴ P= Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x sin x + cos x )2 dx
a2 + b2
Multiplying and dividing it by ( x cos x ), we get
e ax (a sin bx − b cos bx )
Q= ( x cos x )
a2 + b2 I = ∫ ( x sec x ) ⋅ dx
I ( x sin x + cos x )2
II
y Example 37 Evaluate x cos x
I = x sec x ⋅ ∫ dx
(i) ∫ e x cos 2 x dx ( x sin x + cos x )2
d  x cos x 
(ii) ∫ sin (log x ) dx − ∫  ( x sec x )  ∫ dx  dx
  ( x sin x + cos x )
2
 dx 
 1 + cos 2x  −1
Sol. (i) I = ∫ e x ⋅ cos 2 x dx = ∫ e x ⋅   dx = x sec x ⋅
 2  ( x sin x + cos x )
1 x 1 −1
I = ∫ e dx + ∫ cos 2x ⋅ e dx x
− ∫ ( x sec x ⋅ tan x + sec x ) ⋅ dx
2 2 ( x sin x + cos x )
1
I = e x + I1
1 − x sec x ( x sin x + cos x )
2 2
…(i) =
( x sin x + cos x )
+ ∫ cos 2 x ⋅ ( x sin x + cos x ) dx
where, I 1 = ∫ cos 2x ⋅ e x dx − x sec x
( x sin x + cos x ) ∫
= + sec 2 x dx
I 1 = ∫ cos 2x ⋅ e x dx = cos 2x ⋅ e x − ∫ − 2 sin 2x ⋅ e x dx
I II − x sec x
I = + tan x + C
= e ⋅ cos 2x + 2 ∫ sin 2x ⋅ e dx
x x ( x sin x + cos x )
I II
y Example 39 The value of
= e x ⋅ cos 2x + 2 {sin 2x ⋅ e x − ∫ 2 cos 2x ⋅ e x dx }
3− x −1  1 
= e x ⋅ cos 2x + 2 sin 2x ⋅ e x − 4 I 1 ∫ 3 + x ⋅ sin  6 3 − x  dx , is equal to
1 x
∴ I1 ={e cos 2x + 2 sin 2x e x } …(ii)  2 
5 1  − 1  x − 1  x
 − 3  cos    + 2 9 − x ⋅ cos   + 2x + C
2
(a)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 4   3  3 
1 1 1
1  
2
I = e x + ⋅ {e x cos 2x + 2 sin 2x ⋅ e x }   x  x
2 2 5 (b)  − 3  cos −1    + 2 9 − x 2 sin −1   + 2x + C
4   3  3
1 x 1
I = e + e x { cos 2x + 2 sin 2x } + C
 
2 10
1  
2
  x  x
(ii) I = ∫ sin (log x ) dx (c)  − 3 sin − 1    + 2 9 − x 2 sin −1   + 2x  + C
4   3  3 

Let log x = t
(d) None of the above
⇒ x = e t or dx = e t dt 3− x  1 
∴ I = ∫ (sin t ) ⋅ e t dt = sin t ⋅ e t − ∫ cos t ⋅ e t dt
Sol. Here, I = ∫ 3+ x
⋅ sin − 1 
 6
3 − x  dx

I II I II
Put x = 3 cos 2θ
I = sin t ⋅ e t − {cos t ⋅ e t − ∫ − sin t ⋅ e t dt } ⇒ dx = − 6 sin 2θ dθ
I = e t ⋅ sin t − e t ⋅ cos t − I 3 − 3 cos 2θ  1 
∴ I = ∫ 3 + 3 cos 2θ
⋅ sin −1 
 6
3 − 3 cos 2θ  ( −6 sin 2θ )dθ

1 t
∴ I = e (sin t − cos t ) + C
2 sin θ
∫ cos θ ⋅ sin
−1
= (sin θ ) ⋅ ( − 6 sin 2θ ) dθ
x
I = {sin (log x ) − cos (log x )} + C
2 = − 6 ∫ θ ⋅ (2 sin 2 θ ) dθ = − 6 ∫ θ (1 − cos 2θ ) dθ
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 25

 θ2  Sol. Here, we have only one function. This can be solved

= − 6  − ∫ θ cos 2θ dθ easily by applying integration by parts taking unity as
2  second function.
 θ 2  sin 2θ  sin 2θ    If we take u = log ( 1 − x + 1 + x ) as the first function
= − 6  − θ − ∫1⋅   dθ 
2  2  2   and v = 1 as the second function.
 θ sin 2θ cos 2θ  Then,
= − 3θ 2 + 6  +  +C
 2 4  I = ∫ 1 ⋅ log ( 1 − x + 1 + x ) dx
1   
2
 x  x
=  − 3  cos −1    + 2 9 − x 2 ⋅ cos −1   + 2x  + C = {log ( 1 − x + 1 + x )} ⋅ x − ∫
1
4    3   3  1− x + 1+ x

Hence, (a) is the correct answer.  1 1 
− +  ⋅ x dx
sec x (2 + sec x )  2 1− x 2 1+ x
y Example 40 The value of ∫ (1 + 2 sec x ) 2
dx , is
= x log ( 1 − x + 1 + x )
equal to 1 1− x − 1+ x 1
sin x cos x
−
2 ∫ 1− x + 1+ x
⋅
1 − x2
⋅ x dx
(a) +C (b) +C
2 + cos x 2 + cos x
= x log ( 1 − x + 1 + x )
− sin x cos x
(c) +C (d) +C
2 + sin x 2 + sin x 1 (1 − x ) + (1 + x ) − 2 1 − x 2 1
sec x (2 + sec x ) 2 cos x + 1
−
2 ∫ (1 − x ) − (1 + x )
⋅
1 − x2
⋅ 2x dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ (1 + 2 sec x ) 2
dx = ∫ (cos x + 2)2 dx
1 1 − x2 − 1
cos x (cos x + 2) + sin x 2 = x log ( 1 − x + 1 + x ) − ∫ dx
= ∫ (2 + cos x ) 2
dx 2 1 − x2
1 1 1
2∫ ∫
= x log ( 1 − x + 1 + x ) − 1 dx + dx
cos x sin 2 x
=∫ dx + ∫ dx 2 1 − x2
2 + cos x (2 + cos x )2
1 1
1 sin 2 x = x log ( 1 − x + 1 + x ) − x + sin − 1 x + C
= ∫ cos x ⋅ dx + ∫ dx 2 2
II (2 + cos x ) (2 + cos x )2 Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
I
Applying integration by parts to first by taking cos x as  x4 +2 
sin 2 x y Example 42 The value of ∫e x   dx , is
second function, keeping ∫ dx as it is.  (1 + x )
2 5/ 2

(2 + cos x )2
1 sin x equal to
∴ I = ⋅ (sin x ) − ∫ sin x ⋅ dx e x (x + 1) e x (1 − x + x 2 )
2 + cos x (2 + cos x )2 (a) (b)
(1 + x 2 ) 3 / 2 (1 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
sin 2 x
+ ∫ (2 + cos x )2 dx (c)
e x (1 + x)
(d) None of these
sin x
∴ I = +C (1 + x 2 ) 3 / 2
2 + cos x
 x4 + 2 
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. Sol. Let I = ∫ e x   dx
 (1 + x 2 )5 / 2 
y Example 41 The value of ∫ log ( 1 − x + 1 + x ) dx , is  1 1 − 2 x2 
= ∫ex  +  dx
equal to  (1 + x 2 )1/ 2 (1 + x 2 )5 / 2 
1 1
(a) x log ( 1 − x + 1 + x ) + x − sin − 1 (x) + C  1 x x 1 − 2x 2 
2 2 = ∫ex  − + +  dx
1 1  (1 + x 2 )1/ 2 (1 + x 2 )3 / 2 (1 + x 2 )3 / 2 (1 + x 2 )5 / 2 
(b) x log ( 1 − x + 1 + x ) + x + sin − 1 (x) + C
2 2 ex xe x e x {1 + x 2 + x }
= + +C = +C
1 1 (1 + x ) 2 1/ 2
(1 + x )
2 3/2
(1 + x 2 )3 / 2
(c) x log ( 1 − x + 1 + x ) − x + sin − 1 (x) + C
2 2 Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
(d) None of the above
26 Textbook of Integral Calculus

y Example 43 If ∫ (sin 3θ + sin θ ) e sin θ cos θ dθ = e (x


sin x + cos x ) 1 
x −  +C
 x cos x 
= ( A sin 3 θ + B cos 2 θ + C sin θ + D cos θ + E ) e sin θ + F ,
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
then
(a) A = − 4 , B = 12 (b) A = − 4 , B = − 12
 2x + 2 
y Example 45 Evaluate ∫ sin − 1   dx.
(c) A = 4 , B = 12 (d) A = 4 , B = − 12  4 x 2 + 8 x + 13 
Sol. Let I = ∫ (sin 3θ + sin θ ) e sin θ ⋅ cos θ dθ
[IIT JEE 2001]
= ∫ (3 sin θ − 4 sin θ ) ⋅ e 3 sin θ
⋅ cos θ dθ;  2x + 2 
Sol. Here, I = ∫ sin − 1   dx
Put sin θ = t ⇒ cos θ dθ = dt  4 x 2 + 8x + 13 
 
= ∫ (3t − 4t 3 ) e t dt …(i)  
2x + 2
= ∫ sin − 1   dx
As, I = ( A sin θ + B cos θ + C sin θ + D cos θ + E )e
3 2 sin θ
+F  ( 2x + 2) 2 + 32 
 
= ( A sin θ − B sin θ + C sin θ + D cos θ + B + E )e sin θ + F
3 2
Put 2x + 2 = 3 tan θ ⇒ 2 dx = 3 sec 2 θ dθ
When, sin θ = t  3 tan θ  3 3
= ∫ sin −1   sec θ dθ = ∫ θ sec θ dθ
2 2
I = ( At 3 − Bt 2 + Ct + B + E ) e t + F  3 sec θ  2 2
as by Eq. (i) D = 0 …(ii) 3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), {θ tan θ − ∫ tan θ dθ }
=
2
∫ (3t − 4t ) e t dt = ( At 3 − Bt 2 + Ct + B + E ) e t + F ,
3
3
14444244443 = {θ tan θ − log | sec θ | } + C
f (t ) 2
differentiating both sides  2 
3  2x + 2 
 2x + 2  2x + 2   + C
(3t − 4t 3 ) e t = ( At 3 − Bt 2 + Ct + B + E )e t + (3At 2 − 2Bt + C )e t ⇒ I=  tan −1   − log  1 +  
2 3  3    3  
⇒ A = − 4 and 3A = B ⇒ B = − 12    
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. 3 2 2  
=  ( x + 1)tan −1  ( x + 1) − log 4 x 2 + 8x + 13 + C
2 3 3  
y Example 44 The value of
−1  2  3
 x 4 cos 3 x − x sin x + cos x  ⇒ I = ( x + 1) tan  ( x + 1) − log ( 4 x + 8x + 13) + C
2
3  4
∫
( x sin x + cos x )
e ⋅   dx , is equal to
 x 2 cos 2 x 
x 2 ( x sec 2 x + tan x ) dx

(a) e ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅  x +
1 
 +C
y Example 46 Evaluate ∫ ( x tan x + 1) 2
⋅
 x cos x 
  x sec 2 x + tan x
(b) e ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅  x cos x +
1 Sol. Here, I = ∫ x 2 ⋅ dx
 +C ( x tan x + 1)2
 x 
 1   1 
( x tan x + 1) ∫
 1  = x 2 −  − 2x ⋅  −  dx …(i)
(c) e ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅  x −  +C   ( x tan x + 1)
 x cos x 
 x sec 2 x + tan x dt 1 1 
(d) None of the above using ∫ dx = ∫ 2 = − = − 
 x 4 cos 3 x − x sin x + cos x   ( x tan x + 1) 2
t t ( x tan x + 1)
Sol. Let I = ∫ e (x sin x + cos x )
⋅  dx
 x 2 cos 2 x   x2  2x (cos x )
= ∫ (x ⋅ e ( x sin x + cos x )
⋅ x cos x ) dx − ∫ e ( x sin x + cos x )
⇒I = −   +
 x tan x + 1
∫ x sin x + cos x dx
 x sin x − cos x [put, x sin x + cos x = u
⋅  dx ⇒ ( x cos x + sin x − cos x ) dx = du ]
 ( x cos x )2 
x2 du
Applying integration by parts ⇒ I =− +2∫
( x tan x + 1) u
= { x ⋅e ( x sin x + cos x )
−∫e ( x sin x + cos x )
dx } 2
x
 1  =− + 2 log | u | + C
x tan x + 1
x cos x ∫
sin x + cos x ) sin x + cos x )
− e (x ⋅ − e (x dx 
  x2
=− + 2 log | x sin x + cos x | + C
x tan x + 1
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 27

Exercise for Session 4

1. ∫ x 2e x dx 2. ∫ x 2 sin x dx

3. ∫ log x ⋅ dx 4. ∫ ( log x )2dx

−1
5. ∫ ( tan−1 x ) dx 6. ∫ (sec x ) dx

7. ∫ x tan−1 x dx 8. ∫ log2x dx
x

9. ∫ x − sin x dx 10. ∫ log (1 + x 2 ) dx

1 − cos x

11. ∫ e x (tan x + log sec x ) dx 12. ∫ e x 1 + sin x2 cos x  dx

 cos x 
   
13. ∫ log (log x ) + 1 2  dx 14. ∫ e 2x ⋅  1 + sin 2x  dx
 (log x )  1 + cos 2x 

15. ∫ e x (1 − x2) 2 dx 16. ∫ e ⋅ (2 − x )2

2 x 2
dx
(1 + x ) (1 − x ) 1 − x

17. ∫ e ax ⋅ cos (bx + c ) dx 18. ∫ sec3 x dx

19. ∫ sin x dx 20. ∫ ( sin−1 x )2dx

x
21. ∫ cot −1(1− x + x 2 ) dx 22. ∫ sin−1 dx
a+x

x 2 + 1{log ( x 2 + 1) − 2 log x }
24. ∫ cos x + sin 2x 2 dx
2
23. ∫ dx
x 4
(2 cos x − sin x )

 x cos 2 x − sin x 
25. ∫ e sin x   dx
 cos 2 x 
Session 5
Integration Using Partial Fraction
This section deals with the integration of general algebraic From now on, we consider only proper rational functions.
f (x ) f (x )  r(x ) 
rational functions, of the form , where f ( x ) and g( x ) If is not proper, we make it proper   by the
g( x ) g( x )  g( x ) 
are both polynomials. We already have seen some procedure described in (1) above. Let us consider a few
examples of this form. For example, we know how to examples.
1 L( x ) P(x )
integrate functions of the form or or Let g( x ) be a product of non-repeated, linear factors :
Q(x ) Q(x ) Q(x ) g( x ) = L1 ( x ) L2 ( x )K Ln ( x )
where L( x ) is a linear factor, Q ( x ) is a quadratic factor and f (x )
P ( x ) is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 2. We intend to Then, we can expand in terms of partial fractions as
g( x )
generalise that previous discussion in this section.
f (x ) A1 A2 An
We are assuming the scanario where g( x ) (the = + +K +
denominator) is decomposible into linear or quadratic g ( x ) L1 ( x ) L2 ( x ) Ln ( x )
factors. These are the only cases relevant to us right now. where the Ai′s are all constants that need to be determined.
Any linear or quadratic factor in g( x ) might also occur Suppose f ( x ) = x + 1 and g( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ). Let
repeatedly. f (x )
Thus, g( x ) could be of the following general forms. us write down the partial fraction expansion of :
g( x )
l g( x ) = L1 ( x ) L2 ( x )K Ln ( x ) (n linear factors) f (x ) x +1 A B C
 n linear factors; the rth  = = + +
l g( x ) = L1 ( x )K Lkr ( x )... Ln ( x )   g( x ) ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) x − 1 x − 2 x − 3
 factor is repeated k times 
We need to determine A, B and C. Cross multiplying in the
 n linear factors, the ith  expression above, we obtain :
l g( x ) = Lk11 ( x ) Lk22 ( x )... Lknn (x )  
 factor is repeated k i times  ( x + 1) = A ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) + B( x − 1) ( x − 3 )
l g( x ) = L1 ( x ) L2 ( x )... Ln ( x )Q ( x )Q 2 ( x )... Q m ( x ) + C ( x − 1) ( x − 2 )
 n linear factors and  A, B, C can now be determined by comparing coefficients
 
m quadratic factors  on both sides. More simply since this relation that we
have obtained should held true for all x ,we substitute
 a particular quadratic factor 
l g( x ) =K Q rk ( x )...   those values of x that would straight way give us the
 repeats more than once  required values of A, B and C. These values are obviously
l A combination of any of the above the roots of g( x ).
Suppose that the degree of g( x ) is n and that of f ( x ) is m. x =1 ⇒ 2 = A ( −1) ( −2 ) + B(0 ) + C (0 )
If m ≥ n,we can always divide f ( x ) by g( x ) to obtain a ⇒ A =1
quotient q( x ) and a remainder r ( x ) whose degree would x =2 ⇒ 3 = A (0 ) + B (1) ( − 1) + C (0 )
be less than n. ⇒ B = −3
f (x ) r(x ) x =3 ⇒ 4 = A (0 ) + B (0 ) + C (2 ) (1)
= q( x ) + …(i)
g( x ) g( x ) ⇒ C =2
f (x )
If m < n, is termed a proper rational function. Thus, A = 1, B = − 3 and C = 2.
g( x )
f (x )
The partial fraction expansion technique says that a proper We can therefore write as a sum of partial fractions.
g( x )
rational function can be expressed as a sum of simpler
f (x ) 1 3 2
rational functions each possessing one of the factors of = − +
g( x ). The simpler rational functions are called partial g( x ) x − 1 x − 2 x − 3
fractions.
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 29

f (x ) Again, let x = − 1
Integrating is now a simple matter of integrating the
g( x ) ⇒ 2( − 1) + 1 = A ( − 1 − 2) + B(0)
partial fractions. This was our sole motive in writing such 1
∴ A= ⋅
an expansion, so that integration could be carried out 3
easily. In the example above : 2x + 1 1/3 5/3
∴ = +
f (x ) ( x + 1) ( x − 2) x + 1 x − 2
∫ g( x ) dx = ln ( x − 1) − 3 ln ( x − 2) + 2 ln ( x − 3) + C
1
Now, suppose that g( x ) contains all linear factors, but a y Example 48 Resolve into
( x − 1) ( x + 2) (2x + 3)
particular factor, say L1 ( x ), is repeated k times.
partial fractions.
Thus, g( x ) = Lk1 ( x ) L2 ( x ) K Ln ( x ) 1 A B C
Sol. Let = + + ,
f (x ) ( x − 1) ( x + 2) ( 2x + 3) x − 1 x + 2 2x + 3
can now be expanded into partial fractions as follows
g( x ) where A , B, C are constants.
f (x ) A1 A2 A3 A B2 B 1 = A ( x + 2)(2x + 3) + B( x − 1) (2x + 3) + C ( x − 1)( x + 2) …(i)
= + + +... k k + +...+ n
g ( x ) L 1 ( x ) L 21 ( x ) L 31 ( x ) L1 ( x ) L 2 ( x ) Ln ( x ) For finding A, let x − 1 = 0 or x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
14444442444444 3
k partial fractions corresponding to L1 (x )
1 = A ( 1 + 2) ( 2 + 3) + B ( 0) + C ( 0)
This means that we will havek terms corresponding to L1 ( x ). 1
The rest of the linear factors will have single corresponding ∴ A=
15
terms in the expansion. Here are some examples.
Similarly, for getting B, let x + 2 = 0 or x = − 2 in Eq. (i), we
1
⇒ get
( x − 1) ( x − 2 )
2
1 = A ( 0) + B ( − 2 − 1) ( − 4 + 3) + C ( 0)
A B C 1
can be expanded as + + ⇒ B=
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x −2 3

1 For getting C, let 2x + 3 = 0 or x = − 3 / 2 in Eq. (i), we get

⇒
( x − 1) 3 ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 )  3   3 
1 = A (0) + B (0) + C  − − 1  − + 2
 2   2 
can be expanded as
4
A B C D C ⇒ C =−
⇒ + + + + 5
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
( x − 1) 3 ( x − 2) ( x − 3)
1 1 1 4
Hence, = + −
1 ( x −1)( x +2) (2x + 3) 15( x − 1) 3( x + 2) 5(2x + 3)
⇒
( x − 1) ( x + 5 ) 3
2
3x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 1
can be expanded as y Example 49 Resolve into partial
A B C D E ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
+ + + + fractions.
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 5 ) ( x + 5 ) 2 ( x + 5 ) 3
Sol. This is not a proper fraction. Hence, by division process it
2x + 1 is to be expressed as the sum of an integral polynomial
y Example 47 into partial fractions and a fraction.
( x + 1) ( x − 2)
Now, 3x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 1 = 3x ( x 2 + 3x + 2)
2x + 1
Sol. Here, has Q ( x ) = ( x + 1) ( x − 2) i.e linear − 7 ( x 2 + 3x + 2) + (16x + 15)
( x + 1) ( x − 2)
and non-repeated roots. So, the given polynomial
2x + 1 A B 3x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 1 (16x + 15)
∴ = + = ( 3x − 7 ) + …(i)
( x + 1) ( x − 2) x + 1 x − 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
⇒ (2x + 1) = A ( x − 2) + B( x + 1) Now, the second term is proper fraction hence it can be
expressed as a sum of partial fractions.
On putting, x = 2 we get
16x + 15 A B
5 = +
5 = A (0) + B(3) ⇒ B = ( x + 1) ( x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
3
30 Textbook of Integral Calculus

To find A put x + 1 = 0, ie, x = − 1 in the fraction except in 5 8 13

0= A +C + D ⇒ A= − =
the factor ( x + 1). 4 9 36
16 ( − 1) + 15 3x − 2
∴ = A ⇒ A = −1 …(ii) ∴ =
13
+
1
( − 1 + 2) 36 ( x − 1) 6 ( x − 1)2
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
To find B put x + 2 = 0, ie, x = − 2 in the fraction except in 5 8
the factor ( x + 2). − +
4 ( x + 1) 9 ( x + 2)
16 ( − 2) + 15
∴ = B ⇒ B = 17 …(iii)
( − 2 + 1) Case III When some of the factors in denominator are
1 17 quadratic but non-repeating. Corresponding to each
⇒ The given expression = (3x − 7 ) − + quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c , we assume the partial
x +1 x +2
Ax + B
[using Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)] fraction of the type 2 , where A and B are
Case II When the denominator g ( x ) is expressible as the ax + bx + c
product of the linear factors such that some of them are constants to be determined by comparing coefficients of
repeating. (Linear and Repeated) similar powers of x in numerator of both the sides.
Let Q ( x ) = ( x − a ) k ( x − a 1 ) ( x − a 2 ) … ( x − a r ). Then, we 2x + 7
assume that y Example 52 Resolve into partial
( x + 1) ( x 2 + 4 )
P (x) A1 A2 Ak fractions.
= + + …+
Q ( x ) ( x − a) ( x − a) 2
( x − a) k 2x + 7 A Bx + C
Sol. Let = + 2
B1 B2 Br ( x + 1) ( x + 4 )
2
x +1 x + 4
+ + + …+
( x − a1 ) ( x − a 2 ) (x − ar ) ∴ 2x + 7 = A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x + 1)
Put x = −1
x+5 ∴ 5 = 5A or A = 1
y Example 50 Expression has repeated
( x − 2) 2 Comparing the terms, 0 = A + B ⇒ B= −1
(twice) linear factors in denominator, so find partial 7 = 4A + C ⇒ C =3
fractions. 2x + 7 1 ( − x + 3)
∴ = + 2
x +5 A B ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 4 ) x + 1 x +4
Sol. Let = +
( x − 2) 2
( x − 2) ( x − 2) 2 Aliter To obtain values of A , B and C from
∴ ( x + 5) = A ( x − 2) + B 2x + 7 = A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x + 1)
Comparing the like terms, A = 1, − 2A + B = 5 or B = 7 i.e., 2x + 7 = ( A + B ) x 2 + ( B + C ) x + 4 A + C
x +5 1 7
∴ = + Equating the coefficients of identical powers of x, we get
( x − 2) 2 ( x − 2) ( x − 2) 2 A + B = 0, B + C = 2 and 4 A + C = 7.
3x − 2 Solving, we get A = 1, B = − 1, C = 3
y Example 51 Resolve into
( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
2
y Example 53 Find the partial fraction
partial fractions. 2x + 1
3x − 2 ⋅
Sol. Let ( 3x + 2) (4 x 2 + 5x + 6 )
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
2x + 1 A Bx + C
A B C D Sol. Let = + ,
= + + + ( 3x + 2) ( 4 x 2 + 5x + 6) ( 3x + 2) ( 4 x 2 + 5x + 6)
( x − 1) ( x − 1) 2
( x + 1) ( x + 2)
then 2x + 1 = A ( 4 x 2 + 5x + 6) + ( Bx + C ) (3x + 2)
∴ 3x − 2 = A ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 2) + B ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
where A , B, C are constants.
+ C ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 2) + D ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)
For A, let 3x + 2 = 0,
Putting ( x − 1) = 0, we get B = 1 / 6,
i.e., x = − 2/3
Putting ( x + 1) = 0, we get C = − 5 / 4
 2  4 10    2 
Putting ( x + 2) = 0, we get D = 8 / 9 2  −  + 1 = A  4⋅ − + 6  +  B  −  + C  (0)
 3  9 3    3  
Now, equating the coefficient of x 3 on both the sides, we get
1  40  3
− =A  ⇒ A=−
3  9  40
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 31

Comparing coefficients of x 2 and constant term on both the 1 3 log | 1 − 2x |

= x + log | x | + +C
sides for B and C, we get 2 2 −2
4 A + 3B = 0,
1 3
4 1 = x + log | x | − log |1 − 2x | + C .
∴ B=− A ⇒ B= and 6A + 2C = 1, 2 4
3 10
1 − 6A 3x −1 A B
∴ C = ⇒C =
29 (ii) Let, = +
2 40 ( x − 2) 2 ( x − 2) ( x − 2) 2
 29 
x +  ⇒ 3x − 1 = A ( x − 2) + B, …(i)
2x + 1 −3  4
∴ = + On putting x = 2 in Eq. (i), we get B = 5.
(3x + 2) ( 4 x + 5x + 6) 40 (3x + 2) 10 ( 4 x + 5x + 6)
2 2
On equating coefficients of x on both sides of (i), we
Case IV When some of the factors of the denominator get A = 3,
are quadratic and repeating. For every quadratic repeating 3x − 1  3 5 
factor of the type (ax 2 + bx + c ) k , we assume : ∴ ∫ ( x −2)2 dx = ∫  ( x − 2) + ( x −2)2  dx
A1 x + A2 A3 x + A4 A2k − 1 x + A2k 5
+ +… + = 3 log | x − 2 | − +C
ax + bx + c (ax + bx + c )
2 2 2
(ax 2 + bx + c ) k x −2
x2 + x + 1 A B C
(iii) Let, = + +
2x + 2x + x + 1
4 2
x 2 ( x + 2) x x2 x + 2
y Example 54 Resolve into partial
x ( x 2 + 1) 2 ⇒ x 2 + x + 1 = Ax ( x + 2) + B( x + 2) + C ( x 2 ) …(i)
fractions. On putting, x = − 2 and x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
2x 4 + 2x 2 + x + 1 A Bx + C Dx + E C =3 / 4 and B =1 / 2
Sol. Let = + 2 + 2
x ( x 2 + 1) 2 x x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 On equation Coefficient of x 2 on both sides of (i),
or 2x 4 + 2x 2 + x + 1 = A ( x 2 + 1)2 + ( Bx + C ) x ( x 2 + 1) we get 1 = A + C ⇒ A = 1 / 4.
+ ( Dx + E ) x x2 + x + 1 1 / 4 1 / 2 3/ 4 
∴ ∫ x 2 ( x + 2) dx = ∫  x
+ 2
x
+
x + 2
 dx
Comparing coefficients of x 4 , x 3 , x 2 , x and constant term
1 1 3
∴ A + B = 2, C = 0, 2A + D + B = 2, E = 1, A = 1 = log | x | − + log | x + 2| + C
4 2x 4
∴ we get A = 1, B = 1, C = 0, D = − 1, E = 1 8 A Bx +C
(iv) Let, = +
Hence, the partial fraction, ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 4 ) x + 2 x 2 +4
2x 4 + 2x 2 + x + 1 1 x 1− x
= + + ⇒ 8 = A ( x + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x + 2)
2
…(i)
x ( x 2 + 1) 2 x 1 + x 2 (1 + x 2 )2
On putting x = −2 in Eq. (i), we get A = 1.
y Example 55 Evaluate the following integrals: On equating coefficient of x 2 on both sides we get,
(1 − x 2 ) dx 3x − 1 0= A + B ⇒B = −1
(i) ∫ (ii) ∫ dx On equating constant term on both sides, we get,
x (1 − 2 x ) (x −2) 2
8 = 4 A + 2C ⇒ C = 2
x2 + x +1 8dx  1 ( − x + 2) 
(iii) ∫ x 2 (x + 2) dx (iv) ∫ (x + 2) (x 2 + 4) ∴
8
∫ ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 4 ) dx = ∫  x + 2 +  dx
x2 + 4 
1 − x2 1 A B 1 1 2x dx dx
Sol. (i) Let, = + +
x ( 1 − 2x ) 2 x ( 1 − 2x )
= ∫ x + 2 dx − 2 ∫ x 2 + 4 + 2 ∫ x 2 + 4
1 1 1 x
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) = x (1 − 2x ) + A (1 − 2x ) + B( x ) = log | x + 2| − log | x 2 + 4| + 2 . tan −1   + C.
2 2 2  2
1
On putting x = 0 and x = , we get
1
1
2
1 3
y Example 56 Evaluate ∫ sin x − sin 2x dx.
1 = A and 1 − = B . ⇒ A = 1, B =
4 2 2 1 1
1 − x2 1 1 3 
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin x − sin 2x dx = ∫ sin x − 2 sin x cos x dx
∴ ∫ x (1 − 2x ) dx = ∫  2 + x + 2(1 − 2x ) dx 1 sin x
= ∫ sin x (1 − 2 cos x ) dx = ∫ sin 2 x (1 − 2 cos x ) dx
32 Textbook of Integral Calculus

y Example 58 Evaluate ∫ sin 4 x ⋅e tan

2
sin x x
= ∫ (1 − cos 2 x ) (1 − 2 cos x ) dx dx .
Sol. The given integral could be written as,
(put cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt )
I = ∫ 4 sin x ⋅ cos x ⋅ cos 2x ⋅ e tan x dx
2
− dt −1
∴ I = ∫ (1 − t 2 ) (1 − 2t )
= ∫
(1 − t ) (1 + t ) (1 − 2t )
dt …(i)
= 4 ∫ tan x ⋅ cos 2 x (cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) ⋅ e tan x dx
2

Here, in Eq. (i) we have linear and non-repeated factors thus

= 4 ∫ tan x ⋅ cos 4 x (1 − tan 2 x ) ⋅ e tan
2
x
we use partial fractions for; dx
−1 A B C
= + + tan x
∫ (sec 2 x )2 ⋅ (1 − tan
2

(1 − t ) (1 + t ) (1 − 2t ) (1 − t ) (1 + t ) (1 − 2t ) =4 2
x ) ⋅ e tan x
dx
or − 1 = A (1 + t ) (1 − 2t ) + B(1 − t ) (1 − 2t ) + C (1 − t ) (1 + t )
Put tan 2 x = t
...(ii)
Putting (t + 1) = 0 or t = − 1, we get
1 ⇒ 2 tan x ⋅ sec 2 x dx = dt
− 1 = B ( 2) ( 1 + 2) ⇒ B = −
6 (1 − t ) e t dt (1 − t ) e t
Putting (1 − t ) = 0 or t = 1, we get
1
⇒ I =4 ∫ (1 + t )3 2 ∫ (1 + t )3 dt
⋅ = 2
− 1 = A ( 2) ( − 1) ⇒ A =
2  2e t − (1 + t ) e t 
Putting (1 − 2t ) = 0 or t = 1 / 2, we get = 2 ∫ dt 
 (1 + t )3 
 1  1 4
− 1 = C 1 −  1 +  ⇒ C = −  2 1 
 2  2 3 = 2 ∫ et −  dt
−1 1 1 4  (1 + t ) 3
(1 + t )2 
∴ = − −
(1 − t ) (1 + t ) (1 − 2t ) 2 (1 − t ) 6 (1 + t ) 3 (1 − 2t ) 1
= −2 et + C
So, Eq. (i) reduces to (1 + t )2
1 1 1 1 4 1 [ using ∫ e x ( f ( x )) + f ′ ( x ))dx = e x . f ( x ) + c ]
I = ∫ dt − ∫ dt − ∫ dt
2 1−t 6 1+t 3 1 − 2t 2
2e tan x
1 1 4 1
= − log | 1 − t | − log | 1 + t | − × − log | 1 − 2t | + C =− +C
2 6 3 2 (1 + tan 2 x )2
1 1 2
= − log | 1 − cos x | − log | 1 + cos x | + log
2
I = − 2 cos 4 x ⋅ e tan x
+C
2 6 3
| 1 − 2 cos x | + C
1 + x cos x
(1 − x sin x ) dx
y Example 59 Solve ∫ x (1 − x 2e 2 sin x ) dx.
y Example 57 Evaluate ∫ x (1 − x 3e 3 cos x ) ⋅
1 + x cos x
(1 − x sin x ) dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ x (1 − x 2e 2 sin x ) dx
Sol. Here, I = ∫ x (1 − ( xe cos x )3 )
Put ( x e sin x ) = t
Put xe cos x
=t
Differentiating both the sides, we get
⇒ ( xe cos x ⋅ ( − sin x ) + e cos x ) dx = dt
( x e sin x ⋅ cos x + e sin x ) dx = dt
dt dt
∴ I =∫ =∫
t (1 − t 3 ) t (1 − t ) (1 + t + t 2 ) ⇒ e sin x ( x cos x + 1) dx = dt
A Ct + D  dt
= ∫ +
B
+  dt
⇒ I = ∫ t (1 − t 2 )
t 1 − t 1 + t + t2
dt
Comparing coefficients, we get
1 2 1
= ∫ t (1 − t ) (1 + t ) [using partial fraction]
A = 1, B = , C = − , D = −
3 3 3 1 1 1 
 2 1 = ∫ + −  dt
 − t −   t 2 (1 − t ) 2 (1 + t ) 
dt 1 dt  3 3
∴ I =∫ + ∫ +∫ dt 1 1
t 3 1−t 1 + t + t2 = log | t | − log | 1 − t | − log | 1 + t | + C
2 2
1 1
= log | t | − log | 1 − t | − log | 1 + t + t 2 | 1
3 3 = log | x e sin x | − log | 1 − x 2e 2 sin x | + C
[where, t = xe cos x ] 2
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 33

y Example 60 Evaluate; dx
= ∫ x {1 + log e x } {2 + log e x } {3 + log e x }
1
∫ x {log e .log e .log e } dx
ex e 2x e 3x
1
Put loge x = t ⇒ dx = dt
Sol. We have, x
dt 1 1 1 1 
1
I = ∫ {log e ex . log e e x .loge e 3 x } dx I = ∫ (1 + t )(2 + t )(3 + t ) = ∫  2 . (1 + t ) − (2 + t ) + (3 + t ) dt
2

x
1  1 1 1  [using partial fraction]
=∫  . . 3 
dx
x  log e ex e 2
x
log e e x  1
log e = log |1 + t | − log |2 + t | + log |3 + t | + C .
2
dx
=∫ 1
e x e2 2 3
x {log e + log e } {log e + log e x } {log e e + log x 2 } = log |1 + log e x | − log |2 + log e x | + log |3 + log e x | + C .
2

Exercise for Session 5

n Evaluate the following Integrals :

x2
1. ∫ dx 2. ∫ dx 3
(x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x −3) 1+ x

3. ∫ dx
4. ∫ 2 2x 2
x ( x n + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 3)

cos x dx
5. ∫ dx 6. ∫ dx
(1 + sin x ) (2 + sin x ) sin x (3 + 2 cos x )

tan x + tan3 x
7. ∫ sec x dx 8. ∫ dx
1 + cosec x 1 + tan3 x

dx tan−1
9. ∫ 10. ∫ . dx
x | 6 (log x ) + 7 log x + 2 |
2
x2
Session 6
Indirect and Derived Substitutions
Indirect and Derived Substitutions =−
2 2  1 
log | 1 + y | + C = log + C
5 5 1 +y
(i) Indirect Substitution 2  x 5/2 
= log 5 / 2 + C …(i)
If the integral is of the form f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ), where g ( x ) is a 5 x + 1
function of the integral of f ( x ), then put integral of
 xk 
f (x ) = t. where, I = a log   +C (given) …(ii)
 1 + xk 
d ( x 2 + 1) ∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
y Example 61 The value of ∫ x2 +2
, is
 xk  2  x 5/2 
a log   + C = log   +C
 1 + xk  5  1 + x 5/2 
(a) 2 x 2 + 2 + C (b) x 2 + 2 + C
⇒ a = 2 / 5 and k = 5 / 2
(c) x x 2 + 2 + C (d) None of these
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
d ( x 2 + 1)
Sol. Here, I = ∫ 5x 4 + 4 x 5
x2 + 2 y Example 63 Evaluate ∫ ( x 5 + x + 1)2 dx .
We know, d ( x 2 + 1) = 2x dx
5x 4 + 4 x 5 x 4 (5 + 4 x )
∴ I = ∫
2x dx Sol. Here, I = ∫ ( x 5 + x + 1) 2 dx = ∫ 2
dx
x2 + 2  1 1
1 + 4 + 5 
10
x
 x x 
Put, x2 + 2 = t2
5/ x6 + 4 / x5
∴ 2x dx = 2t dt ⇒ I = ∫
2t dt
= 2t + C = ∫ 2
dx
t  1 1
1 + 4 + 5 
 x x 
⇒ I = 2 x2 + 2 + C
1 1
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. Put 1+ 4 + 5 =t
x x
( x )5  xk   4 5
y Example 62 If ∫ ( x )7 + x 6 dx = a log  1 + x k  + c ,

⇒  − 5 − 6  dx = dt
 x x 
dt 1 1
then a and k are I = ∫− 2 = +C = +C
t t 1 1
(a) 2 / 5, 5 / 2 (b) 1 / 5, 2 / 5 1+ 4 + 5
x x
(c) 5 / 2, 1 / 2 (d) 2 / 5, 1 / 2
x5
( x )5 dx = 5 +C
Sol. Here, I = ∫(
x) + x 7 6
dx = ∫( x ) + ( x )7
2
x + x +1

=∫
dx
,
y Example 64 For any natural number m, evaluate
7/2  1 
∫ (x + x 2m + x m ) (2x 2m + 3x m + 6)1/m dx , x > 0
3m
x 1 + 
 x 5/2  [IIT JEE 2002]
1 5
Put 5 / 2 = y ⇒ − 7 / 2 dx = dy Sol. Here, I = ∫ ( x 3m
+x 2m
+ x ) ( 2x
m 2m
+ 3x m
+ 6)1/m dx
x 2x
(2x 3m + 3x 2m + 6x m )1/m
I =− ∫
2 dy = ∫ ( x 3m + x 2m + x m ) dx
5 1+y x
= ∫ ( x 3m −1+ x 2m − 1+ x m − 1 ) (2x 3m + 3x 2m + 6x m )1/m dx ...(i)
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 35

Put 2x 3m + 3x 2m + 6x m = t y Example 67 The evaluation of

⇒ 6m ( x 3m − 1 + x 2m − 1 + x m − 1 ) dx = dt p x p + 2q − 1 − qx q − 1
∴ Eq. (i) becomes, ∫ x 2p + 2q + 2x p + q + 1 dx is
dt 1 t (1/m ) + 1
I = ∫ t 1/m = ⋅ +C xp xq
6m 6m (1 / m ) + 1 (a) − p+q
+C (b) p+q
+C
m +1 x +1 x +1
1
I = {2x 3m + 3x 2m + 6 x m} m +C xq xp
6 ( m + 1) (c) − +C (d) +C
xp + q + 1 xp + q + 1
x dx px p + 2q − 1 − qx q − 1
y Example 65 ∫ is equal to Sol. Here, I = ∫ x 2 p + 2q + 2x p + q + 1
1 + x + (1 + x )
2 2 3

1 px p + 2q − 1 − qx q − 1 px p − 1 − qx − q − 1
(a) ln (1 + 1 + x 2 ) + C (b) 2 1 + 1 + x 2 + C ∫ ( x p + q + 1) 2
dx = ∫ ( x p + x −q ) 2
dx
2
(c) 2 (1 + 1 + x 2 ) + C (d) None of these Taking x q as x 2q common from denominator and take it in
numerator.
x dx
Sol. ∫ Put x p + x −q = t ⇒ ( px p − 1 − qx −q − 1 ) dx = dt
(1 + x ) 1 + 1 + x 2
2
 
dt 1 xq
2x
∴ I = ∫ t2 =−
t
+ C = −  p +q
x
 +C
+ 1
Put 1 + 1 + x2 = t2 ⇒ dx = 2t dt
2 1 + x2 Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

∴
x dx
= 2t dt x 2 (1 − ln x )
1+ x 2 y Example 68 ∫ ln 4 x − x 4
dx is equal to

2t dt 1  x  1
∴
t
I = ∫
= 2t + C = 2 1 + 1 + x 2 + C (a) ln   − ln (ln 2 x − x 2 ) + C
2  ln x  4
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
1  ln x − x  1 −1  ln x 
(b) ln   − tan   + C
(2x + 1) 4  ln x + x  2  x 
y Example 66 ∫ ( x 2 + 4 x + 1)3/ 2 dx 1  ln x + x  1 −1  ln x 
(c) ln   + tan   + C
x 3
x 4  ln x − x  2  x 
(a) +C (b) +C
(x + 4 x + 1)
2 1/ 2
(x + 4 x + 1)1 / 2
2
1   ln x − x  −1  ln x  
(d) ln   + tan    + C
x 2
1 4   ln x + x   x 
(c) +C (d) +C
(x 2 + 4 x + 1)1 / 2 (x 2 + 4 x + 1)1 / 2 x 2 (1 − ln x )
2x + 1 2x + 1
Sol. Here, I = ∫ ln x 4 x − x 4
Sol. ∫ ( x 2 + 4 x + 1)3 / 2 dx = ∫ 3/2
dx
 4 1 x 2 (1 − ln x ) 1 − ln x
x 1 + + 2 
3
 x x 
I = ∫  4 
dx = ∫   ln x  4 
dx
4   ln x 
 − 1 x    − 1
2
2x −2 + x −3 x 
= 3/2 ∫
dx  x    x  
 4 1
1 + + 2  ln x 1 − ln x
 x x  Put =t ⇒ = dt
x x2
1 4  2 4
Now, put 2 + + 1 = t 2 ⇒  − 3 − 2  dx = 2t dt dt dt
x x  x x  I = ∫ ( t 4 − 1) = ∫ ( t 2 + 1) ( t 2 − 1)
−t dt 1
∴ I = ∫ 3 = +C
t t 1 ( t 2 + 1) − ( t 2 − 1)
2 ∫ ( t 2 + 1) ( t 2 − 1)
= dt
x
= +C
x 2 + 4x + 1
1  dt dt  1  1 t − 1 
2  ∫ t 2 − 1 ∫ t 2 + 1 2  2 t + 1
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. I =  −  =  ln − tan −1 t 

36 Textbook of Integral Calculus

1  ln x − x  1 −1  ln x  xn − 1
∫ x g ( x ) dx = ∫ (1 + nx n )1/n dx
n−2
= ln   − tan   +C ∴
4  ln x + x  2  x 
1
= ∫n ⋅ x n − 1 ⋅ (1 + nx n )−1/n dx
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. 2
n2
x2 −1
∫ x3
1
y Example 69 1−
dx is equal to 1 (1 + nx n ) n
2x − 2x + 1
4 2
= 2⋅
1
+C
[IIT JEE 2006] n 1−
2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 n
(a) +C (b) +C 1−
1

x2 x3 (1 + nx n ) n
= +C
2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 n ( n − 1)
(c) +C (d) +C
x 2x 2 Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
x2 − 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ x3 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
dx
Derived Substitutions
x −1
2
dx Some times it is useful to write the integral as a sum of
= ∫ x5
⋅
2 1 two related integrals which can be evaluated by making
2− + suitable substitutions.
x2 x4
4 4 Examples of such integrals are
−
1 3
x5 1 2 1
=
4 ∫ x
2 1
dx =
4
⋅2 2 − 2 + 4
x x
2− +
x2 x4
 f ′( x ) 
Type I
Q ∫ dx = 2 f (x ) + C
 f (x )  (a) Algebraic Twins
2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 2x 2 x2 +1 x2 −1
= +C
2x 2
∫ x 4 +1 dx = ∫
x 4 +1
dx + ∫
x 4 +1
dx
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
2 x2 +1 x2 −1
y Example 70 Let f ( x ) =
x
for n ≥ 2 and ∫ x 4 +1 dx = ∫
x 4 +1
dx − ∫
x 4 +1
dx
(1 + x ) n 1/n

∫ x g ( x ) dx equals to 2x 2
n−2
g ( x ) = fofo K of ( x ) , then 2
14243 ∫ x 4 + 1 + kx 2 dx , ∫ ( x 4 + 1 + kx 2 ) dx
n times
[IIT JEE 2007]
1 1
(a)
1 1−
(1 + nx n ) n + C (b)
1 1−
(1 + nx n ) n + C (b) Trigonometric Twins
n (n − 1) n−1
1+
1
1+
1 ∫ tan x dx , ∫ cot x dx ,
1 1
(c) (1 + nx n ) n + C (d) (1 + nx n ) n + C 1 1
n(n + 1) n+1 ∫ (sin 4 x + cos 4 x ) dx , ∫ sin 6 x + cos 6 x dx ,
x
Sol. Q f (x ) = ± sin x ± cos x
(1 + x n )1/n ∫ a + b sin x cos x dx
y
∴ f ( f ( x )) = ,
(1 + x n )1/n Method of evaluating these integral are illustrated by
x x mean of the following examples :
Where, y= =
(1 + x ) n 1/n
(1 + 2x n )1/n

Similarly, f ( f ( f ( x ))) =
x Integral of the Form
(1 + 3x n )1/n  1  1 
x
1. ∫f  x +   1 − 2  dx
 x   x 
and ( fofofo ... of ) ( x ) = g ( x ) =
1442443 (1 + nx n )1/n 1  1 
n times Put x + = t ⇒  1 − 2  dx = dt
x  x 
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 37

 1  1  1 1 + x2 1 1 − x2
2. ∫ f  x −   1 + 2  dx .
 x  x 
⇒ I =
2 ∫ x 4 + 5x 2 + 1 dx +
2 ∫ x 4 + 5x 2 + 1 dx
1  1  1 1 + 1/ x2 1 1 − 1/ x2
Put x − = t ⇒  1 + 2  dx = dt

= ∫ x 2 + 5 + 1 / x 2 dx − 2 ∫ x 2 + 5 + 1 / x 2 dx
x x  2

x2 +1 [(dividing Numerator and Denominator by x 2 )]

3. ∫ x 4 + kx 2 + 1 dx . 1 (1 + 1 / x 2 ) 1 (1 − 1 / x 2 )
= ∫
2 ( x − 1 / x )2 + 7
dx − ∫
2 ( x + 1 / x )2 + 3
dx
Divide numerator and denominator by x 2 .
1 dt 1 du
x2 −1 = ∫ − ∫ 2
4. ∫ x 4 + kx 2 + 1 dx 2 t + ( 7)
2 2
2 u + ( 3 )2
1 1
2 where t = x −and u = x +
Divide numerator and denominator by x . x x
1 1  −1 t  1 1  −1 u 
5 ∴ I = ⋅  tan  − ⋅  tan  +C
y Example 71 Evaluate ∫ 1 + x 4 dx. 2 7  7 2 3  3
1 1 x − 1/ x 1  x + 1 / x 
=  tan −1   − tan −1   +C
Sol. Let I = ∫
55
dx = ∫
2
dx 2 7  7  3  3  
1 + x4 2 1 + x4

=
5  1 + x2
∫ dx +
1 − x2 
∫ 1 + x 4 dx 
y Example 73 Evaluate ∫ tan x dx .
2  1 + x4  Sol. Here I = ∫ tan x dx
5  x2 + 1 x2 − 1 
= ∫ 4 dx − ∫ x 4 + 1 dx  Put tan x = t 2
2  x +1  2t dt
⇒ sec 2 x dx = 2t dt ⇒ dx =
1 + t4
Remark
2t 2t 2
Here, dividing Numerator and Denominator by x 2 and ∴ I = ∫t ⋅ dt = ∫ t 4 + 1 dt
converting Denominator into perfect square so as to get 1+t 4

differential in Numerator
t +1
2
t2 − 1
5  1 + 1/ x2 1 − 1/ x2 
= ∫ t4 + 1 dt + ∫ t 4 + 1 dt
2 ∫ x 2 + 1 / x 2 ∫ x 2 + 1 / x 2 dx 
i.e. I =  dx −
 1 + 1/t2 1 − 1/t2
5 1 + 1/ x2 1 − 1/ x2 
= ∫ t 2 + 1 / t 2 dt + ∫ t 2 + 1 / t 2 dt
= ∫ dx − ∫ dx 
2  (x − 1 / x ) + 2
2
( x + 1 / x )2 − 2  1 + 1/t2 1 − 1/t2
= ∫ (t − 1 / t )2 + 2 dt + ∫ (t + 1 / t )2 − 2 dt
5 dt du 
2 ∫ t 2 + ( 2 ) 2 ∫ u 2 − ( 2 ) 2 
=  − , ds dr  1 1
I = ∫ s 2+ ( 2) 2
+ ∫ r 2− ( , s = t − and r = t + 
2
2)  t t
1 1
[where t = x −and u = x + ]
x x 1  s  1 r − 2
= tan − 1   + log + C
51  t  1 u − 2  2  2  2 2 r + 2
=  tan − 1   − log  + C
2 2  2 2 2  u + 2    1 
1  − 1 t − 1 / t  1 t + − 2
=  + log  t  + C
  x + 1 − 2  tan 
2  2  2 t + 1 + 2
51  −   + C
log
x 1 / x 1  
∴ I =  tan −1  − x
  t
2 2  2  2 2  1 
x+ + 2  [(where t = tan x )]
  x 
4
y Example 72 Evaluate
1
∫ x 4 + 5x 2 + 1 dx. y Example 74 Evaluate ∫ sin 4 x + cos 4 x dx.
dx
Sol. Let I =
1 2
∫ x 4 + 5x 2 + 1 dx Sol. Let I =4 ∫ sin 4 x + cos 4 x
2
38 Textbook of Integral Calculus

Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 4 x, we get 1+

1
1+
1
y2 + 1 y2 y2
∫ y 4 + 1 dy = ∫ ∫
4
sec x I = dy =
∫ tan 4 x + 1 dx
I =4 2
dy
1  1
y2 +
y2 y −  + 2
 y
sec 2 x (1 + tan 2 x )
I =4 ∫ 1 + tan 4 x
dx
1  1
Put, y − = t ⇒ 1 + 2  dy = dt
y  y 
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt
dt 1  −1 t 
∴ I =4
t2 + 1
∫ t4 + 1 dt
I = ∫ t2 + 2 = 2
 tan

 +C
2
 1  x 1 
1 + 1/t2 1 + 1/t2 y −  x − x 
=4 ∫ t2 + 1/t2 dt = 4 ∫ (1 − 1 / t )2 + 2 dt
=
1
tan −1 
y
+C=
1
tan −1  x  +C
2  2  2  2 
   
Again, put z =t −
1  
t
dz 4  z 
∴ I =4 ∫ z2 + 2 = 2
tan − 1   + C
 2
y Example 77 Evaluate
( x 2 − 1) dx
 tan x − 1 / tan x 
I = 2 2 tan − 1   +C ∫ −1  1 
.
 2  ( x + 3x + 1) tan
4 2
 x+ 
 x
(ax 2 − b ) dx ( x 2 − 1)
y Example 75 The value of ∫x c x − (ax + b )
2 2 2 2
, is Sol. Here I =

∫ ( x 4 + x 3 + 1) tan −1  x + x 
1

equal to The given integral can be written as

1  b  b (1 − 1 / x 2 ) dx
(a) sin −1 ax  + k (b) c sin −1 ax +  + k I = ∫
c  x  x  1 
( x 2 + 3 + 1 / x 2 ) tan − 1  x + 
 x 
ax + b / x 
(c) sin −1   +k (d) None of these
 c  (dividing numerator and denominator by x 2 )
 b (1 − 1 / x 2 ) dx
a − 2  dx I = ∫
(ax 2 − b ) dx  x   1 
{( x + 1 / x )2 + 1} tan − 1  x + 
Sol. Here, I = ∫x c 2 x 2 − (ax 2 + b )2
= ∫ 2  x 
 b
c 2 − ax +  1  1 
 x Put, x + = t ⇒  1 − 2  dx = dt
x  x 
b
Put ax + =t dt
x ∴ I = ∫ 2 …(i)
 b (t + 1) ⋅ tan − 1 (t )
∴ a − 2  dx = dt
 x  Now, make one more substitution
dt
dt t  tan −1 t = u . Then, 2 = du
I = ∫ c −t2 2
= sin −1   + k
c  t +1
du
 ax + b / x  ∴ Eq. (i) becomes, I = ∫ = log | u | + C
⇒ sin −1   +k u
 
c ⇒ I = log | tan − 1 t | + C = log | tan − 1 ( x + 1 / x ) | + C
Hence (c) is the correct answer.
( x − 7 / 6 − x 5/ 6 ) dx
x x ( x 2x + 1) (ln x + 1) y Example 78 ∫ x 1/ 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 2 − x 1/ 2 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 3
y Example 76 ∫ x 4x
+1
dx

x 2x
+ 1) (ln x + 1) x 7 / 6 ( x − 7 / 6 − x 5 / 6 ) dx
∫ x 7 / 6 ⋅ x 1/ 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 2 − x 1/ 2 ⋅ x 7 / 6 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 3
x (x Sol. I =
Sol. I = ∫ x 4x + 1
dx

Put x x = y ⇒ x x (ln x + 1) dx = dy (1 − x 2 ) dx
= ∫ x 3 / 2 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 2 − x 5 / 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 3
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 39

 1   1  The following examples illustrate the procedure :

−  1 − 2  dx
 x  Putting x + x = t 
= ∫ 1/ 2 1/ 3
 
⇒ 1 − 1  dx = dt  y Example 80 Evaluate ∫ ( x + 1)
1
dx .
 1   1 
 x + + 1 −  x + + 1   x −2
 x   x  x2 
1
=−
dt
∫ (t + 1)1/ 2 − (t + 1)1/ 3
Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x + 1) x −2
dx

Here, P and Q both are linear, so we put Q = t 2

Substitute, (t + 1) = u 6
i.e. x − 2 = t2
6u 5 du u3
=−∫ 3 = − 6 ∫ u − 1 du, So that dx = 2t dt
u − u2
1 dt
Put u −1=z ∴ I = ∫ ( t 2 + 2 + 1) t 2
⋅ 2t dt = 2 ∫
t2 + 3
( z + 1) 3
dz = − 6 ∫ dz
z 1  t 
=2× tan − 1   + C
z 3 + 3z 2 + 3z + 1 3  3
= −6∫ dz
z 2  x − 2
 1 ∴ I = tan − 1   +C
= − 6 ∫  z 2 + 3z + 3 +  dz 3  3 
 z 
 z 3 3z 2  φ (x )
= −6  + + 3z + log | z |  + C (b) Integrals of the Form ∫ dx, where P is a
 3 2  P Q
1/ 6
 1  quadratic expression and Q is a linear expression
where, z =  x + +1 −1
 x  To evaluate this type of integrals we put Q = t 2 i.e. to
evaluate the integrals of the form
y Example 79 The value of ∫ {{[ x ]}} dx , where {.} and
1
[.] denotes fractional part of x and greatest integer ∫ (ax 2 + bx + c ) px + q dx
function, is equal to put px + q = t 2 .
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
x+2
Sol. Let I = ∫ {{[ x ]}} dx y Example 81 Evaluate ∫ ( x 2 + 3x + 3) x+1
dx .
where, [ x ] = Integer and we know {n} = 0;n ∈ Integer.
I = ∫ 0 dx = 0 x +2
∴ Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x 2 + 3x + 3) x +1
dx
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
Put x + 1 = t 2 ⇒ dx = 2t dt
( t 2 − 1) + 2
Type II ∴ I = ∫ {(t 2 − 1)2 + 3 (t 2 − 1) + 3} t2
⋅ (2t ) dt

t2 + 1 1 + 1/t2
Integration of Some Special = 2∫ dt = 2 ∫ dt
t4 + t2 + 1 t2 + 1 + 1/t2
Irrational Algebraic Functions 1 + 1/t2 du
In this case we shall discuss four integrals of the form =2∫ dt = 2 ∫
(t − 1 / t ) + ( 3 )
2 2
u + ( 3 )2
2
φ (x )
∫ P Q dx , where P and Q are polynomial functions of x  1
where u = t − t 
and φ ( x ) is polynomial in x . =
2 u 
tan − 1   + C
φ (x ) 3  3
(a) Integrals of the Form ∫ dx, where P and Q
P Q 2  t 2 − 1
are both linear of x ∴ I = tan −1   +C
3  3t 
To evaluate this type of integrals we put Q = t 2 , i.e. to  
2 x
1 = tan −1   +C
evaluate integrals of the form ∫ dx , put 3  3 ( x + 1) 
(ax + b ) cx + d
cx + d = t 2 .
40 Textbook of Integral Calculus

1 dx 1 2z dz dz
2 ∫ ( z 2 + 1 + 1) z 2
(c) Integral of the Form ∫ ⋅ , ∴ I =− =−∫ 2
(ax + b ) px + qx + r
2 ( z + 2)
dx
where in ∫ P is linear and Q is a quadratic put, 1  z 
P Q I =− tan − 1   + C
1 2  2
ax + b = ⋅
t 1  u − 1
dx I =− tan − 1   +C
y Example 82 Evaluate ∫ ( x − 1) x2 + x +1
⋅ 2  2 

1  t 2 − 1
=− tan − 1   +C
dx  2 
Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x − 1) x2 + x + 1
2 

1  1 − x2 
1 1 =− tan − 1   +C
Put x − 1 = ⇒ dx = − 2 dt 2  2x 
t t 
− 1 / t 2 dt Aliter Put x = cos θ, dx = − sin θ dθ
∴ I =∫
2 sin θ dθ dθ
1 
1 / t  + 1 +  + 1 + 1
1  ∴ I =−∫ =−∫
t  t  (1 + cos 2 θ ) sin θ 1 + cos 2 θ
dt 1 dt sec 2 θ dθ sec 2 θ dθ
=−∫ =− ∫ =− ∫ sec 2 θ + 1 =− ∫ tan 2 θ + 2
3t + 3t + 1
2 3  1
2
1
t +  +
 2 12 Put tan θ = t . ⇒ sec 2 θ dθ = dt
1 dt 1  t 
=− log | (t + 1 / 2) + (t + 1 / 2)2 + 1 / 12 | + C
3
∴ I =− ∫ t2 + 2 = − 2
tan − 1   + C
 2
  1 1
2 
 12  +  + 1 1  tan θ 
1  1 1  x − 1 2 =− tan − 1   +C
=− log  +  + + C 2  2 
 
3   x − 1 2 12  where, cos θ = x 
 
 1 − x2   
  =−
1
tan − 1   +C  sin θ = 1 − x 2 
dx  2x 
(d) Integrals of the Form ∫ , where P and Q both
2    
 1 − x2 
P Q
∴ tan θ = 
are pure quadratic expression in x , i.e.P = ax 2 + b x
dx
and Q = cx 2 + d , i. e. ∫ ⋅ y Example 84 Evaluate
(ax 2 + b ) cx 2 + d
( x − 1) x 4 + 2x 3 − x 2 + 2x + 1
To evaluate this type of integrals of the form we put x =
1 I= ∫ x 2 ( x + 1)
dx .
t
dx ( x 2 − 1) x 4 + 2x 3 − x 2 + 2x + 1
y Example 83 Evaluate ∫ . Sol. Here, I = ∫ dx
(1 + x 2 ) 1 − x 2 x 2 ( x + 1) 2
dx  1  2 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ (1 + x 2 ) 1 − 2  x 2  x 2 + 2x − 1 + + 2 
 x   x x 
1 − x2 = ∫ x 2 ( x 2 + 2x + 1)
dx
1 1
Put x = , so that dx = − 2 dt
t t x2
− 1 / t 2 dt  1  2 1  1
∴ I =∫ =−∫
t dt 1 − 2  x + 2  + 2 x +  − 1
 x   x   x
(1 + 1 / t ) 1 − 1 / t ( t + 1) t 2 − 1
∫
2 2 2
= dx
 1 
Again, t = u ⇒ 2t dt = du .
2
 x + + 2
 x 
1 du dx 1  1
=− ∫
2 ( u + 1) u − 1
which reduces to the form ∫P Q
Put x +
x
= t , i.e. 1 − 2  dx = dt
 x 
where both P and Q are linear so that we put u − 1 = z 2 so (t 2 − 2) + 2t − 1 t 2 + 2t − 3
that du = 2z dz = ∫ ( t + 2)
dt = ∫ ( t + 2)
dt
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 41

t 2 + 2t − 3 t 2 dt dt
= ∫ ( t + 2) t + 2t − 3
2
dt =− ∫ 1+t 2
= ∫ 1 + t2
− ∫ 1 + t 2 dt

t ( t + 2) dt t 1
= ∫ ( t + 2) t + 2t − 3
2
dt − 3∫
(t + 2) t + 2t − 3
2
= log | t + 1 + t 2 | −
2
1 + t 2 − log | t + 1 + t 2 | + C
2
1 t
I = I 1 − 3I 2 …(i) = log | t + 1 + t 2 | − 1 + t2 + C
t dt dt 2 2
Where, I 1 = ∫ and I 2 = ∫
  1 + x 2 − 6x + 10  x 2 − 6x + 10 
t 2 + 2t − 3 (t + 2) t 2 + 2t − 3 1
= log −  +C
t dt 2   | x − 3|  | x − 3 |2 
∴ I1 = ∫ ( t + 1) 2 − 4
ax 2 + bx + c
(z − 1) dz (f) Integrals of the Form ∫ dx
Put, t + 1 = z = ∫ z −2
2 2 (dx + e ) fx 2 + gx + h
Here, we write
zdz dz ax 2 + bx + c = A1 (dx + e ) (2 fx + g ) + B 1 (dx + e ) + C 1
= ∫ z 2 − 22
− ∫ z 2 − 22
Where A1 , B 1 and C 1 are constants which can be obtained
= z 2 − 22 − log | z + z 2 − 4 | by comparing the coefficients of like terms on both the
= t 2 + 2t − 3 − log | (t + 1) + t 2 + 2t + 3 | …(ii) sides.
2x 2 + 5 x + 9
∫ ( x + 1)
dy
Also, I 2 = ∫ y Example 86 Evaluate dx .
x2 + x +1
2
1 1  1 
y ⋅2
 − 2 + 2  − 2 − 3
y y  y  Sol. Let 2x 2 + 5x + 9 = A ( x + 1) (2x + 1) + B ( x + 1) + C
1 dy 1 dy
Put t + 2 =
y
= ∫ 1 − 2y − 3y 2
=
3 ∫ 2 2
or 2x 2 + 5x + 9 = x 2 (2A ) + x (3A + B ) + ( A + B + C )
 2  1 ⇒ A = 1, B = 2, C = 6
  − y + 
 3  3 2x 2 + 5x + 9
 1 Thus, ∫ dx
y +  ( x + 1) x 2 + x + 1
=
1 −1
sin  3  = 1 sin − 1  5 + t 
  …(iii)
( x + 1) ( 2x + 1) x +1
2 2 + t 
3 
 3 
 3 = ∫ ( x + 1) x + x +1
2
dx + 2 ∫
( x + 1) x 2 + x + 1
dx

∴ I = t 2 + 2t − 3 − log (t + 1 + t 2 + 2t − 3 ) dx
+ 6∫
 t + 5 ( x + 1) x 2 + x + 1
− 3 sin − 1  
 t + 2 2x + 1 dx dx
where, t = x +
1
x
= ∫x + x +12
dx + 2∫
x + x +1 2
+ 6∫
( x + 1) x 2 + x + 1
du dx − dt
dx =∫ +2∫ +6∫
(e) Integrals of the Form∫ , u ( x + 1 / 2) + ( 3 / 4 )
2
t −t +1
2
(x − k ) r
ax 2 + bx + c
where r ≥ 2 and r ∈ I [where u = x 2 + x + 1 and = x + 1]
1
1 t
Here, we substitute, x − k =
t = 2 x 2 + x + 1 + 2 ⋅ 1 log | ( x + 1 / 2) + x 2 + x + 1 |
dt
dx −6 ∫
y Example 85 Evaluate ∫ ( x − 3) 3 x 2 − 6 x + 10
⋅ ( t − 1 / 2) 2 + 3 / 4
 1 
= 2 x 2 + x + 1 + 2 log  x +  + x 2 + x + 1 
1 1  2 
Sol. Substitute ( x − 3) = ⇒ dx = − 2 dt   1  
t t −6 logt −  + t 2 − t + 1 + C
dx   2  
We get, ∫ ( x − 3) 3 x 2 − 6x + 10 
 1 

= 2 x + x + 1 + 2 log  x +  + x + x + 1 − 6 log
2 2
 2 
− 1 / t 2 dt
= ∫ 1/t3 (1 / t + 3)2 − 6 (1 / t + 3) + 10
1− x + x2 + x + 1
 + C
 2 ( x + 1) 
42 Textbook of Integral Calculus

dx
Type III y Example 89 Evaluate ∫ 2 sin x + sec x ⋅
Integration of Type ∫ (sinm x ⋅ cos n x ) dx Sol. Let I =
dx cos x dx 1 2 cos x dx
∫ 2 sin x + sec x = ∫ sin 2x + 1 = 2 ∫ 1 + sin 2x
(i) Where m, n belongs to natural number. 1 (cos x + sin x ) + (cos x − sin x )
2 ∫ (sin 2 + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x )
= dx
(ii) If one of them is odd, then substitute for term of even
power. 1 cos x + sin x 1 (cos x − sin x )
2 ∫ (sin x + cos x )2
= dx + ∫ dx
(iii) If both are odd, substitute either of them. 2 (sin x + cos x )2
(iv) If both are even, use trigonometric identities only. 1 dx 1 dv
2 ∫ sin x + cos x 2 ∫ v 2
= + , where, v = sin x + cos x
m + n − 2 
(v) If m and n are rational numbers and   is a
  1 dx 1
2 2 ∫ 1 sin x + 1 cos x 2v
2 = − +C
negative integer, then substitute cot x = p or tan x = p
which so ever is found suitable. 2 2
1 dx 1
2 2 ∫
= − +C
y Example 87 Evaluate ∫ sin 3 x ⋅cos 5 x dx .  π  2 (sin x + cos x )
sin  x + 
 4
Sol. I = ∫ sin 3 x ⋅ cos 5 x dx
1  π  π 1
= log| cosec  x +  − cot  x +  | − +C
Let cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt 2 2  4  4  2 (sin x + cos x )
I = − ∫ (1 − t 2 ) ⋅ t 5dt
t8 t6
I = ∫ t 7 dt − ∫ t 5 dt = − +C
8 6 Type IV
cos 8 x cos 6 x
I = − +C
8 6 Integrals of the Form∫ x m( a + bx n )P dx
Aliter I = ∫ R 3 (1 − R 2 )2 dR,
Case I If P ∈ N . We expand using binomial and integrate.
if sin x = R, cos x dx = dR −
Case II If P ∈ I (ie, negative integer), write x = t k ,
I = ∫ R 3 dR − ∫ 2R 5 dR + ∫ R 7dR
where k is the LCM of m and n.
I =
sin 4 x 2 sin 6 x
− +
sin 8 x
+C
m +1
Case III If is an integer and P ↔ fraction, put
4 6 8 n
Remark (a + b x n ) = t k , where k is denominator of the fraction P.
This problem can also be handled by successive reduction or by
m + 1 
trigonometrical identities. Answers will be in different form but Case IV If  + P  is an integer and P ∈fraction.
identical with modified constant of integration.  n 
y Example 88 Evaluate ∫ sin − 11/ 3 x ⋅cos − 1/ 3 x dx . We put (a + b x n ) = t k x n , where k is denominator of the
11 1 fraction P.
− − −2
Sol. Here, ∫ sin − 11/ 3
x ⋅ cos − 1/ 3
x dx i.e. 3 3 = −3 y Example 90 Evaluate ∫ x 1/ 3 (2 + x 1/ 2 ) 2 dx .
2
− 1/ 3
cos x
∫ sin − 1/ 3 x ⋅ sin 4 x dx = ∫ (cot
− 1/ 3
∴ I = x ) (cosec 2 x )2 dx Sol. I = ∫ x 1/ 3 (2 + x 1/ 2 )2 dx
Since, P is natural number.
I = ∫ (cot − 1/ 3 x ) (1 + cot 2 x ) cosec 2 x dx
∴ I = ∫ x 1/ 3 ( 4 + x + 4 x 1/ 2 ) dx
= − ∫ t − 1/ 3 (1 + t 2 ) dt = − ∫ (t − 1/ 3 + t 5 / 3 ) dt
= ∫ ( 4 x 1/ 3 + x 4 / 3 + 4 x 5 / 6 ) dx
[Put cot x = t , ⇒ − cosec 2 x dx = dt ]
4 x 4 / 3 x 7 / 3 4 x 11/ 6
3 3  = + + +C
= −  t 2/3 + t 8/3 + C 4 /3 7 /3 11 / 6
2 8 
3 24 11/ 6
 3 3  = 3x 4 / 3 + x 7 / 3 + x +C
= −  (cot 2 / 3 x ) + (cot 8 / 3 x ) + C 7 11
2 8 
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 43

y Example 91 Evaluate ∫ x − 2/ 3 (1 + x 2/ 3 ) − 1 dx . =
2  3 16 / 3 3 10 / 3 
 t − t  +C
3  16 10 
Sol. If we substitute x = t 3 (as we know P ∈ negative integer) 1 1
= (1 + x ) − (1 + x 3 )5 / 3 + C
3 8/3
∴ Let x = t k , where k is the LCM of m and n. 8 5
∴ x = t 3 ⇒ dx = 3t 2 dt
y Example 95 Evaluate ∫ x − 11 (1 + x 4 ) − 1/ 2 dx .
3t 2 dt
∫ t 2 (1 + t 2 ) dt = 3 ∫ t 2 + 1 = 3 tan
−1
or I = (t ) + C
m + 1   − 11 + 1 1
Sol. Here,  + p =  −  = −3
 n   4 2
⇒ I = 3 tan − 1 ( x 1/ 3 ) + C
If we substitute (1 + x ) = t x ,
4 2 4

∫x
− 2/ 3
y Example 92 Evaluate (1 + x 1/ 3 )1/ 2 dx . then 1 +
1
= t 2 and
−4
dx = 2t dt
x4 x5
1
Sol. If we substitute 1 + x 1/ 3 = t 2 , then dx = 2t dt dx dx
3x 2 / 3 ∴ I = ∫ x 11 (1 + x 4 ) 1/ 2 = ∫ x 11 ⋅ x 2 (1 + 1 / x 4 )1/ 2
t ⋅ 6t dt
∴ I = ∫ = 6 ∫ t 2 dt = 2t 3 + C dx 1 2t dt
1 = ∫ x 13 (1 + 1 / x 4 )1/ 2 =−
4 ∫ x8 t
or I = 2 (1 + x 1/ 3 )3 / 2 + C
1 1
=− ∫ (t 2 − 1)2 dt = − ∫ (t 4 − 2t 2 + 1) dt
∫ x (1 + x 1/ 3 4
y Example 93 Evaluate ) dx . 2 2
1 t 5 2t 3 
Sol. Here, m =
1
and n =
1 =−  − + t + C
2 3 2 5 3 
Put x = t 6 ⇒ dx = 6t 5 dt 1
Wheret = 1 +
x4
⇒ I = ∫ t 3 (1 + t 2 )4 6t 5 dt
1
⇒ I = 6 ∫t 8 (1 + 4t 2 + 6t 4 + 4t 6 + t 8 ) dt y Example 96 Evaluate ∫ 3 x + 4 x dx.
= 6 ∫ (t 8 + 4t 10 + 6t 12 + 4t 14 + t 16 ) dt 1
Sol. Let I = ∫3x +4x
dx
 t 9 4t 11 6t 13 4t 15 t 17 
=6 + + + +  +C Put x 1/12 = t , ⇒ x = t 12 and dx = 12t 11 dt
 9 11 13 15 17 
1 t8
∴ I = ∫ t 4 + t 3 ⋅ 12 t dt = 12 ∫
11
dt
 4 6 4 1 17 / 6  t +1
I = 6 x 2 / 3 + x 11/ 6 + x 13 / 6 + x 5 / 2 + x  +C
 11 13 15 17  Again put (t + 1) = y
( y − 1) 8
y Example 94 Evaluate ∫ x 5 (1 + x 3 ) 2/ 3 dx . ∴ dt = dy = 12 ∫ dy
y
2 (y 8 − 8y 7 + 28y 6 − 56y 5 + 70y 4 − 56y 3 + 28y 2 − 8y + 1)
∫x (1 + x 3 )2 / 3 dx have m = 5, n = 3 and p =
5
Sol. Here,
3 = 12 ∫ dy
y
m +1 6 [using binomial]
∴ = =2 [an integer]
n 3 = 12 ∫ (y − 8y + 28y − 56y + 70y − 56y + 28y − 8 + 1 /y )dy
7 6 5 4 3 2

So, we substitute 1 + x 3 = t 2 and 3x 2 dx = 2t dt

 y 8 8y 7 28y 6 56y 5 70y 4 
− + − +
∴ ∫ x (1 + x ) dx = ∫ x (1 + x ) x dx  
5 3 2/3 3 3 2/3 2

= 12  8 7 6 5 4  +C
1
2
= ∫ ( t 2 − 1) ( t 2 ) 2 / 3
t dt  56y 3 28y 2 
− + − 8y + log | y | 
3  3 2 
2 2
= ∫ (t 2 − 1) t 7 / 3dt = ∫ (t 13 / 3 − t 7 / 3 ) dt Where y = x 1/12 + 1
3 3
44 Textbook of Integral Calculus

Exercise for Session 6

n Evaluate the following integrals
x4 − 1
1. ∫ dx 2. ∫ 2 ( x + 2) dx
x x + x 2 + 1)1/ 2
2( 4
( x + 3x + 3) x +1

dx dx
3. ∫ 4. ∫
(x + 1)1/ 3 + ( x + 1)1/ 2 (x + a )8 / 7 ( x − b )6 / 7
sec x . dx
5. ∫
sin ( x + 2A) + sin A

6. The value of ∫ [{x }] dx ; ( where [. ] and {.} denotes greatest integer and fractional part of x) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) − 1
1 2
7. If ∫ f ( x ) cos x dx = f ( x ) + C, then f ( x ) can be
2
(a) x (b) 1
(c) cos x (d) sin x
sin x + cos x
8. The value of, ∫ dx is
9 + 16 sin 2x
1 5 + 4 (sin x − cos x ) 5 + 4 (sin x − cos x )
(a) log +C (b) log +C
40 5 − 4 (sin x − cos x ) 5 − 4 (sin x − cos x )
1 5 + 4 (sin x + cos x )
(c) log +C (d) None of these
10 5 − 4 (sin x + cos x )

cos 7x − cos 8x
9. The value of ∫ dx , is
1 + 2 cos 5x
sin 2x cos 3x
(a) + +C (b) sin x − cos x + C
2 3
sin 2x cos 3x
(c) − +C (d) None of these
2 3
cos 5x + cos 4x
10. The value of ∫ dx , is
1 − 2 cos 3x
sin 2x
(a) sin x + sin 2x + C (b) sin x − +C
2
sin 2x
(c) − sin x − +C (d) None of these
2
Session 7
Euler’s Substitution, Reduction Formula
and Integration Using Diffrentiation

Euler’s Substitution, Reduction and  5 + 2t 2 

 ⋅
− 6t
dt
Integration Using Diffrentiation Hence, I = ∫(
x dx
= ∫
 1 + t  (1 + t 2 )2
2

3
7 x − 10 − x 2 )3  3t 
Integration Using  
1 + t 2 
Euler’s Substitutions − 6 5 + 2t 2
27 ∫ t 2
= dt
Integrals of the form ∫ f ( x ), ax + bx + c dx are
2

−2  5  −2 − 5 
calculated with the aid of one of the three Euler’s = ∫
9 t
 2 + 2 dt =
 9  t + 2t  + C
substitutions
x dx −2 − 5 
(i) ax 2 + bx + c = t ± x a , if a > 0. ∴ ∫( 7 x − 10 − x ) 2 3
=
9

 t
+ 2t  + C ,

(ii) ax + bx + c = tx + c , if c > 0.
2
7 x − 10 − x 2
where, t =
(iii) ax 2 + bx + c = ( x − α ) t , if x −2
ax 2 + bx + c = a ( x − α ) ( x − β), i.e. If α is real root of dx
(ax 2 + bx + c ).
y Example 98 Evaluate ∫x+ x2 − x +1
⋅

Remark Sol. Since, here c = 1, we can apply the second Euler’s Substi-
The Euler’s substitutions often lead to rather cumbersome tution.
calculations, therefore they should be applied only when it is x 2 − x + 1 = tx − 1
difficult to find another method for calculating a given integral. 2t − 1
Therefore, (2t − 1) x = (t 2 − 1) x 2 ⇒ x =
x dx t2 − 1
y Example 97 Evaluate I = ∫ ⋅ 2 (t 2 − t + 1) dt t
∴ dx = − and x + x 2 − x + 1 =
( 7 x − 10 − x ) 2 3
( t 2 − 1) 2 t −1
Sol. In this case a < 0 and c < 0. Therefore, neither (I) nor (II) dx − 2t 2 + 2t − 2
Euler’s Substitution is applicable. But the quadratic
∴ I = ∫x + x − x +1
2
= ∫ t (t − 1) (t + 1)2 dt
7 x − 10 − x 2 has real roots α = 2, β = 5.
Using partial fractions, we have
∴ We use the substitution (III) − 2t 2 + 2t − 2 A B C D
= + + +
i.e. 7 x − 10 − x 2 = ( x − 2) (5 − x ) = ( x − 2) t t ( t − 1) ( t + 1) 2
t t − 1 ( t + 1 ) ( t + 1) 2
Where ( 5 − x ) = ( x − 2) t 2 or ( − 2t 2 + 2t − 2) = A (t − 1) (t + 1)2 + Bt (t + 1)2
or 5 + 2t 2 = x (1 + t 2 ) + C (t − 1) (t + 1) t + Dt
we get A = 2, B = − 1 / 2, C = − 3 / 2, D = − 3
5 + 2t 2
∴ x= dt 1 dt 3 dt dt
Hence, I = 2 ∫ − ∫
2 t − 1 2 ∫ ( t + 1)
1 + t2 − −3∫
t ( t + 1) 2
 5 + 2t 2  3t
( x − 2) t =  − 2 t = 1 3
= 2 loge | t | − loge | t − 1 | − loge | t + 1 | +
3
+C
1+t 2
 1 + t2 2 2 ( t + 1)
− 6t 
∴ dx = dt x 2 − x + 1 + 1
(1 + t 2 )2 where t = 
 x 
46 Textbook of Integral Calculus

where, tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt

Introduction of Reduction tn −1
Formulae (a recursive relation) In =
n −1
− In −2

Over Indefinite Integrals tann − 1 x

∴ In = − In −2
Reduction formulae makes it possible to reduce an integral n −1
depending on the index n > 0, called the order of the
tann − 1 x
⇒ ∫ tan x dx = − ∫ tann − 2 x dx
integral, to an integral of the same type with smaller n

index. (i.e. To reduce the integrals into similar integrals of n −1

order less than or greater than given integral).
Application of reduction formula is given with the help of Reduction Formula for ∫ cosec n x dx
some examples.
Let I n = ∫ cosec n x dx = ∫ cosec n − 2 x cosec 2 x dx
Reduction Formula for ∫ sin n x dx I II
= cosec n − 2 x ( − cot x ) − ∫ (n − 2 ) cosec n − 2 x (cosec 2 x − 1)dx
Let I n = ∫ sin x dx = ∫ sin
n n −1
x sin x dx
= − cosec n − 2 x cot x − (n − 2 ) ∫ (cosec n x − cosec n − 2 x ) dx
I II
= − cosec n − 2 x cot x − (n − 2 ) I n + (n − 2 ) I n − 2
= − sinn − 1 x cos x + ∫ (n − 1) sinn − 2 x cos 2 x dx
∴ (n − 1) I n = − cosec n − 2 x cot x + (n − 2 ) I n − 2
= − sinn − 1 x cos x + (n − 1) ∫ sinn − 2 x (1 − sin2 x ) dx
cosec n − 2 x cot x n − 2
= − sinn − 1 x cos x + (n − 1) ∫ (sinn − 2 x − sinn x ) dx or In = − + In −2
n −1 n −1
= − sinn − 1 x cos x + (n − 1) I n − 2 − (n − 1) I n cosec n − 2 x cot x n − 2
∴ ∫ cosec n xdx = −
n −1 ∫
+ cosec n −2 x dx
∴n I n = − sinn − 1 x cos x + (n − 1) I n − 2 n −1
sinn − 1 x cos x n − 1
⇒ In = −
n
+
n
In −2
Reduction Formula for ∫ sec n x dx
− sinn − 1 x cos x n − 1 Let I n = ∫ sec n x dx = ∫ sec n − 2 x sec 2 x dx
Thus, ∫ sinn x dx =
n ∫
+ sinn − 2 x dx
n I II
= sec n − 2 x tan x − ∫ (n − 2 ) sec n − 3
Reduction Formula for ∫ cos x dx n
x sec x tan x ⋅ tan x dx
= sec n − 2 x tan x − (n − 2 ) ∫ sec n − 2 x (sec 2 x − 1) dx
Let I n = ∫ cos n x dx = ∫ cos n − 1 x cos x dx
I II = sec n − 2 x tan x − (n − 2 ) I n + (n − 2 ) I n − 2
= cos n − 1 x sin x + ∫ (n − 1) cos n − 2 x sin2 x dx ⇒ (n − 1) I n = sec n − 2 x tan x + (n − 2 ) I n − 2
= cos n − 1 x sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cos n − 2 x (1 − cos 2 x ) dx sec n − 2 x tan x (n − 2 )
or In = + In −2
( n − 1) (n − 1)
= cos n − 1 x sin x + (n − 1) I n − 2 − (n − 1) I n
sec n − 2 x tan x (n − 2 )
∴ ∫ sec n x dx =
(n − 1) ∫
∴ nI n = cos n − 1 x sin x + (n − 1) I n − 2 + sec n − 2 x dx
(n − 1)
cos n − 1 x sin x n − 1
∫ cos x dx = + ∫ cos n − 2 x dx
n
or
n n Reduction Formula for ∫ cot n x dx
Reduction Formula for ∫ tan n x dx Let I n = ∫ cot n x dx = ∫ cot n − 2 x cot 2 x dx

Let I n = ∫ tann x dx = ∫ cot n − 2 x (cosec 2 x − 1) dx

⇒ I n = ∫ tann − 2 x tan2 x dx = ∫ tann − 2 x (sec 2 x − 1) dx = ∫ cot n − 2 x (cosec 2 x − 1) dx = ∫ cot n − 2 x dx

= ∫ tann − 2 x sec 2 x − I n − 2 = ∫ t n − 2 dt − I n − 2 = ∫ t n − 2 dt − I n − 2 , where t = cot x

 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 47

In = −
cot n − 1 x
− In −2 Reduction Formula for∫ cos m x sin nx dx
n −1
cot n − 1 x Let I m , n = ∫ cos m x sin nx dx
∫ cot x dx = − n − 1 − ∫ cot x dx
n −2
∴ n
I II
cos m x cos nx m
=− − ∫ cos m − 1 x sin x cos nx dx
Reduction Formula for ∫ sin m x cos n x dx m
n
cos x cos nx m
n

=− − ∫ cos m − 1 x
Let A = sinm − 1 x cos n + 1 x n n
dA {sin nx cos x − sin (n − 1) x } dx
∴ = (m − 1) sinm − 2 x cos n + 2 x − (n + 1) sinm x cos n x
dx [using sin (n − 1) x = sin nx cos x − cos nx sin x
= (m − 1) sinm − 2 x cos n x (1 − sin2 x ) ⇒ sin x cos nx = sin nx cos x − sin (n − 1) x ]
− (n + 1) sinm x cos n x cos m x cos nx m
=− − ∫ cos m x sin nx dx
= (m − 1) sinm − 2 x cos n x − (m − 1 + n + 1) n n
m
sinm x cos n x + ∫ cos m − 1 x sin (n − 1) x dx
dA n
⇒ = (m − 1) sinm − 2 x cos n x − (m + n ) sinm x cos n x cos m x cos nx m m
dx Im, n = − − I m , n + I m − 1, n − 1
n n n
Integrating with respect to x on both the sides, we get
m +n cos m x cos nx m
A = (m − 1) ∫ sinm − 2 x cos n x dx − (m + n ) ⇒ Im, n = − + I m − 1, n − 1
n n n
∫ sin
m
x cos n x dx cos m x cos nx m
or Im, n = − + I m − 1, n − 1
⇒ (m + n ) ∫ sinm x cos n x dx = (m − 1) m +n m +n
∫ sin
m −2
x cos n x dx − P
Remarks
(m − 1) Similarly, we can show
⇒ ∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ sinm − 2 x cos n x dx
m n
(m + n ) cos m x sin nx m
1. ∫ cos m x cos nx dx = +
sinm − 1 x cos n + 1 x m+ n m+ n
− m−1
m +n ∫ cos x cos ( n − 1) x dx
m −1 n +1 m m−1
(m − 1) sin x cos x 2. ∫ sinm x sin nx dx =
n sin x cos nx
−
m sin x cos x cos nx
or Im, n = I m − 2, n − m2 − n2 m2 − n2
(m + n ) (m + n )
m ( m − 1) m− 2
+
m2 − n2 ∫ sin x sin nx dx
Remarks
n sinm x sin nx m sinm − 1 x cos x cos nx
Similarly, we can show 3. ∫ sinm x cos nx dx = −
sinm+ 1 x cos n + 1 x n−1 m −n2 2
m2 − n2
1. ∫ sinm x cos n x dx = sinmx cos n − 2 x dx
m+ n ∫
+ m ( m − 1) m− 2
m+ n
m+ 1 n+1
+
m2 − n2 ∫ sin x cos nx dx
sin x cos x m+ n+ 2
2. ∫ sinm x cos n x dx = +
m+1 m+1 dx
∫ sin
m+ 2
x cos n x dx
y Example 99 Evaluate I n = ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )n ⋅
sinm + 1 x cos n + 1 x m+ n+ 2
3. ∫ sinm x cos n x dx = + dx 1
n+ 1 n+ 1 Sol. Here, I n = ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )n = ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )n ⋅ 1 dx
n+
∫ sin x cos
m 2
x dx
Applying Integration by parts, we get
m−1 n+1
sin x cos x m−1 1 ( 2x )
4. ∫ sinm x cos n x dx = − + = 2 ⋅x − ∫ 2 ⋅ ( − n ) ⋅ ( x ) dx
n+ 1 n+ 1
m− 2
( x + a 2 )n ( x + a 2 )n + 1
∫ sin x cos n + 2
x dx
x x2
5. ∫ sin x cos x dx =
m n sinm+ 1
x cos n −1
x
+
n−1 =
( x 2 + a 2 )n
+ 2n ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )n + 1 dx
m+1 m+1
m+ 2 n−2 x x 2 + a2 − a2
∫ sin x cos x dx = + 2n ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )n + 1 dx
(x + a )
2 2 n
48 Textbook of Integral Calculus

x 1 dx
∴ In = + 2n ∫ dx − 2a 2n ∫
( x 2 + a 2 )n ( x 2 + a 2 )n ( x 2 + a 2 )n +1 Integration Using
In =
(x + a )
2
x
2 n
+ 2n I n − 2n a 2 I n + 1 Differentiation
dx dx dx
∴ 2n a 2 I n + 1 =
x
+ (2n − 1) I n In ∫ , ∫ (a + b sin x ) 2 , ∫ (sin x + a sec x ) 2 ,
(x + a )
2 2 n
(a + b cos x ) 2

1 (2n − 1) 1
x a + b sin x
= ⋅ 2 + ⋅ 2 In
or In + 1
2n a ( x + a )
2 2 n
2n a ∫ (b + a sin x ) 2 dx , K we follow the following method.
sin x cos x
Remark 1. Let A = or A = according to the
Above obtained formula reduces the calculations of the integral a + b cos x a + b sin x
In + 1 to the calculations of the integral In and consequently, allows integral to evaluated is of the form
us to calculate completely an integral with natural index, as
dx dx
I1 =
dx
∫ x 2 + a2 = a tan
1 −1  x  + C
  ∫ (a + b cos x ) 2 or ∫ (a + b sin x ) 2
 a 
∴ From above formula dA 1
2. Find and express it in terms of or
Let n = 1 dx a + b cos x
dx 1 x 1 1
I2 = ∫ 2 = ⋅ + ⋅ I1 as the case may be.
( x + a2 ) 2 2a2 x 2 + a2 2a2 a + b sin x
=
1
⋅
x
+
1 1
⋅ ⋅ tan− 1 x + C
  3. Integrate both the sides of the expression obtained in
2a2 x 2 + a2 2a2 a  a
step 2 to obtain the value of the required integral.
⋅ tan− 1   + C
1 x 1 x
= ⋅ +
 a dx
x + a
∫ ( 5 + 4 cos x )2 ⋅
2 2 2 3
2a 2a y Example 101 Evaluate
Let n = 2
dx 1 x 3 sin x
I3 = ∫ ( x 2 + a2 )3 = 4 a2 ⋅ ( x 2 + a2 )2 + 4 a2 I2 Sol. Here, A =
5 + 4 cos x
, then

tan− 1   + C
1 x 3 x 3 x dA (5 + 4 cos x ) (cos x ) − sin x ( − 4 sin x )
= ⋅ + ⋅ +
4 a2 ( x 2 + a2 ) 2 8 a4 x 2 + a2 8 a5  a =
dx (5 + 4 cos x )2
…and so on.
5 25
( 4 cos x + 5) + 4 −
y Example 100 Derive reduction formula for dA 5 cos x + 4
⇒ = = 4 4
sin n x dx (5 + 4 cos x )2 (5 + 4 cos x )2
I (n, m ) = ∫ dx . dA 5 1 9 1
cos m x ⇒ = ⋅ − ⋅
dx 4 (5 + 4 cos x ) 4 (5 + 4 cos x )2
Sol. Using Integration by parts for I (n , m ), we get
Integrating both the sides w.r.t. ‘ x ’, we get
sin x
I (n , m ) = ∫ sinn − 1 x dx 5 dx 9 dx
I
cosm x
II
A=
4 ∫ 5 + 4 cos x −
4 ∫ (5 + 4 cos x )2
(cos x )− m + 1 9 dx 5 dx
= sinn − 1 x ⋅
( m − 1)
− ∫ (n − 1) sin
n−2 ⇒
4 ∫ (5 + 4 cos x )2 =
4 ∫ 5 + 4 cos x −A

(cos x )− m + 1
x ⋅ cos x ⋅ 5 dx sin x
( m − 1)
dx =
4 ∫ (1 − tan 2 x / 2)
−
(5 + 4 cos x )
5+ 4
1 sinn − 1 x ( n − 1) sinn − 2 x (1 + tan 2 x / 2)
= ⋅ − ⋅ ∫
m − 1 cosm − 1 x (m − 1) cosm − 2 x
dx
dx 5 1 + tan 2 x / 2 4 sin x
1 sin x ( n − 1) n −1 ⇒ ∫ (5 + 4 cos x )2 =
9 ∫ 9 + tan 2 x / 2
dx − ⋅
9 5 + 4 cos x
In , m = ⋅ − ⋅ I (n − 2 , m − 2 )
(m − 1) cosm − 1 x (m − 1) dx 5 2 dt 4 sin x
is required reduction formula.
⇒ ∫ (5 + 4 cos x )2 =
9 ∫ 9 + t 2 9 5 + 4 cos x
− ⋅

(where tan x / 2 = t )
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 49

dx 10 1 t  4 sin x cos 2 x dx
⇒ ∫ (5 + 4 cos x )2 = . tan − 1   − ⋅
9 3  3 9 5 + 4 cos x
= ∫ 2 1
a + a sin 2x + sin 2 2x
dx 10  tan x / 2 4  sin x  4
⇒∫ = tan −1  −   +C
(5 + 4 cos x )2   9  5 + 4 cos x  4 cos 2 x dx (1 + cos 2x ) dx
27 3 = ∫ ( 4a 2 + 4a sin 2x + sin 2 2x ) = 2 ∫ (2a + sin 2x )2
dx
y Example 102 Evaluate ∫ (16 + 9 sin x )2 ⋅ =2∫
dx
(2a + sin 2x ) 2
+2∫
cos 2x dx
(2a + sin 2x )2
cos x dt
Sol. Let A=
16 + 9 sin x
...(i) ⇒ I = 2I 1 + ∫ t 2 [where (2a + sin 2x ) = t , (2 cos 2x ) dx = dt ]
dA (16 + 9 sin x ) ( − sin x ) − cos x (9 cos x ) 1
⇒ = ⇒ I = 2I 1 − +C
dx (16 + 9 sin x ) 2 (2a + sin 2x )
dA − 16 sin x − 9 dx
⇒ =
dx (16 + 9 sin x )2
where I1 = ∫ (2a + sin 2x )2 ...(i)

16 256 cos 2x
− (9 sin x + 16) + −9 Put A=
dA 9 9 2a + sin 2x
⇒ =
dx (16 + 9 sin x )2 dA (2a + sin 2x ) ( − 2 sin 2x ) − cos 2x (2 cos 2x )
⇒ =
dA 16 1 175 dx (2a + sin 2x )2
⇒ =− ⋅ + ...(ii)
dx 9 (16 + 9 sin x ) 9 (16 + 9 sin x )2 dA − 4a sin 2x − 2
⇒ =
Integrating both the sides of Eq. (ii) w.r.t. ‘ x ’, we get dx (2a + sin 2x )2
16 dx 175 dx dA − 4a (sin 2x + 2a ) − 2 + 8a 2
9 ∫ 16 + 9 sin x 9 ∫ (16 + 9 sin x )2
A=− + ⇒ =
dx (2a + sin 2x )2
175 dx 16 (1 + tan 2 x / 2) dx (8a 2 − 2)
9 ∫ (16 + 9 sin x )2 9 ∫ 16 +16 tan 2 x /2 + 18 tan x /2
⇒ = A + ⇒
dA
=−
4a
+
dx (2a + sin 2x ) (2a + sin 2x )2
175 dx 16 2 dt
9 ∫ (16 + 9 sin x )2 9 ∫ 16t 2 + 18t + 16
⇒ =A+ Integrating both the sides w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
dx
⇒ A = − 4a ∫ + (8a 2 − 2) I 1
[where tan x / 2 = t ] (2a + sin 2x )
175 dx 2 dt
⇒ ∫
9 (16 + 9 sin x ) 2
=A+ ∫
9 t2 + 9 t + 1 ⇒ (8a 2 − 2) I 1 = A + 4a
sec 2 x dx
∫ 2a + 2 tan x + 2a tan 2 x
8
2 4a dt
∫
dt =A+
=A+ ∫ t
9  2
 175 
2 2a t + +1
2
9
t +  +   a
 16  16  dt
= A +2∫
2 16  16t + 9   1 
2
1 
× =A+tan − 1  
9  175  t +  + 1 − 2 
175  2a   4a 
dx 9 cos x
⇒ ∫ = ⋅ (2a )  (2at + 1) 
(16 + 9 sin x )2 175 (16 + 9 sin x ) = A +2 tan − 1  
4a 2 − 1  4a 2 − 1 
 
2  16 tan x / 2 + 9 
+ tan − 1   +C cos 2x 4a
(175) 3/2  175  ⇒ (8a 2 − 2) I 1 = +
2a + sin 2x 4a 2 − 1
dx
y Example 103 Evaluate ∫ (sin x + a sec x )2  (2a tan x + 1)
tan − 1   ...(ii)
 4a 2 − 1 

when | a | > 1 / 2 . From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
2 1 cos 2x 4a
dx cos x dx I = ⋅ +
Sol. Here, I = ∫ (sin x + a sec x )2 or I = ∫ (sin x cos x + a )2 ( 4a − 1) (2a + sin 2x ) ( 4a − 1)3 / 2
2 2

cos 2 x dx  2a tan x + 1 1
= ∫ a 2 + 2a sin x cos x + sin 2 x cos 2 x tan − 1  −
 4a 2 − 1  (2a + sin 2x )
+C
 
50 Textbook of Integral Calculus

JEE Type Solved Examples :

Single Option Correct Type Questions

Ex. 1 The value of ∫

dx ex e −x
l , is equal to l Ex. 3 Let I = ∫ dx , J = ∫ dx .
cos 6 x + sin 6 x e 4x + e 2 x + 1 e −4 x + e −2 x + 1
(a) tan− 1 ( 2 cot 2x ) + C (b) tan− 1 (cot 2x ) + C Then, for an arbitrary constant c, the value of J − I equals to
[IIT JEE 2008]
−1 1  −1  e 4 x − e 2 x + 1  e 2 x + e x + 1
(c) tan  cot 2x  + C (d) tan ( − 2 cot 2x ) + C 1
(a) log  4 x
1
 + C (b) log  2 x  +C
2 
2  e + e + 12x
2  e − e x + 1
dx sec 6 x dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ =∫ 1  e 2 x − e x + 1 1  e 4 x + e 2 x + 1
cos x + sin x
6 6
1 + tan 6 x (c) log  2 x  +C (d) log  4 x  +C
2  e + e x + 1 2  e − e 2 x + 1
(1 + tan 2 x ) 2 ⋅ sec 2 x
=∫ dx e 3x
1 + tan 6 x Sol. J = ∫ dx
1 + e 2x + e 4 x
(1 + t 2 ) 2
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt = ∫ dt (e 3x − e x ) (u 2 − 1 )
1 + t6 J −I =∫ dx = ∫ du (u = e x )
(1 + t ) 2 2 1+e +e2x 4x
1 + u2 + u4
=∫ dt
(1 + t ) (1 − t 2 + t 4 )
2
 1  1
 1  1 − 2  du 1 − 2  du
 1 + 2  dt  u   u  dt  1
1 + t2 (1 + 1 / t 2 ) dt  t  =∫ =∫ =∫ t = u + 
=∫ dt = ∫
(1 / t 2 − 1 + t 2 ) ∫ (t − 1 / t ) 2 + 1
= , 1  1
2
t −1
2  u
1 − t2 + t4 1 + 2 + u2 u +  − 1
u  u
1
Put t − = z 1 t −1 1 u2 − u + 1
t = log + C = log 2 +C
 1 dz 2 t+1 2 u +u+1
∴ 1 + 2  dt = dz = ∫ 2 = tan − 1 (z ) + C
 t  z +1 1 e 2x − e x + 1
= log 2x +C
 t 2 − 1  tan 2 x − 1 2 e + ex + 1
= tan − 1   + C = tan − 1   +C
 t   tan x  Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
= tan − 1 ( − 2 cot 2x ) + C
l Ex. 4 Integral of 1 + 2 cot x (cot x + cosec x ) w.r.t. x, is
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
x x
tan −1 x
(a) 2 ln cos+C (b) 2 ln sin +C
e  1 − x   2 2 2
l Ex. 2 ∫ ( sec
−1
1 + x 2 ) 2 + cos −1    dx, 1 x
(1 + x )  2
 1 + x 2   (c) ln cos + C (d) ln sin x − ln (cosec x − cot x ) + C
2 2
(x > 0) is equal to
−1 Sol. I = ∫ 1 + 2 cosec x cot x + 2 cot 2 x dx
(a) e tan x
⋅ tan−1 x + C
−1 = ∫ cosec 2 x + 2 cosec x cot x + cot 2 x dx
e tan x
⋅ (tan−1 x )2
(b) +C
2 = ∫ ( cosec x + cot x ) dx
tan−1 x −1 2
(c) e ⋅ ( sec ( 1 + x )) + C 2
1 + cos x  x x
=∫ dx = ∫ cot   dx = 2 log sin +C
−1 sin x  2 2
(d) e tan x
⋅ ( cosec −1 ( 1 + x 2 ))2 + C
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
−1 −1 −1  1 − x2
Sol. Note that sec 1 + x = tan x; cos
2
  = 2 tan −1 x,
1 + x2 l Ex. 5 If I n = ∫ cotn x dx , then I 0 + I 1 + 2
For x > 0 −1 (I 2 + I 3 + ....+ I 8 ) + I 9 + I 10 equals to (where u = cot x )
e tan x
⇒ I =∫ {(tan −1 x ) 2 + 2 tan −1 x } dx, u2 u9  u2 u9
1 + x2 (a) u + + ....+ (b) − u + + ...+ 
Put tan −1 x = t 2 9  2 9

= ∫ et (t 2 + 2t ) dt = et ⋅ t 2 = e tan
−1
x
(tan −1 x ) 2 + C  u2 u9 u 2u 2 9u 9
(c) − u + + ....+  (d) + + ....+
 2! 9!  2 3 10
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 51

Sol. I n = ∫ cotn x dx = ∫ cotn − 2 x ⋅ (cosec 2x − 1 ) dx sin θ cos θ dθ

= 2 (b − a ) ∫
(b sin 2 θ − a sin 2 θ ) (b cos2 θ − a cos2 θ )
un −1 un −1
In = − − I n − 2 or I n + I n − 2 = − [put n = 2, 3, 4, ..., 10] sin θ cos θ dθ
n −1 n −1 = 2 (b − a ) ∫ = 2 ∫ 1 dθ
u (b − a ) sin θ cos θ
I2 + I0 = −
1 x −a
= 2θ + C = 2 sin − 1 +C
u2 b −a
I 3 + I1 = −
2 Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
u3
I4 + I2 = − ( x − 1)
3 l Ex. 8 The value of ∫ dx , is
………………… ( x + 1) x 3 + x 2 + x
…………………
u9 x +1 x2 + x +1
I 10 + I 9 = − (a) 2 tan−1 +C (b) tan−1 +C
9 x x
Adding, I 0 + I 1 + 2 ( I 2 + I 3 + ....+ I 8 ) + I 9 + I 10 x2 + x +1
 (c) 2 tan−1 +C (d) None of these
u2 u9  x
= − u + + .....+ 
 2 9 (x − 1)
Sol. Let I =∫ dx
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. (x + 1) x 3 + x 2 + x
(x 2 − 1)
l Ex. 6 Let f ( x ) = x + sin x . Suppose g denotes the inverse =∫ dx
(x + 1)2 x3 + x2 + x
π 1 
function of f . The value of g ′  +  has the value equal x 2 (1 − 1 / x 2 )
4 2 =∫ dx
to (x + 2x + 1) x 3 + x 2 + x
2
2 +1
(a) 2 − 1 (b) x 2 (1 − 1 / x 2 )
2 =∫ dx
x (x + 2 + 1 / x ) ⋅ x x + 1 + 1 / x
(c) 2 − 2 (d) 2 + 1
1
Sol. f ( x ) = y = x + sin x Put x+ = t,
x
⇒
dy
= 1 + cos x ⇒(1 − 1 / x ) dx = dt
2

dx dt dx
=∫ , which reduces to ∫ ⋅
g′ (y ) =
dx
=
1 (t + 2 ) t + 1 P Q
dy 1 + cos x Let t + 1 = z 2
π 1 π 2z dz
where y = + = x + sin x ⇒ x = ∴ dt = 2zdz = ∫
4 2 4 (z + 1 ) z 2
2

 π 1  1
∴ g′  +  = =2 ∫
dz
= 2 tan − 1 (z ) + C
4 2  1 + (1 / 2 )
z +1
2

2 x2 + x + 1
= = 2 ( 2 − 1) = 2 − 2 = 2 tan − 1 ( t + 1 ) + C = 2 tan − 1 +C
2+1 x
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

dx (1 + x 2 ) dx
l Ex. 7 The value of ∫
( x − a ) (b − x )
, is l Ex. 9 The value of ∫ (1 − x 2 ) 1+ x2 + x4
, is

x −a x −b x 4 + x 2 + 1 − 3x
(a) 2 sin−1 +C (b) 2 sin−1 +C (a) −
1
log +C
b −a b −a 2 3 x 4 + x 2 + 1 + 3x
x −a
(c) sin−1 +C (d) None of these
b −a 1 x 4 + x 2 + 1 + 2x
(b) log +C
Sol. Let x = a cos2 θ + b sin 2 θ in the given integral. 2 3 x 4 + x 2 + 1 − 2x
So that, dx = a (2 cos θ ) ( − sin θ ) + b (2 sin θ ) (cos θ ) dθ 1 x 4 − x 2 + 1 − 3x
dx = 2 (b − a ) sin θ cos θ dθ (c) log +C
2 (b − a ) sin θ cos θ dθ
2 3 x 4 + x 2 + 1 + 3x
∴ I =∫
(a cos2 θ + b sin 2 θ − a) (b − a cos2 θ − b sin 2 θ) (d) None of the above
52 Textbook of Integral Calculus

(1 + x 2 ) dx cos θ dθ
Sol. Let I =∫ = a ∫ (a 2 + b 2 sin2 θ ) ⋅ cos θ
(1 − x ) 1 + x + x
2 2 4

dθ
 1
x 2 1 + 2  dx
= a ∫ a 2 + b 2 sin2 θ ,
 x 
=∫
1  1 dividing numerator and denominator by cos2 θ, we get
x  − x x + 1 + x2
x  x2 sec 2 θ dθ
(1 + 1 / x ) dx2
= a ∫ a 2 sec 2 θ + b 2 tan2 θ , put tan θ = t
=−∫
(1 − 1 / x ) ( x − 1 / x ) 2 + 3 dt dt
= a ∫ a 2 (1 + t 2 ) + b 2 t 2 = a ∫ (a 2 + b 2 ) t 2 + a 2
1  1 dt
Put x − = t = 1 + 2  dx = dt ⇒ − ∫
x  x  t t2 + 3 a dt
=
a2 + b2 ∫ a2
Again, put t + 3 = s
2 2
t +
2
a + b2
2
s ds ds
⇒ 2t dt = 2s ds = − ∫ =−∫ 2  a2 + b2  t a2 + b2 
s (s 2 − 3 ) s − ( 3 )2 a
= ⋅  tan − 1   +C
a2 + b2    
1 s − 3   a   a 
=− log  + C
2 3 s + 3  1  x a2 + b2   x 
= ⋅ tan − 1   +C
 Q t = tanθ = 
1  t +3− 3 2
a(a 2 + b 2 )  a b − ax 2   b −ax 2 
=− log  + C
 t +3 + 3
2 3 2
Hence (a) is the correct answer.
1  (x − 1 / x )2 + 3 − 3 
=− log  + C dx
l Ex. 11 The value of I = ∫
 (x − 1 / x ) + 3 + 3 
2 3 2
2x 1 − x (2 − x ) + 1 − x
 1 
x2 + 2 + 1 − 3 1  3  1 1
  =− log  z + + z + 3 z +3   + log s − + s − s +1 + C
1 x 2 2
=− log  + C 2  2  2 2
2 3  x2 + 1 + 1 + 3 
 x2  k
and s − z = , then value of k, is
1 x 4 + x 2 + 1 − 3x x
=− log +C
2 3 x 4 + x 2 + 1 + 3x (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
dx
Hence (a) is the correct answer. Sol. Here, I = ∫ ,
2x 1 − x (2 − x ) + 1 − x
dx put (1 − x ) = t 2 − dx = 2t dt
l Ex. 10 The value of I = ∫ , is
(a + bx 2 ) b − ax 2 =−∫
2t dt
2 (1 − t ) ⋅ t 1 + t 2 + t
2

1  x a2 + b 2 
(a) tan−1   +C dt
 =−∫
a(a 2 + b 2 )  a b − ax 2  (1 − t ) t 2 + t + 1
2

1  x a2 + b 2  dt 1  1 1  dt
(b) tan−1   +C
 =∫ = ∫  t − 1 − t + 1 ⋅
(a 2 + b 2 )  a b − ax 2  (t − 1 ) (t + 1 ) t + t + 1 2 2 t +t+1
2

 x a2 + b 2  1 1 1 1 
1 Q =  − 
(c) tan−1   +C
 (t − 1 ) (t + 1 ) 2  t − 1 t + 1
a(a 2 + b 2 )  a  1 1 1 1
(d) None of the above
=
2 ∫ (t − 1) t2 + t + 1
dt −
2 ∫ (t + 1) t2 + t + 1
dt

Sol. Substituting ax 2 = b sin 2 θ 1 1

b Let I = I1 − I 2 …(i)
⇒ dx = cos θ dθ 2 2
a dt
where, I1 = ∫
b
cos θ dθ (t − 1 ) t 2 + t + 1
∴ I =∫ a dt
 b 2  and I2 = ∫
a+ sin 2 θ  b − b sin 2 θ (t + 1 ) t 2 + t + 1
 a 
1 1
For I 1, put (t − 1 ) = ⇒ dt = − 2 dz
z z
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 53

− 1 / z 2 dz dz dx x m
I1 = ∫ = −∫ l Ex. 13 If ∫ = +
1  1 
2
1  3  3
2 2
(x + a )
2
4a ( x + a ) na 2
2 3 2 2 2
1 +  + 1 +  + 1 z +  +  
z  z  z    2   
−1  x 
2 x 1
 2 2 2 + 3 tan    + C . Then m − n is equal to
 3 
= − log   z +  + z 2 + 3z + 3  …(ii)  2a ( x + a ) 2a  a 
 2 
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
1
For I 2, put (t + 1 ) = dx
S Sol. Let I = ∫ 2 ...(i)
1 (x + a 2 )3
⇒ dt = − 2 ds 1
s and I 1 = ∫ 2 dx ...(ii)
ds (x + a 2 )2
I2 = − ∫
2 1 1 − 2 (2 x )
 1 3 =∫ 2 ⋅ 1 dx = 2 ⋅x −∫ 2 x dx
s −  + (x + a 2 )2 (x + a 2 )2 (x + a 2 )3
 2 4
I II
 1 
= − log  s −  + s 2 − s + 1  …(iii) = 2
x
+4∫
x2 + a2 − a2
 2  (x + a 2 )2 (x 2 + a 2 )3
dx
1  3  x 1 dx
∴ I =−
log z + + z + 3z + 3 
2
= 2 +4∫ 2 dx − 4a 2 ∫ 2
2 2  (x + a ) 2 2
(x + a ) 2 2
(x + a 2 )3
1  1 

+ log s −  + s 2 − s + 1  + C x
2  2  ⇒ I1 = 2 + 4 I 1 − 4a 2 ⋅ I [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
(x + a 2 )2
1 1
where, z = and s = x
1 − x −1 1−x +1 ⇒ 4a 2I = 2 + 3I 1
(x + a 2 )2
1 1 2
∴ s −z = − = ⇒k = 2 x 3
1−x +1 1 − x −1 x ⇒ I = 2 2 + I1 ...(iii)
4a ( x + a 2 ) 2 4a 2
Hence (b) is the correct answer.
[using previous example,
dx 
l Ex. 12 If ∫ I1 = ∫ 2
dx
=
x
+
1  x
tan −1   + C 
(x 2 + a 2 ) 2 ( x + a 2 ) 2 2a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 ) 2a 3 a 
1  x 1 x 3 
= 2  2 + tan −1  + C . Then the value of k, is x x 1  x 
⇒ I = + 2  2 2 2 + 3 tan −1    + C
ka  x + a 2 a a 4a ( x + a )
2 2 2 2
4a 2a ( x + a ) 2a a 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
…(iv)
Sol. Here, we know m = 3 and n = 4
dx 1 −1 x
∫ x 2 + a 2 = a tan a + C ...(i) |m −n| =|3 − 4| =| −1| =1
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
1 1 − 2x
Also, ∫ 2 ⋅ 1 dx = 2 x−∫ 2 x dx
x +a 2
x +a 2
(x + a 2 )2 l Ex. 14 If y ( x − y ) 2 = x , then
x x + a −a 2 2 2
dx m
= +2∫ dx
∫ ( x − 3y ) = n ln [( x − y ) − 1].Then (m + 2n ) is equal to
2
x2 + a2 (x 2 + a 2 )2
I II
dx x dx dx (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
∫ x +a
2 2
= 2
x +a 2
+2∫ 2
x +a 2
− 2a 2 ∫ 2
(x + a 2 )2
...(ii)
dx 1
Sol. Let P =∫ = ln [( x − y ) 2 − 1 ]
( x − 3y ) 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
 dy 
1 x x 1 x dx ( x − y ) 1 − 
tan − 1 = 2 + 2 tan − 1 − 2a 2 ∫ 2 dP 1  dx 
a a x + a2 a a (x + a 2 )2 ∴ = = …(i)
dx x − 3y {( x − y ) − 1 }
2
dx x 1 x
⇒ 2a 2 ∫ 2 = + tan − 1
(x + a 2 )2 x 2 + a 2 a a Given, y ( x − y ) 2 = x, on differentiating both the sides, we get
dx 1  x 1 −1 x  dy 1 − 2y ( x − y )
or ∫ (x 2 + a 2 )2 = 2a 2  x 2 + a 2 + a tan a  + C =
dx ( x − y ) ( x − 3y )
…(ii)

1  x 1 x
= 2 2 + tan −1  + C  1 − 2y ( x − y ) 
ka  x + a 2 a a (x − y )  1 − 
dP  ( x − y ) ( x − 3y ) 
∴ k =2 ∴ =
dx {( x − y ) 2 − 1 }
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
54 Textbook of Integral Calculus

( x − y ) ( x − 3y ) − 1 + 2y ( x − y ) ( x − y ) 2− 1 f (x )
= = l Ex. 16 If ∫ dx , where f ( x ) is a polynomial of
( x − 3y ) {( x − y ) 2 − 1 } ( x − 3y ) {( x − y ) 2− 1 } x3 −1
dP 1 degree 2 in x such that f (0 ) = f (1) = 3 f ( 2 ) = − 3 and
∴ = …(iii)
dx ( x − 3y ) f (x )
∫ x 3 − 1 dx = − log x − 1 + log x + x + 1
2
which is true as given
dx 1 m  2 x + 1
∴ ∫ (x − 3y ) = 2 log {(x − y ) − 1}, tan −1 
2
+  + C . Then ( 2m + n ) is
n  3 
∴ m = 1, n = 2 (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
⇒ m + 2n = 5
Sol. Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Given, f ( 0 ) = f (1 ) = 3 f (2 ) = − 3
∴ f (0) = c = − 3
∫ (x + 1 + x ) dx .
2 n
l Ex. 15 If
f (1 ) = a + b + c = − 3
1 1 3 f (2 ) = 3 ( 4a + 2b + c ) = − 3
= { x + 1 + x 2 } n +1 + { x + 1 + x 2 } n −1 + C
a (n + 1) −b(n − 1) On solving, we get a = 1, b = − 1, c = − 3
Then (a + b ) is equal to ∴ f (x ) = x 2 − x − 3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 f (x ) x2 − x − 3
⇒ I =∫ dx = ∫ dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x + 1 + x ) dx 2 n x −1
3
(x − 1) (x 2 + x + 1)
Using partial fractions, we get
Put x + 1 + x2 = t …(i)
(x 2 − x − 3) A Bx + C
  = +
⇒ 1+ 1
⋅ 2x  dx = dt (x − 1) (x 2 + x + 1) (x − 1) (x 2 + x + 1)
 + x2 
 2 1  we get, A = − 1, B = 2, C = 2
 1 (2 x + 2 )
1+x +x 2
∴I =∫ − dx + ∫ 2 dx
⇒   dx = dt …(ii) x −1 (x + x + 1)
 1 + x 2 

(2 x + 1 ) dx 1 dx
x − 1 + x2
= − log | x − 1 | + ∫ x2 + x + 1
+ ∫
x +x+1 2
We know, t = x + 1 + x 2 = x + 1 + x 2 ×
x − 1 + x2 dx
= − log| x − 1 | + log | x + x + 1 | + ∫
2

−1 (x + 1 / 2)2 + ( 3 / 2)2
t= ⇒ t = x + 1 + x2
x − 1 + x2 2  2x + 1
= − log | x − 1 | + log | x 2 + x + 1 | + tan −1   +C
3  3 
1 ∴ On comparing m = 2 ,n = 3 ⇒ 2m + n = 7.
−
= x − 1 + x2
t Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Subtracting, we get
(1 + x )
Ex. 17 The value of ∫
1 1 2t
2 1 + x2 = t + or = …(iii) l dx , is equal to
t 1+x 2 t +12
x (1 + xe x ) 2
 x  1
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get (a) log + +C
 1 + xe  (1 + xe )
x x
t2 + 1
dx = dt
2t 2  xe x  1
(b) log + +C
t2 + 1 1 + x
+ xe x
∴ I = ∫ tn ⋅ dt = ∫ (t
n
+ tn − 2 ) dt  1 xe  1
(2t 2 ) 2
 xe x  1
1  tn + 1 tn − 1  (c) log + +C
 1 + e  1 + xe
x x
= + +C
2  n + 1 n − 1 

(d) None of the above
1
⇒ I = [ x + (1 + x 2 ) ]n + 1 (1 + x ) (1 + x ) e x
2 (n + 1 ) Sol. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx,
x (1 + xe )x 2
( xe x ) (1 + xe x ) 2
1
+ ( x + (1 + x 2 ) )n − 1 + C …(iv) put 1 + xe x = t
2 (n − 1 )
dt
Then comparing the values of a and b by Eq. (iv) a = 2, b = 2 ∴ (1 + x ) e x dx = dt = ∫ , applying partial fraction,
(t − 1 ) ⋅ t 2
∴ (a + b ) = (2 + 2 ) = 4
1 A B C
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. we get = + + 2
(t − 1 ) t 2 t − 1 t t
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 55

⇒ 1 = A (t 2 ) + Bt (t − 1 ) + C (t − 1 ) 1  x 1 x x2 
= sin − 1   + log  + 1 − 2 + C
For t =1 ⇒ A =1 2 a 2
a a 
For t = 0 ⇒ C = − 1 and B = − 1
1  x 1 1
 1 1 1 1 = sin − 1   + {log | x + a 2 − x 2 |} − log a + C
∴ I =∫ − − 2  dt = log | t − 1 | − log | t | + + C 2 a 2 2
t − 1 t t  t
1  x 1
= log | xe | − log | 1 + xe | +
x x 1
+C = sin − 1   + log | x + a 2 − x 2 | + C1
2 a 2
1 + xe x  1 
 xe x  1 where C1 = C − log a
= log  + +C  2 
 1 + xe  1 + xe
x x Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
x 2 −1
dx
l Ex. 19 The value of ∫ dx , is equal to
l Ex. 18 The value of ∫ , is equal to ( x 2 + 1) x 4 + 1
x + a2 − x2
1  x 2 + 1  x 2 + 1
1 x 1 (a) sec −1   +C (b) 2 sec −1   +C
(a) sin− 1   + log | x + a − x | + C1
2 2
2  2x   2x 
2 a 2
1 x 1 1  x 2 + 1  x 2 + 1
(b) sin− 1   − log | x + a − x | + C1
2 2
(c) cosec −1   +C (d) 2 cosec −1   +C
2 a 2 2  2x   2x 
1 x (x 2 − 1) x 2 (1 − 1 / x 2 ) dx
(c) sin− 1   − log | x + a 2 − x 2 | + C1 Sol. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫
2 a
(x + 1) x + 1
2 4  1 1
x2 x +  x2 + 2
1 x 1  x
(d) cos − 1   + log | x + a 2 − x 2 | + C1 x
2 a 2 (1 − 1 / x 2 ) dx
=∫
dx 2
Sol. Let I = ∫ , Put x = a sin θ  1  1
x+ a −x 2 2 x +  x +  − 2
 x  x
a cos θ dθ  1
∴ dx = a cos θ dθ = ∫ Put x +
1
=t ⇒ 1 − 2  dx = dt
a sin θ + a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ x  x 
cos θ dθ 1 cos θ + sin θ + cos θ − sin θ dt 1  t 
=∫
sin θ + cos θ 2 ∫
= dθ =∫ = sec −1   + C
sin θ + cos θ t t2 − 2 2  2
1 1 cos θ − sin θ
= ∫ 1 dθ + ∫ dθ 1  x 2 + 1
2 2 sin θ + cos θ = sec −1   +C
2  2x 
1 1
= ⋅ θ + log (sin θ + cos θ ) + C Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
2 2

JEE Type Solved Examples :

More than One Correct Option Type Questions

4 +x2 A ( 4 + x 2 ) 3 / 2 (Bx 2 − 6 ) t= 1+
4 4
⇒ t2 = 1 + 2
∫
Put
l Ex. 20 dx = + C, x2 x
x6 x5 8
then ∴ 2t dt = − dx
1 x3
(a) A = (b) B = 1 1 1 t 3 t 5 
120 ⇒ I =
16 ∫ (t 2 − t 4 ) dx =  − +C
16  3 5
1
(c) A = − (d) B = − 1 1 (4 + x ) 2 3/ 2
120 = ⋅ (x 2 − 6) + C
4 4 120 x5
1+ 1+ 2 1
4 − x2 x 2 dx = x dx A= , B =1
Sol. Here, I = ∫ dx = ∫ ∫ x2 ⋅ x3 120
x6 x5
Hence, (a) and (b) are the correct answers.
56 Textbook of Integral Calculus

l Ex. 21 The value of the integral l Ex. 22 If I = ∫ ( tan x + cot x ) dx = f ( x ) + c , then

∫
sin 2 x
e (cos x + cos 3 x ) sin x dx is f ( x ) is equal to
1 2
(a) e sin x (3 − sin2 x ) + C π
(a) 2 sin−1(sin x − cos x ) (b) − 2 cos −1(sin x − cos x )
2 2
2  1   tan x − 1 
(b) e sin x 1 + cos 2 x  + C (c) 2 tan−1   (d) None of these
 2   2 tan x 
2
(c) e sin x
(3 cos 2 x + 2 sin2 x ) + C sin x + cos x
Sol. I = ∫ ( tan x + cot x ) dx = ∫ 2 ⋅ dx
2 2 sin x cos x
(d) e sin x
( 2 cos 2 x + 3 sin2 x ) + C
If sin x − cos x = p, then (cos x + sin x ) dx = dp
Sol. Put t = sin 2 x dp
I = 2∫ = 2 sin −1 p + c = 2 sin −1 (sin x − cos x ) + c
1 t 3 tet 1 − p2
The integral reduces to I =
2 ∫ e (2 − t ) dt = et −
2 2
+C
π sin x − cos x
1 sin 2 x = − 2 cos−1 (sin x − cos x ) = 2 tan −1
= e (3 − sin 2 x ) + C [option (a)] 2 1 − (sin x − cos x ) 2
2
 1  sin x − cos x  tan x − 1
= 2 tan −1 = 2 tan −1 
2
= e sin x 1 + cos2 x + C [option (b)] 
 2  2 sin x cos x  2 tan x 
Hence, (a) and (b) are the correct answers. Hence, (a), (b) and (c) are the correct answers.

JEE Type Solved Examples :

Passage Based Questions
Passage 2  2
Put x 2 + + 1 = t ⇒ 2  x − 3  dx = dt
(Q. Nos. 23 to 25) x 2  x 
1 dt 1 t1/2
 a  a  a = ∫ = ⋅ +C = t +C
For integral ∫ f  x − x  ⋅ 1 + x 2  dx, put x − x = t 2 t 2 1 /2
2
 a  a  a = x2 + +1+C
For integral ∫ f  x +  ⋅ 1 − 2  dx , put x + = t x2
 x  x  x Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
 a   a  a
For integral ∫ f  x 2 − 2  ⋅  x + 3  dx , put x 2 − 2 = t ( x − 1)
 x   x  x l Ex. 24 ∫ ( x + 1) x3 + x 2 + x
dx
 2 a   a  a
For integral ∫ f  x + 2  ⋅  x − 3  dx , put x 2 + 2 = t
 x   x  x  1  1
(a) tan−1  x + + 1 + C (b) tan−1 x + +1+C
many integrands can be brought into above forms by  x  x
suitable reductions or transformations. −1 1
(c) 2 tan x + +1+C (d) None of these
x
 1
x4 −2 1 − 2 
 x 
l Ex. 23 ∫ x2 x4 +x2 +2
dx Sol. ∫ (x + 1)2
x2 − 1
dx = ∫
 
dx
x3 + x2 + x +
1
+ +
1
+
 x 2 x 1
 x  x
1 2
(a) x 2 + 1 + +C (b) x 2 + 1 + +C 1  1
x2 x2 Put x + + 1 = t2 ⇒ 1 − 2  dx = 2t dt
x  x 
1 2
(c) x 2 + +C (d) x 2 + +C =∫ 2
2t dt
=2 ∫ 2
1
dt
x2 x2 (t + 1 ) t (t + 1 )
2
x−  1 
Sol. Here, I = ∫ x3 dx = 2 ⋅ tan −1 (t ) + C = 2 tan −1  x + + 1 + C
2  x 
x2 + 1 +
x2 Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 57

5x 4 + 4x 5 Divide numerator and denominator by x10, we get

l Ex. 25 ∫ ( x 5 + x + 1) 2 dx
I =∫
5 x −6 + 4 x −5
dx
(1 + x −4 + x −5 ) 2
x5
(a) x 5 + x + 1 + C (b) +C Put 1 + x −4 + x −5 = t ⇒( −4 x −5 − 5 x −6 ) dx = dt
x5 + x + 1
dt 1 1
x5 ∴ I =−∫ = +C= +C
(c) x −4 + x − 5 + C (d) +C t2 t 1 + x −4 + x −5
x5 + x + 1
x5
= +C
5x + 4x
4 5
x +x+1
5
Sol. Here, I =
(x 5 + x + 1)2
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

JEE Type Solved Examples :

Matching Type Questions
l Ex. 26 If x ∈(0, 1) then match the entries of Column I 4
=
4
tan 5 θ + C = ( x 5/4 ) + C
with Column II considering ‘c’ as an arbitrary constant of 5 5
 1 + x − 4 x 
integration. (B) I = ∫ cot 2 tan −1 dx
 1 + x + 4 x 
Column I Column II 
 1+ x − 4 x   sec θ − tan θ 
 x − 1 
(A) ∫ tan  2 tan −1
1+ 4 3/ 4
x +C ∴ cot 2 tan −1 = cot 2 tan −1 
dx (p)  1+ x + x
4   sec θ + tan θ 
 1+ x + 1 3 

= cot (2 tan −1 (sec θ − tan θ ) 2 )
 1+ x − x 4
(B) ∫ cot  2 tan −1 dx (q)
4 5/ 4
x +C  1 − sin θ 
 1+ x + 4 x  5 = cot 2 tan −1 
  cos θ 
 1  1 − x   If θ ∈( 0, π / 4 ), then sec θ − tan θ > 0
 1 − tan  sin −1   
 2 1 + x    π θ  π 
(C) ∫  2 3/ 4
x +C = cot 2 tan −1 tan  −   = cot  − θ = tan θ
 
dx (r)   4 2  2 
 1 + tan  1 sin −1  1 − x   
3
 2  1 + x    ∴ I = ∫ tan θ ⋅ 4 tan 3 θ sec 2 θ dθ

 4 4
 1+ x + 1 − 1+ x − 1   =tan 5 θ + C = ( x 5/4 ) + C
x tan  2 tan −1
2 5/ 4
(D) ∫   
dx (s) x +C 5 5
1+ x +1+ 1 + x − 1   5
−1  1 − tan θ 
  1 1 − x  1 2
(C) sin −1   = sin  
2 1 + x  2  1 + tan 2 θ 
Sol. Let x = tan 2 θ
1 1 π  π
x = tan 4 θ ⇒ tan θ = x1/4 = sin −1 (cos 2θ ) = sin −1 sin  − 2θ = − θ
2 2  2  4
Q x ∈ ( 0, 1 ) 
∴ dx = 4 tan 3 θ sec 2 θ dθ ∴ θ ∈ ( 0, π / 4 )   1 1 − x  
   1 − tan  sin −1   
 2 1 + x  
∴ 1+ x = sec θ ∴ ∫  1  dx
x  
  1 + tan  sin −1  1 −  
1+ x − 1  
 2 1 + x  
(A) I = ∫ tan 2 tan −1 dx
 1+ x + 1  π 
 1 − tan  − θ
4 
 x − 1   =∫ 4 tan 3 θ sec 2 θ dθ
1+ sec θ − 1  π 
⇒ tan 2 tan −1 = tan 2 tan −1  1 + tan  − θ
 1+ x + 1   sec θ + 1  4 

  θ  π π 
= tan 2 tan −1  tan   = tan θ = ∫ tan  −  − θ  4 tan 3 θ sec 2 θ dθ
  2  4 4 

∴ I = ∫ tan θ ⋅ 4 tan 3 θ sec 2 θ dθ = ∫ 4 tan 4 θ sec 2 θ dθ

58 Textbook of Integral Calculus

=
4 4
tan 5 θ + C = ( x 5/4 ) + C   sec θ + 1 − sec θ − 1  
= tan 2 θ ⋅ tan 2 tan −1  
5 5
  sec θ + 1 + sec θ − 1  
(D) Let x = tan 2 θ ⇒ x = tan 4 θ
  θ θ 
Q x ∈ ( 0, 1 )    cos − sin  
∴ dx = 4 tan 3 θ sec 2 θ dθ ∴ θ ∈ ( 0, π / 4 )  = tan θ ⋅ tan 2 tan −1
2
 2 2 
    cos θ + sin θ  
  2 2 
∴ 1+ x = sec θ
  π θ 
  1+ x +1− 1+ x − 1   = tan 2 θ ⋅ tan 2 tan −1 tan  −  
  4 2 
I =∫ x tan 2 tan −1  dx
  
  1+ x +1+ 1+ x − 1   π 
= tan θ ⋅ tan  − θ = tan 2 θ ⋅ cot θ = tan θ
2
2 
  1+ x +1− 1+ x − 1  
∴ x tan 2 tan −1 
∴
4 tan 5 θ
I = ∫ tan θ ⋅ 4 tan 3 θ sec 2 θ dθ =
4
+ C = ( x 5/ 4 ) + C
  
  1+ x +1+ 1+ x − 1   5 5
(A) → (q); (B) → (q); (C) → (q); (D) → (q)

JEE Type Solved Examples :

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
l Ex. 27 If the primitive of the function f (x )
m Integrating, +C …(i)
x 2009 1  x2  f ′ (x )
f (x ) = w.r.t. x is equal to   + C, f (0) 1
(1 + x 2 ) 1006 n 1 + x 2  Put x = 0, =C ⇒ C = .
f ′ (0) 2
n
then is equal to …… f (x ) 1
m Hence, = …(ii)
2009 f ′ (x ) 2
x
Sol. f (x ) = ∫ dx f ′ (x )
(1 + x 2 )1006 From Eq. (i), 2 f ( x ) = f ′ ( x ) ∴ =2
f (x )
Put 1 + x2 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
1004
Again, integrating, ln [ f ( x )] = 2 x + k
1 (t − 1 )1004 dt 1  1 1 Put x = 0 to get, k = 0
∴ I = ∫ = ∫ 1 −  ⋅ 2 dt
2 t 1006
2  t t f ( x ) = e 2x ⇒ λ + k = 2 + 0 = 2
1 1
Put 1 − = y ⇒ 2 dt = dy sin (100 x ) (sin x ) λ
t t l Ex. 29 ∫ {sin(101x ) ⋅ sin 99 x } dx = ,
1 1 y 1005 µ
∴ I = ∫ y 1004dy = ⋅ +C λ
2 2 1005 then is equal to ……
1005 µ
1  x2 
1005
1  t − 1
= ⋅  +C = ⋅  +C Sol. (1) I = ∫ {sin (100 x + x ) ⋅ (sin x ) 99 } dx
2010  t  2010  1 + x 2 

⇒ m = 1005, n = 2010 ⇒
n 2010
= =2 = ∫ {sin (100 x ) cos x + cos 100 x sin x } (sin x ) 99 dx
m 1005
= ∫ sin (100 x ) 1
cos x ⋅ (sin x 3
) 99 dx + ∫ cos(100x ) ⋅ (sin x )
100
dx
f ′ (x ) f (x ) 1424 3 44244
l Ex. 28 Suppose = 0 where f ( x ) is I II
f ′ ′ (x ) f ′ (x )
sin (100 x ) (sin x )100
continuous differentiable function with f ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 and satis- =
100
fies f (0 ) = 1 and f ′ (0 ) = 2, then f ( x ) = e λx + k , then λ + k is
100
− ∫ cos (100x ) (sin x ) dx + ∫ cos (100x ) (sin x )
100 100
equal to …………… dx
100
[ f ′ ( x )] − f ( x ) f ′′ ( x )
2
Sol. f ′ ( x ) ⋅ f ′ ( x ) − f ( x ) ⋅ f ′′ ( x ) = 0 or =0 sin (100 x ) (sin x )100
[ f ′ ( x )]2 = +C
100
d  f (x ) 
=0 λ 100
dx  f ′ ( x )  ⇒ λ = 100, µ = 100 ⇒ = =1
µ 100
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 59

Subjective Type Questions

l Ex. 30 If I n denotes ∫ z n e 1/ z dz , then show that  n+2 xn − 1 (a 2 − x 2 ) 3/2 (n − 1 ) a 2
  In = − + In − 2
 3  3 3
(n + 1) ! I n = I 0 + e 1/ z (1 ! z 2 + 2 ! z 3 +… + n ! z n + 1 ).
xn − 1 (a 2 − x 2 ) 3/2 (n − 1 ) a 2
Sol. I n = ∫ z n e1/z dz , applying integration by parts taking e1/z as In = − + In − 2
(n + 2 ) (n + 2 )
first function and z n as second function. We get, Hence Proved.
e 1/ z ⋅ z n + 1  1  zn + 1
In = − ∫ e 1/ z  − 2  ⋅ dz l Ex. 32 If I m = ∫ (sin x + cos x ) dx , then show that
m
(n + 1 )  z  n+1
e 1/ z ⋅ z n + 1 1 n −1
m I m = (sin x + cos x ) m − 1 ⋅ (sin x − cos x ) + 2 (m − 1) I m − 2
= + ∫e ⋅z
1/ z
dz
(n + 1 ) (n + 1 ) Sol. Q I m = ∫ (sin x + cos x )m dx
n+1
e 1/ z
⋅z In − 1
In = + = ∫ (sin x + cos x )m − 1 ⋅ (sin x + cos x ) dx,
(n + 1 ) (n + 1 )
Applying integration by parts
e 1/ z ⋅ z n + 1 1  e 1/ z ⋅ z n 1 
= + + In − 2  = (sin x + cos x )m − 1(cos x + sin x ) − ∫ (m − 1 ) (sin x + cos x )m − 2
(n + 1 ) (n + 1 )  n n 
⋅ (cos x − sin x ) ⋅ (sin x − cos x ) dx
e1/z (z )n + 1 e1/z ⋅ (z )n 1
= + + In − 2 = (sin x + cos x )m − 1(sin x − cos x ) + (m − 1 ) ∫ (sin x + cos x )m − 2
(n + 1 ) (n + 1 ) n (n + 1 ) n
(sin x − cos x ) 2 dx
e 1/ z ⋅ (z )n + 1 e 1/ z ⋅ (z )n e 1/ z ⋅ (z )n −1 1 As we know, (sin x + cos x ) + (sin x − cos x ) 2 = 2,
2
= + + + In − 3
(n + 1) (n + 1) n (n + 1)n ⋅ (n −1) (n + 1) n (n − 1)
∴I m = (sin x + cos x )m − 1 (sin x − cos x ) + (m − 1 )
……………………………………………………… m−2
……………………………………………………… ∫ (sin x + cos x ) ⋅ {2 − (sin x + cos x ) 2 } dx
e1/z ⋅ (z )n + 1 e1/z ⋅ (z )n e1/z ⋅ (z )1 = (sin x + cos x )m − 1 (sin x − cos x ) + (m − 1 )
= + +…+
n+1 (n + 1 ) n (n + 1 ) n … 3 ⋅2 m−2
1
∫ 2 (sin x + cos x ) dx − (m − 1 ) ∫ (sin x + cos x )m dx
+ I0 I m = (sin x + cos x )m − 1 (sin x − cos x ) + 2 (m − 1 )
(n + 1 ) n (n − 1 ) … 3 ⋅2 I m − 2 − (m − 1 ) I m
Multiplying both the sides by (n + 1 ) !. We get, m −1
or (m − 1 ) I m + I m = (sin x + cos x ) (sin x − cos x ) + 2 (m − 1 ) I m − 2
(n + 1 ) ! I n = (e1/z ⋅ z n + 1 ⋅ n ! + e1/z ⋅ z n (n − 1 ) ! + … or m I m = (sin x + cos x )m − 1 (sin x − cos x ) + 2 (m − 1 ) I m − 2
+…+ e 1/ z
⋅ z ⋅ (2 ) ! + e
3 1/ z
⋅ z ⋅ 1 !) + I 0
2
Hence Proved.
⇒ I n (n + 1 ) ! = I 0 + e 1/ z
(1 ! z + 2 ! z + … + n ! z n + 1 )
2 3
l Ex. 33 If I m , n = ∫ cos x ⋅ cos nx dx , show that
m
Hence Proved.
(m + n ) I m , n = cos m x ⋅ sin nx + m I (m − 1, n − 1)
l Ex. 31 If I n = ∫ x n a 2 − x 2 dx , prove that Sol. We have,
I m , n = ∫ cosm x ⋅ cos n x dx
x n − 1 (a 2 − x 2 ) 3 / 2 (n − 1) 2 I II
In = − + a In − 2 .
(n + 2 ) (n + 2 ) sin nx  sin nx
= (cosm x ) − ∫ m cosm − 1 x ( − sin x ) ⋅ dx
Sol. I n = ∫ x n
a − x dx = ∫ x
2 2 n −1
⋅ {x a − x } dx 2 2  n  n
II I 1 m
cosm − 1 x {sin x ⋅ sin nx} dx
n ∫
= cosm x ⋅ sin nx +
Applying integration by parts, we get n
 (a 2 − x 2 ) 3/2  As we have, cos (n − 1 ) x = cos nx cos x + sin nx sin x
n − 2  (a − x )
2 2 3/ 2 
= x n − 1 ⋅ −  + ∫ (n − 1 ) x ⋅ −  dx
 3   3  1 m m −1
∴ I m, n =
n
cosm x ⋅ sin x +
n ∫ cos x {cos (n − 1 ) x
xn − 1 (a 2 − x 2 ) 3/2 (n − 1 ) − cos nx ⋅ cos x} dx
xn − 2 ⋅ (a 2 − x 2 ) a 2 − x 2 dx
3 ∫
=− +
3 1 m m −1 m
xn − 1 (a 2 − x 2 ) 3/2 (n − 1 ) a 2 (n − 1 )
= cosm x ⋅ sin x +
n n ∫ cos x ⋅ cos (n − 1 ) x dx −
n
⇒ In = − + In − 2 − In
∫ ⋅
m
3 3 3 cos x cos n x dx
(n − 1 ) xn − 1 (a 2 − x 2 ) 3/2 (n − 1 ) a 2 1 m m
∴ In + In = − + In − 2 = cosm x ⋅ sin nx + I m − 1, n − 1 − I m , n
3 3 3 n n n
60 Textbook of Integral Calculus

m 1 ( x sec x )
( x sin x + n cos x ) ∫
I m, n + I m , n = [cosm x ⋅ sin nx + m I m − 1, n − 1 ] =− + sec 2 x dx
n n
 m + n 1 ( x sec x )
  I = [cosm x ⋅ sin nx + m I m − 1, n − 1 ] =− + tan x + C Hence Proved.
 n  m, n n ( x sin x + n cos x )
(m + n ) I m , n = cosm x ⋅ sin nx + m I m − 1, n − 1
l Ex. 36 If cos θ > sin θ > 0, then evaluate
 π 
tan  − x   cos 2 θ 
 4    1 + sin 2 θ   cos 2 θ  
l Ex. 34 Evaluate ∫ cos 2 x dx . ∫  log  
 1 − sin 2 θ 
+ log    dθ
 1 + sin 2 θ  
tan 3 x + tan 2 x + tan x  
 π   cos 2 θ 
tan  − x  dx   1 + sin 2 θ   cos 2 θ  
 4  Sol. Here, I = ∫ log   + log    dθ
Sol. I = ∫   1 − sin 2 θ   1 + sin 2 θ  
cos x 2
tan x + tan x + tan x
3 2 

(1 − tan 2 x ) dx   cos θ + sin θ   cos θ + sin θ  

=∫ = ∫ 2 cos2 θ log   − log    dθ
(1 + tan x ) 2 cos2 x tan 3 x + tan 2 x + tan x   cos θ − sin θ   cos θ − sin θ  

 1   cos θ + sin θ 
− 1 −  sec 2 x dx = ∫ (2 cos2 θ − 1 ) log   dθ
 tan 2 x   cos θ − sin θ 
I =∫
 1  1  cos θ + sin θ 
 tan x + 2 +  tan x + 1 + = ∫ cos 2 θ ⋅ log   dθ, applying integration by parts
 tan x  tan x  cos θ − sin θ 
II
1 I
let y = tan x + 1 +
tan x  cos θ + sin θ  sin 2 θ 2 sin 2 θ
= log  ⋅ −∫ ⋅ dθ
 1   cos θ − sin θ  2 cos 2 θ 2
⇒ 2y dy =  sec 2 x − ⋅ sec 2 x  dx
 tan 2 x  sin 2 θ  cos θ + sin θ  1
= log   + log | cos 2 θ | + C
− 2y dy dy 2  cos θ − sin θ  2
∴ I =∫ = −2 ∫ = − 2 tan − 1 y + C
(y 2 + 1 ) ⋅ y 1 + y2
 1 
tan − 1 x
= − 2 tan −1
 tan x + 1 +  +C
l Ex. 37 Evaluate ∫ x4
dx .
 tan x 
tan − 1 x 1
x 2 + n (n − 1) Sol. I = ∫ dx = ∫ tan − 1 x ⋅ 4 dx
l Ex. 35 Evaluate ∫ ( x sin x + n cos x ) 2 dx. x4
I
x
II
 1  1 1
x 2 + n (n − 1 ) = (tan − 1 x )  − 3  − ∫ ⋅ dx
Sol. Here, I =∫ dx  3x  1 + x 2 (− 3x 3 )
( x sin x + n cos x ) 2
tan − 1 x 1 dx
Multiplying and dividing by x 2n − 2, we get =− + ∫ x 3 (1 + x 2 ) ,
3x 3 3
{ x 2 + n (n − 1 )} x 2n − 2
I =∫ n dx Put 1 + x 2 = t,
( x sin x + n xn − 1 cos x ) 2
tan − 1 x 1 dt
We know xn sin x + n xn − 1 cos x = t 2x dx = dt = −
3x 3
+
6 ∫ (t − 1)2 ⋅ t
⇒ {(n xn − 1 sin x ) + ( xn cos x ) + n (n − 1 ) xn − 2 cos x
tan − 1 x 1
− (n xn − 1 sin x ) dx = dt } I =− + I1 …(i)
3x 3 6
n−2
⇒ x cos x ⋅ { x + n (n − 1 )} dx = dt
2

1  A B C 
Keeping this in mind, we put Where, I 1 = ∫ dt = ∫  + +  dt
(t − 1 ) ⋅ t
2
 t − 1 (t − 1 ) 2
t 
{ x 2 + n (n − 1 )} ⋅ xn − 2 ⋅ cos x n
I =∫ ⋅ x ⋅ sec x dx
( xn sin x + n xn − 1 cos x ) 2 Comparing coefficients, we get
II I A = − 1, B = 1, C = 1
Applying integration by parts, we get
 1 1 1 
 1  ∴ I1 = ∫  − + +  dt
= xn sec x ⋅  − n n −1
  (t − 1 ) (t − 1 ) 2
t 
 ( x sin x + n x cos x )
( xn sec x tan x + n xn − 1 ⋅ sec x ) = − log | t − 1 | −
1
+ log | t |
+∫ dx …(ii)
( xn sin x + n xn − 1 cos x ) (t − 1 )
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 61

∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get a + b sin x

−1
l Ex. 39 Evaluate ∫ dx
I =−
tan x 1
+
 1 2  (b + a sin x ) 2
− log | x | − 2 + log | 1 + x |  + C
2
3x 3 6  x  a2
− b + (b + a sin x )
−1
x + 1 1 2 a + b sin x b
=−
tan x 1
− log  − +C Sol. Here, I = ∫ dx = ∫ b dx
3x 3 6 2
 x  6x
2 (b + a sin x ) 2
a (b + a sin x ) 2
a2 − b2 dx b dx
l Ex. 38 Evaluate ∫ x log (1 − x ) dx , and hence prove
2 2 I =
a ∫ (b + a sin x )2 + a ∫ (b + a sin x ) ...(i)

1 1 1 2 8 cos x dA − b sin x − a
that + + +… = log 2 − . Now, let A = ⇒ =
1⋅5 2 ⋅7 3 ⋅ 9 3 9 b + a sin x dx (b + a sin x ) 2
 x2 x3 x4   a2 
Sol. We know, log (1 − x ) = −  x + + + +…∞  a sin x + b + −b 
2 3 4 dA b  b 
  ⇒ =−  
2 dx a  (b + a sin x ) 2

Put x instead of x in the above identity,  
 x4 x6 x8 
⇒ log (1 − x 2 ) = −  x 2 + + + +…∞  dA b  1 a − b2
2 
 2 3 4  ⇒ =−  + 2 
dx a  b + a sin x b (b + a sin x ) 
 x 6
x 8
x 10 
⇒ x 2 log (1 − x 2 ) = −  x 4 + + + +…∞  Integrating both the sides w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
 2 3 4 
b dx (a 2 − b 2 ) dx
Integrating both the sides, we get A=−
a ∫ b + a sin x − a ∫ (b + a sin x )2
 x5 x7 x9 
∫ − = − + + +…∞ + C
2 2
x log (1 x ) dx  a2 − b2 dx b dx
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
 1 5 2 7 3 9  ⇒
a ∫ (b + a sin x )2 = − a ∫ b + a sin x − A ...(ii)
Now, to find constant of integration, put x = 0
⇒ 0=0+C From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ C =0 I =− ∫
b dx b dx
 x5 x7 x9  a (b + a sin x )
−A+
a ∫ (b + a sin x )
∴ ∫ x 2 log (1 − x 2 ) dx = −  + + +…∞ 
 1 ⋅5 2 ⋅7 3 ⋅9  ⇒

I =−A+C ⇒ I =−
cos x 
II I  +C
 b + a sin x 
Applying integration by parts, and taking limits 0 to 1 for LHS
1
 x3  1 x 3 1 (− 2x ) dx
⇒  log (1 − x 2 )  − ∫ ⋅ dx l Ex. 40 Evaluate ∫ ⋅
 3 0 0 3 1 − x2
( x − 1) 3/ 4
( x + 2 ) 5/ 4
1 1
 x3  2  x3 1 1 + x  
⇒  log (1 − x 2 )  +  − − x + log   Sol. Let I = ∫
dx dx
( x − 1 ) 3/ 4 ( x + 2 ) 5/ 4 ∫
=
 3 0 3  3 2  1 − x  0  (x − 1) 
3/ 4
(x + 2)2  
Taking log (1 − x 2 ) = log (1 + x ) + log (1 − x )  (x + 2) 
1 + x x −1
and log   = log (1 + x ) − log (1 − x ) Let =t
1 − x x+2
1 1 2 2  x3 1  3
⇒ log 2 + log 2 − − + lim  −  log (1 − x ) So that, dx = dt
3 3 3 9 x→1  3 3  (x + 2)2
 
Q lim ( x 3 − 1 ) log (1 − x ) = 0 I =∫
dt 1 − 3/ 4
3 t 3/ 4 3 ∫
 x → 1  ∴ = t dt
2 8
⇒ log 2 − = RHS 1/ 4
3 9 1 t 1/ 4 4  x − 1
= ⋅ +C=   +C
1 1 1 2 8 3 1/4 3  x + 2
∴ + + + … = log (2 ) −
1 ⋅5 2 ⋅7 3 ⋅9 3 9
62 Textbook of Integral Calculus

#L Indefinite Integral Exercise 1 :

Single Option Correct Type Questions
x2 x2 −1
1. Let f ( x ) = ∫ dx and f (0) = 0. Then 8. ∫ x3 dx is equal to
(1 + x 2 ) (1 + 1 + x 2 ) 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
f (1) is equal to 2x 4 − 2x 5 + 1 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
π (a) +C (b) +C
(a) loge (1 + 2 ) (b) loge (1 + 2 ) − x 2
x3
4
π 2x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
(c) loge (1 + 2 ) + (d) None of these (c) +C (d) +C
4 x 2x 2

2. If ∫ f ( x ) dx = f ( x ), then ∫ { f ( x )} 2 dx is equal to 9. Let f ( x ) be a polynomial satisfying f (0) = 2, f ′ (0) = 3 and

1
f ′′( x ) = f ( x ). Then f ( 4 ) is equal to
(a) { f ( x )} 2 (b) { f ( x )} 3 5(e 8 + 1 ) 5 (e 8 − 1 )
2 (a) (b)
{ f ( x )} 3 2e 4 2e 4
(c) (d) { f ( x )} 2 2e 4 2e 4
3 (c) (d)
5 (e 8 − 1 ) 5 (e 8 + 1 )
3. If ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ), then ∫ x 3 f ( x 2 ) dx is equal to
2 2
+ 4 ln x )
e (x − x3 ex
∫
1
(a) [ x 2 { F ( x )} 2 − ∫ { F ( x )} 2 dx ] 10. dx is equal to
2 x −1
1
(b) [ x 2F ( x 2 ) − ∫ F ( x 2 ) d ( x 2 )]
2
 e 3 ln x − e ln x  x 2 ( x − 1 ) xe x
2 (a)  e +C (b) +C
1 2 1  2x  2
(c) [ x F ( x ) − ∫ { F ( x )} 2 dx ]
2 2 (x 2 − 1) 2
(c) − ex + C (d) None of these
(d) None of the above 2x
4. If n is an odd positive integer, then ∫ | x n | dx is 11. ∫ tan 4 x dx = A tan 3 x + B tan x + f ( x ), then
equal to 1
(a) A = , B = − 1, f ( x ) = x + C
xn + 1 xn + 1 3
(a) +C (b) +C
n+1 n+1 2
(b) A = , B = − 1, f ( x ) = x + C
3
|x |n x
(c) +C (d) None of these 1
n+1 (c) A = , B = 1, f ( x ) = x + C
3
3x + 2 2
5. Let F ( x ) be the primitive of w.r.t. x. If F(10) = 60, (d) A = , B = 1, f ( x ) = − x + C
x −9 3
then the value of F(13) is sin 4 x
12. If the anti-derivative of ∫ dx is f ( x ), then
(a) 66 (b) 132 x
(c) 248 (d) 264 sin 4 {( p + q )x }
6. ∫ ( x x ) x (2x loge x + x ) dx is equal to ∫ x
dx in terms of f ( x ) is
f {( p + q ) x }
(a) x ( x
x
)
+C (b) ( x x ) x + C (a) f {( p + q ) x } (b)
p+q
(c) x 2 ⋅ loge x + C (d) None of these (c) f {( p + q ) x } ( p + q ) (d) None of these
7. The value of ∫ x log x (log x − 1) dx is equal to  sin θ sin 3θ sin 9θ 
13. ∫  + +  dθ is equal to
(a) 2 ( x log x − x ) + C 2
 cos 3θ cos 9θ cos 27θ
1
(b) ( x log x − x ) 2 + C 1 sec 27 θ 1 sec θ
2 (a) log +C (b) log +C
2 sec θ 2 sec 27 θ
(c) ( x log x ) 2 + C
1 1 27 sec 27θ
(d) ( x log x ) 3 + C (c) log +C (d) None of these
2 2 sec θ
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 63

14. Let x 2 ≠ nπ − 1, n ∈ N . Then, the value of 18. The primitive of the function f ( x ) = x | cos x |, when
2 sin ( x + 1) − sin 2 ( x + 1)
2 2 π
< x < π is given by
∫x 2 sin ( x 2 + 1) + sin 2 ( x 2 + 1)
dx is equal to 2
(a) cos x + x sin x + C
1  x 2 + 1 (b) − cos x − x sin x + C
(a) log sec ( x 2 + 1 ) + C (b) log sec   +C
2  2  (c) x sin x − cos x + C
1 (d) None of the above
(c) log | sec ( x 2 + 1 )| + C (d) None of these
2
19. The primitive of the function f ( x ) = (2x + 1)| sin x |,
dx
15. ∫ cos (2x ) cos ( 4 x )
is equal to when π < x < 2π is
(a) − (2 x + 1 ) cos x + 2 sin x + C
1 1 + 2 sin 2 x 1 (b) (2 x + 1 ) cos x − 2 sin x + C
(a) log − (log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | ) + C
2 2 1 − 2 sin 2 x 2 (c) ( x 2 + x ) cos x + C
1 1 + 2 sin 2 x 1 (d) None of the above
(b) log − (log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | ) + C
2 2 1 + 2 sin x 2
0 x 2 − sin x cos x − 2
1 1 + 2 sin 2 x 1
(c) log − (log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | ) + C 20. Given, f ( x ) = sin x − x 2 0 1 − 2x , then
2 1 − 2 sin 2 x 2
2 − cos x 2x − 1 0
(d) None of the above
1 − 7 cos 2 x f (x ) ∫ f ( x ) dx is equal to
16. ∫ sin 7 x cos 2 x dx = (sin x ) 7 + C, then f ( x ) is equal to
x3
(a) − x 2 sin x + sin 2 x + C
(a) sin x (b) cos x (c) tan x (d) cot x 3
3
sin x x3
17. ∫ (cos 4 x + 3 cos 2 x + 1) tan −1 (sec x + cos x ) dx is equal to (b)
3
− x 2 sin x − cos2 x + C

(a) tan −1 (sec x + cos x ) + C (b) loge | tan −1 ( sec x + cos x ) | + C x3

(c) − x 2 cos x − cos2 x + C
1 3
(c) +C (d) None of these (d) None of the above
( sec x + cos x ) 2

#L Indefinite Integral Exercise 2 :

More than One Option Correct Type Questions
dx 4e x + 6e − x
21. ∫ ( x + 1) ( x − 2) = A log ( x + 1) + B log ( x − 2) + C , where 24. If ∫ −x
dx = Ax + B loge (9e 2 x − 4 ) + C , then
9e x
− 4e
(a) A + B = 0 (b) AB = 0 3 35
(c) A / B = − 1 (d) None of these (a) A = (b) B =
2 36
dx x 19
22. If ∫ = k tan −1 x + l tan −1 + C , then (c) C is indefinite (d) A + B = −
( x + 1)( x + 4 )
2 2 2 36

(a) k =
1
(b) l =
2
(c) k = −
1
(d) l = −
1 25. If ∫ tan 5 x dx = A tan 4 x + B tan 2 x + g ( x ) + C , then
3 3 3 6 1 1
(a) A = , B = −
23. If ∫ x log(1 + x 2 ) dx = φ ( x ) log(1 + x 2 ) + x ( ψ ) + C , then 4 2
1 + x2 1 + x2 (b) g( x ) = ln | sec x |
(a) φ( x ) = (b) ψ ( x ) =
2 2 (c) g( x ) = ln | cos x |
1 + x2 1 + x2 1
(d) A = − , B =
1
(c) ψ( x ) = − (d) φ( x ) = −
2 2 4 3
64 Textbook of Integral Calculus

#L Indefinite Integral Exercise 3 :

Statement I and II Type Questions
n Directions (Q. Nos. 26 to 30) For the following 28. Statement I If a > 0 and b 2 − 4ac < 0, then the value of
questions, choose the correct answers from the codes (a), dx
(b), (c) and (d) defined as follows : the integral ∫ will be of the type
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II ax + bx + c
2

x+A
is the correct explanation of Statement I. µ tan −1 + C, where A, B, C , µ are constants.
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II B
is not the correct explanation of Statement I. Statement II If a > 0, b 2 − 4ac < 0, then ax 2 + bx + C
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false. can be written as sum of two squares.
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.  
1 −1
26. Statement I If y is a function of x such that 29. Statement I ∫  1 + x 4  dx = tan (x 2 ) + C
dx 1
y ( x − y ) 2 = x , then ∫ = [log ( x − y ) 2 − 1] 1 −1
x − 3y 2 Statement II ∫ 1 + x 2 dx = tan x+C
dx
Statement II ∫ x − 3y = log ( x − 3y ) + C
tan −1 x −1
−1
2 tan x
27. Statement I Integral of an even function is not always
30. Statement I ∫2 d (cot x) =
ln 2
+C

an odd function. d x
Statement II (a + C ) = a x ln a
dx
Statement II Integral of an odd function is an even
function.

#L Indefinite Integral Exercise 4 :

Passage Based Questions
Passage I ( x + 1 + x 2 )15
(Q. Nos. 31 to 33) 32. ∫ 1+ x2
dx is equal to
Let us consider the integral of the following forms
( x + 1 + x 2 )16
f ( x1 , mx 2 + nx + p )1/ 2 (a) +C
10
1
Case I If m > 0, then put mx 2 + nx + C = u ± x m (b) +C
15 ( 1 + x 2 + x )
Case II If p > 0, then put mx 2 + nx + C = ux ± p 15
(c) +C
Case III If quadratic equation mx + nx + p = 0 has real roots
2 ( 1 + x2 − x)

α and β there put mx 2 + nx + p = ( x − α ) u or ( x − β ) u ( x + 1 + x 2 )15

(d) +C
15
dx
31. If I = ∫ to evaluate I, one of the most 33. To evaluate ∫
dx
one of the most
x − 9x 2 + 4x + 6 ( x − 1) − x 2 + 3x − 2
proper substitution could be suitable substitution could be
(a) 9 x 2 + 4 x + 6 = u ± 3 x
(a) − x 2 + 3 x − 2 = u
(b) 9 x + 4 x + 6 = 3u ± x
2
(b) − x 2 + 3 x − 2 = (ux 2 )
1
(c) x = (c) − x 2 + 3 x − 2 = u (1 − x )
t
1
(d) 9 x + 4 x + 6 =
2
(d) − x 2 + 3 x − 2 = u ( x + 2 )
t
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 65

1
Passage II (b) I 4 , 2 = ( − sin 5 x cos3 x + 8 I 4 , 4 )
3
(Q. Nos. 34 to 36) 1
(c) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x − 8 I 4 , 4 )
Let I n, m = ∫ sin x cos m x dx. Then, we can relate I n, m with
n
3
1
each of the following : (d) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x + 6 I 4 , 4 )
3
(i) I n − 2, m (ii) I n + 2, m
(iii) I n, m − 2 (iv) I n, m + 2 Passage III
(v) I n − 2, m + 2 (vi) I n + 2, m − 2 (Q. Nos. 37 to 38)
Suppose we want to establish a relation between I n, m and If f : R → ( 0, ∞ ) be a differentiable function f ( x ) satisfying
I n, m − 2 , then we get f ( x + y ) − f ( x − y ) = f ( x ) ⋅ { f ( y ) − f ( y ) − y}, ∀ x, y ∈ R,
( f ( y ) ≠ f ( − y ) for all y ∈ R) and f ′ ( 0) = 2010.
P ( x ) = sin n + 1 x cos m − 1 x …(i)
Now, answer the following questions.
In I n, m and I n, m − 2 the exponent of cos x is m and m − 2
respectively, the minimum of the two is m − 2, adding 1 to the
37. Which of the following is true for f ( x )
minimum we get m − 2 + 1 = m − 1. Now, choose the exponent (a) f ( x ) is one-one and into
m − 1of cos x in P ( x ). Similarly, choose the exponent of sin x for (b) { f ( x )} is non-periodic, where {⋅} denotes fractional part
of x.
P ( x ) = ( nH ) sin n x cos m x − ( m − 1) sin n + 2 x cos m − 2 x.
(c) f ( x ) = 4 has only two solutions.
Now, differentiating both the sides of Eq. (i), we get (d) f ( x ) = f −1( x ) has only one solution.
= ( n + 1) sin n x cos m x − ( m − 1) sin n x (1 − cos 2 x ) cos m − 2 x
38. let g ( x ) = loge (sin x ), and ∫ f ( g ( x )) cos x dx = h( x ) + c ,
= ( n + 1) sin n x cos m x − ( m − 1) sin n x cos m − 2 x
 π
+ ( m − 1) sin n x cos n x (where c is constant of integration), then h   is equal
 2
= ( n + m ) sin n x cos m x − ( m − 1) sin n x cos m − 2 x to
1
(a) 0 (b)
Now, integrating both the sides, we get 2010
1
sin n + 1 x cos m − 1 x = ( n + m ) I n, m − ( m − 1) I n, m − 2 (c) 1 (d)
2011
Similarly, we can establish the other relations.
Passage IV
34. The relation between I 4 , 2 and I 2 , 2 is
(Q. Nos. 39 to 41)
1
(a) I 4 , 2 = ( − sin 3 x cos3 x + 3 I 2, 2 ) Let f : R → R be a function as
6
1 f ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x + 2)( x − 3)( x − 6) − 100. If g ( x ) is a
(b) I 4 , 2 = (sin 3 x cos3 x + 3 I 2, 2 ) g (x )
6 polynomial of degree ≤ 3 such that ∫ dx does not contain
1 f (x )
(c) I 4 , 2 = (sin 3 x cos3 x − 3 I 2, 2 )
6 any logarithm function and g ( − 2) = 10. Then
1
(d) I 4 , 2 = ( − sin 3 x cos3 x + 2 I 2, 2 ) 39. The equation f ( x ) = 0 has
4
(a) all four distinct roots
35. The relation between I 4 , 2 and I 6 , 2 is (b) three distinct real roots
1 (c) two real and two imaginary
(a) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x + 8 I 6, 2 )
5 (d) all four imaginary roots
1 40. The minimum value of f ( x ) is
(b) I 4 , 2 = ( − sin 5 x cos3 x + 8 I 6, 2 )
5
1 (a) − 136 (b) − 100
(c) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x − 8 I 6, 2 ) (c) − 84 (d) − 68
5
g( x )
∫ f ( x ) dx , equals
1 41.
(d) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x + 8 I 6, 2 )
6
36. The relation between I 4 , 2 and I 4 , 4 is  x − 2  x − 1
(a) tan −1   +c (b) tan −1   +c
 2   1 
1
(a) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x + 8 I 4 , 4 ) (c) tan −1 ( x ) + c (d) None of these
3
66 Textbook of Integral Calculus

#L Indefinite Integral Exercise 5 :

Matching Type Questions
42. Match the following :
Column I Column II
sin x − cos x π 3π sin x
(A) If I = ∫ dx , where < x < , then I is equal to (p)
| sin x − cos x | 4 8

x2 1  x 3 + 1 (q) x+C
(B) If ∫ dx = f  3  + C , then f (x ) is equal to
(x + 1) (x + 2)
3 3
3  x + 2

π  (r) ln | x |
(C) If ∫ sin −1 x ⋅ cos−1x dx = f −1 (x ) x − xf −1 (x ) − 2 1 − x 2 + 2x + C , then f (x ) is equal to
 2 

(D) If ∫
dx
= f ( f (x )) + C , then f (x ) is equal to (s) sin −1 x
xf (x )

43. Match the following :

Column I Column II
 x + cos x 
2 2
cosec x (p) A =1
(A) If ∫   cosec2x dx = A cot −1 x + B , then
 1+ x 2
sec x

(B) If ∫ x + x 2 + 2 dx =
A
(x + x 2 + 2 )3/ 2 −
B
, then (q) B = −1
3 (x + x + 2)
2

2 − x − x2 2 − x − x2  4 − x + 4 2 − x − x2  (r) B=2
(C) If ∫ dx = A +
B
log   − sin −1  2x + 1 , then
2    3 
x x 4 2  x 

(D) If ∫
sin 2x
dx = B cot −1 (tan 2 x ) , then (s) A = −1
sin 4 x + cos4 x

#L Indefinite Integral Exercise 6 :

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
(2x + 3) dx 1
44. If ∫ =C − , where f ( x ) is of the form of ax 2 + bx + c , then (a + b + c ) equals to …… .
x ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 3) + 1 f (x )
3x + 2
45. Let F ( x ) be the primitive of w.r.t. x. If F(10) = 60, then the sum of digits of the value of F(13), is ……… .
x −9
u( x ) u′ (x )  u( x ) ′ p +q
46. Let u( x ) and v ( x ) are differentiable function such that = 7. If = p and   = q , then has the value
v( x ) v ′ (x )  v ( x ) p −q
equal to ……… .
2
1  x − 1   x − 1 
47. If ∫ 2 ln   dx = 6A ln    + C , then find 24 A.
( x − 1)  x + 1   x + 1 
λ
e x (2 − x 2 ) 1 + x 
48. If ∫ dx = µe x
  + C , then 2( λ + µ ) is equal to ……… .
(1 − x ) 1 − x 2 1 − x 
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 67

cos x − sin x + 1 − x tan x 1

49. If ∫ dx = ln { f ( x )} + g ( x ) + C , where 52. The value of ∫ dx = x − tan −1
e + sin x + x
x
1 + tan x + tan x 2
A
C is the constant of integrating and f ( x ) is positive, then  2 tan x + 1
f ( x ) + g( x )   + C , then the value of A is……… .
is equal to ……… .  A 
e x + sin x
53. ∫ sin 5 / 2 x cos 3 x dx = 2 sin A / 2 x  − sin 2
 1 1
x + C,
dx dx B C 
50. Suppose A = ∫ and B = ∫ ⋅
x 2 + 6x + 25 x 2 − 6x − 27 then the value of ( A + B ) − C is equal to ……… .
 x + 3 x −9 54. If∫ (x 2010 + x 804 + x 402 )(2x 1608 + 5x 402 + 10)1/ 402 dx
If 12( A + B ) = λ ⋅ tan −1   + µ ⋅ ln + C , then 1
 4  x +3 = (2x 2010 + 5x 804 + 10x 402 )a / 402 . Then (a − 400) is
10a
the value of ( λ + µ ) is … .
equal to ...........
cos 6x + cos 9 x sin 4 x
51. If ∫
3
dx = − − sin x + C , then the + x2 −1
55. If ∫ e x (3x 4 + 2x 3 + 2x ) dx = h( x ) + c Then the
1 − 2 cos 5x k
value of k is ……… . value of h (1) ⋅ h ( − 1), is ………

Indefinite Integral Exercise 7 :

Subjective Type Questions
(x sin x + cos x )  x 4 cos 3 x − x sin x + cos x  64. Evaluate ∫
dx
,a ∈N.
56. Evaluate e dx  
 x 2 cos 2 x  (sin x + a sec x ) 2
dx
57. Evaluate ∫ x + x 2 + 2 dx . 65. Evaluate ∫ ⋅
x − x + 2x + 4
2

dx
58. Evaluate ∫ .
66. Evaluate ∫
dx
⋅
( ( x − α ) − β 2 ) (ax + b )
2
1 + x + 2x + 2
2

1+ 3
x x4 +1
59. Evaluate ∫ dx. 67. Evaluate ∫ dx .
3
x2 x6 +1
sin 3 (θ / 2) dθ dx
60. Evaluate ∫ ⋅ 68. Evaluate ∫ dx .
cos θ / 2 cos θ + cos θ + cos θ
3 2 (1 − x 3 )1/ 3
(2 sin θ + sin 2θ) dθ ( x + 1 + x 2 )15
61. Evaluate ∫ ⋅ 69. Evaluate ∫ dx .
(cos θ − 1) cos θ + cos 2 θ + cos 3 θ 1+ x2
62. Connect ∫ x m − 1 (a + bx n ) p dx with xn
70. If y 2 = ax 2 + 2bx + c , and u n = ∫ dx , prove that
x 8 dx y
∫ x m − n − 1 (a + bx n ) p dx and evaluate ∫ ⋅
(1 − x 3 )1/ 3 (n + 1) a u n + 1 + (2n + 1) bu n + n c y n − 1 = x n y and deduce

63. Evaluate ∫ cosec 2 x ln (cos x + cos 2x ) dx . that au 1 = y − b u 0 ; 2a 2 u 2 = y (ax − 3b ) − (ac − 3b 2 ) u 0 .

68 Textbook of Integral Calculus

#L Indefinite Integrals Exercise 8 :

Questions Asked in Previous 10 Years’ Exams

(i) JEE Advanced & IIT-JEE

sec 2 x ex e −x
71. ∫ (sec x + tan x ) 9 / 2
dx equals to (for some arbitrary 72. If I = ∫
e 4x + e 2x + 1
dx , J = ∫
e − 4 x + e −2 x + 1
dx . Then,

constant K) [Only One Correct Option 2012]

for an arbitrary constant c, the value of J − I equals
−1 1 1 2
(a)  − (sec x + tan x )  + K [Only One Correct Option 2008]
(sec x + tan x )11/2 11 7 
1 1 1 2 1 e 4 x − e 2x + 1 1 e 2x + e x + 1
(b)  − (sec x + tan x )  + K (a) log 4 x + C (b) log 2x +C
(sec x + tan x )11/2 11 7  2 e +e +1 2x
2 e − ex + 1
−1 1 1 
(c) 11/ 2 
+ (sec x + tan x ) 2  + K
(sec x + tan x ) 11 7  1 e 2x − e x + 1 1 e 4 x + e 2x + 1
(c) log 2x +C (d) log 4 x +C
1 1 1 2 2 e + ex + 1 2 e − e 2x + 1
(d)  + (sec x + tan x )  + K
(sec x + tan x )11/2 11 7 

(ii) JEE Main & AIEEE

2x 12 + 5x 9 76. If ∫ f ( x ) dx = ψ( x ), then ∫ x 5 f ( x 3 ) dx is equal to
73. The integral ∫ dx is equal to
( x 5 + x 3 + 1) 3 [2016 JEE Main] 1 3
[2013 JEE Main]
(a) [ x ψ ( x 3 ) − ∫ x 2ψ ( x 3 )dx ] + C
−x 5
x 10
3
(a) +C (b) +C 1
(x + x 3 + 1)2
5
2( x + x 3 + 1 ) 2
5
(b) x 3ψ ( x 3 ) − 3 ∫ x 3ψ ( x 3 ) dx + C
3
x5 − x10
(c) +C (d) +C 1 3
2( x 5 + x 3 + 1 ) 2 2( x 5 + x 3 + 1 ) 2 (c) x ψ ( x 3 ) − ∫ x 2ψ ( x 3 ) dx + C
3
where, C is an arbitrary constant. 1
(d) [ x 3ψ ( x 3 ) − ∫ x 3ψ ( x 3 ) dx ] + C
dx 3
74. The integral ∫ 3
equals
5 tan x
x 2 ( x 4 + 1) 4 77. If the integral ∫ dx = x + a log
[2015 JEE Main] tan x − 2
1
 x 4 + 1 4
1 | sin x − 2 cos x | + k , then a is equal to [2012 AIEEE]
(a)   +C (b) ( x 4 + 1 ) 4 + C (a) –1 (b) –2
 x4  (c) 1 (d) 2
1
1
 x 4 + 1 4 sin x dx
(c) −( x + 4
1) 4 +C (d) −   +C 78. The value of 2 ∫ is
 x4   π
sin  x − 
1  4 [2012 AIEEE]
1 x+
75. The integral ∫ 1 + x −  e x dx is equal to π π
 x [2014 JEE Main]  
(a) x + log cos  x −  + C (b) x + log sin  x −  + C
1 1  4  4
x+ x+
(a) ( x − 1) e x +C (b) xe x +C
 π  π
x+
1
x+
1 (c) x − log sin  x −  + C (d) x − log cos  x −  + C
(c) ( x + 1 ) e x +C (d) − x e x +C  4  4
 Answers
Exercise for Session 1 12.
1
2x2 + 3x −
3
log x +
3 2 3
x + x +C
2 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 4 2
1. (x + 1)3/ 2 + x3/ 2 + c 2. − + − − 2 tan −1 x + c
3 3 x 3x3 5x5 −1 a − x
13. a − x(x − b) − (a − b) tan +C
x3 x−b
3. log x + 2 tan −1 x + c 4. − x + tan −1 x + c
3 14. sin −1 x + 1 − x2 + C
1  x3 
5.  + tan −1 x + c 6. tan x − tan −1
x+ c (2 x + 5 ) 2
log  x +  + x2 + x + 1 + C
15 1
2 3  15. x + x+1+
4 8  2
1  a2  π
17. log tan  +  + C
bx − 2a log | bx + a| − x 1 x
7.
3 + c 16. log tan + 1 + C
b  a + bx  2 2 2 6
2x ex e4x 1 1 1
8. + c 9. + c 18. log |sin x − cos x| + cos 2x + sin 2x + C
1 + loge 2 4 4 8 8
−1  e + 2 
x
2
xa + 1 ax 1 19. sin   +C 20. − sin −1 (cos3/ 2 x) + C
10. + + c 11. − cos 4x + C  3  3
a + 1 log a 8
12 5
12.
1 1
ln | sec 3x | − ln | sec 2 x | − ln | sec x | + e 21. (3 sin x − 2 cos x) − log (3 cos x + 2 sin x) + C
3 2 13 13
2 3 1 22.
13. sin 3x + 2 sin x + C 14. sin x + sin 3x + C 1  2x − 3  
sin −1
2 3 25
3 4 12 − (4 + 3 x − x2 ) 3/ 2 −  x −  4 + 3x − x +
2
 +C
3 1 3 2   2 4  5  
15. − cos 2x + cos 6x + C
23. 2 x2 + x + 1 + 2 log  x +
64 192 1
 + x2 + x + 1
 2
Exercise for Session 2 1− x+ x2 + x + 1
− 6 log +C
1. tan x − sec x + C 2. sin 2x + C 2 (x + 1)
24. (c)
cos 3x 180
3. − +C 4. sin x° + C
3 π Exercise for Session 4
5. x + C 6. 2(sin x + x cos α ) + C
1. x2ex − 2(xex − ex ) + C 2. − x2 cos x + 2(x sin x + cos x) + C
7. sec x − cosec x + C 8. tan x − cot x + C
9. (sin x + cos x) sin (cos x − sin x) + C 3. x(log x) − x + C 4. x(log x)2 − 2(x log x − x) + C

11. − 2 cos   + C
1
10. tan x − cot x − 3x + C
x 5. x tan −1 x − log |1 + x2 | + C 6. x(sec−1 x) − log | x + x2 − 1| + C
 2 2
− cos 4x 1 x2 1 1
12. +C 13. (x − sin x) + C 7. tan −1 − (x − tan −1 x) + C 8. − (1 + log x) + C
8 2 2 2 x
x
14. − 2 cos x + C 15.
x
+C 9. − x cot + C 10. x log (x2 + 1) − 2x + 2 tan −1 x + C
2 2
11. ex ⋅ log (sec x) + C 12. ex tan x + C
Exercise for Session 3 13. x log (log x) −
x
+C
1
14. e2x tan x + C
1  3x4  1  4x3  log x 2
1. tan −1   + C 2. tan −1   + C ex 1+ x
48  4  36  3  15. +C 16. ex ⋅ +C
x +1
2
1− x
1 4x − 5
4
2  x3/ 2 
4. sin −1 
ax
3. log 4 +C  +C
3/ 2  17.
e
{a cos (bx + c) + b sin (bx + c)} + C
160 4x + 5 3 a  a + b2
2

1 1 2 + 3e x 1 1
sec x tan x + log | sec x + tan x| + C
5. log | x3 + a6 + x6 | + C 6. log +C 18.
3 12 2 − 3ex 2 2
1 19. − 2(− x cos x + sin x ) + C
7. log |2x + 4x − 25 | + C
loge 2 20. x(sin −1 x)2 − 2(− sin −1 x ⋅ 1 − x2 + x) + C

8. − 8 5 + 2x − x2 − 3 sin −1 
 x − 1 + C 21.
1 1
x tan −1 x − log (1 + x2 ) − (1 − x) tan −1 (1 − x) + log{1 + (1 + x2 )} + C

 6  2 2
x x x x
1
9. log | x2 + 2x + 2| + tan −1 (x + 1) + C 22. a  tan −1 − + tan −1  + C
2 a a a a
3/ 2 3/ 2
 x − 1 + C
−  1 + 2  ⋅ log  1 + 2  +  1 + 2 
1 1 1 2 1
10. − 3 − 2x − x2 − 4 sin −1   23. +C
 6  3 x   x  9 x 
−1  2 x − 1
cos x x 2
11.   − − log | 2 cos x − sin x | + C
3 1
log |4x − 4x + 17| + tan   + C
2 24.
8 6  4   2 cos x − sin x 5 5
25. esin x (x − sec x) + C
70 Textbook of Integral Calculus

Exercise for Session 5 31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (b)
1 9 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (c) 41. (a)
1. log | x − 1| − 4 log | x − 2| + log | x − 3| + C 42. A → q; B → r; C → p; D → r
2 2
2 x − 1 43. A → p, q; B → p, r; C → r; D → q 44. (5) 45. (6)
tan −1 
1 1 1
2. log |1 + x| − log |1 − x + x2 | +  + C. 46. (1) 47. (1) 48. (3) 49. (1) 50. (4) 51. (4)
3 6 3  3 
52. (3) 53. (3) 54. (3) 55. (1)
1 xn 1 x2 + 1  1 
3. log n +C 4. log 2 +C 56. e(x sin x + cos x) ⋅   x −  + C
n x +1 2 x + 3  cos x 
 x
1 + sin x 1 1 θ
5. log +C 57. (x + x2 + 2 )3/ 2 − 2 +C 58. tan =t
2 + sin x 3 x + x2 + 2 2
1 1 2
6. log |1 − cos x | − log |1 + cos x| + log | 3 + 2 cos x | + C 59. 2 (1 + x1/ 3 )3/ 2 + C 60. tan −1 (cos θ + sec θ + 1)1/ 2 + C
10 2 5
2 cos θ + sec θ + 1 − 3
1 1 + sin x 1 61. − log +C
7. log + +C 3 cos θ + sec θ + 1 + 3
4 1 − sin x 2(1 + sin x)
1 3 3 9
8.
1 1
− log |1 + tan x| + log |tan 2 x − tan x + 1| 62. − x6 (1 − x3 )2/ 3 − x (1 − x3 )2/ 3 − (1 − x3 )2/ 3 + C
3 6 8 20 40
2 tan x − 1
tan −1  63. − cot x log (cos x + cos 2x ) − cot x − x + cot 2 x − 1 + C
1
+  +C
3  3 
1  −1  2a sin 2x + 1  2a sin 2x + 1 
2 log x + 1 64. 2a sin   + 1−  
9. log +C (4a2 − 1)3/ 2   2a + sin 2x   2a + sin 2x  
3 log x + 2
1
tan −1 x 1 − +C
10. − + log | x| − log |1 + x2 | + C (2a + sin 2x)
x 2 3 log
65. 2 ln | x2 + 2x + 4 − x | −
Exercise for Session 6 2( x2 + 2x + 4 − (x + 1))
3
x4 + x2 + 1 2  x  − ln x2 + 2x + 4 − x − 1 + C
1. + C, 2. tan −1   + C. 2
x2
3  3 x+ 1  2
66. log (x + 1 + x + 2x + 2 ) +
2
+C
3. 2t 3 − 3t 2 + 6t − 6 log |1 + t | + C , where, t = (x + 1)1/ 6. (x + 2) + (x2 + 2x + 2)
1/ 7
7  x − b 67. tan −1  x − 
1 2
− tan −1 (x3 ) + C
4.   + C.
(a + b )  x + a   x 3
5. 2 sec A ( tan x sin A + cos A ) + C 6. (a) 7. (d) 1 (1 − x3 )1/ 3 + x 1 (1 − x3 )2/ 3 − x (1 − x3 )1/ 3 + x2
68. log − log
8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c) 3 x 6 x2
1/ 3
1  2(1 − x3 ) 
Chapter Exercises − tan −1  − x +C
3  3x 
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b)
7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (a) (x + 1 + x2 )15
69. +C 71. (c) 72. (c) 73. (b)
13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 15
19. (b) 20. (d) 21. (a,c) 22. (a, d) 23. (a, c) 24. (b,c,d) 74. (d) 75. (b) 76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (b)
25. (a, b) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (d)
 3x + 2
5. F ( x ) = ∫ dx. Let x − 9 = t 2
x −9

Solutions ⇒

∴
dx = 2t dt
 3 (t 2 + 9 ) + 2 
F (x ) = ∫ 
 t
⋅ 2t dt

= 2 ∫ (29 + 3t 2 ) dt = 2 [29t + t 3 ]
x2 F ( x ) = 2 [29 x − 9 + ( x − 9 ) 3/2 ] + C
1. Let I = dx
(1 + x )1 + (1 + x 2 )
2
Given, F (10 ) = 60 = 2 [29 + 1 ] + C ⇒ C = 0
Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec 2 dθ ∴ F ( x ) = 2 [29 x − 9 + ( x − 9 ) 3/2 ]
tan 2 θ F (13 ) = 2 [29 × 2 + 4 × 2 ] = 132
Putting, x = tan θ, I = ∫ dθ
1 + sec θ
∫ (x ) (2 x loge x + x ) dx
x x
6. We have,
= ∫ (sec θ − 1 ) dθ 2
= ∫ x x (2 x loge x + x ) dx
= log (sec θ + tan θ ) − θ + C 2 2

−1
= ∫ 1 ⋅ d (x x ) = x x + C = (x x )x + C
f ( x ) = loge ( x + x + 1 ) − tan x + C
2

f (0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0
7. We have, ∫ x log x (log x − 1) dx
⇒ f (1 ) = loge (1 + 2 ) − tan −1 1 = ∫ log x ( x log x − x ) dx
π
= loge (1 + 2 ) −
4 = ∫ ( x log x − x ) d ( x log x − x )
2. We have, ∫ f ( x ) dx = f ( x )
( x log x − x ) 2
⇒
d
{ f ( x )} = f ( x ) ⇒
1
d { f ( x )} = dx = +C
dx f (x ) 2

⇒ log { f ( x )} = x + log C ⇒ f ( x ) = Ce x  1 1
 3 − 5  dx
x x 
⇒ { f ( x )} 2 = C 2e 2x 8. ∫ 2 1
2 2x 2− 2 + 4
Ce 1
∫ { f (x )} dx = ∫ C 2e 2x dx =
⇒ 2
= { f ( x )} 2 x x
2 2 2 1 1 dz
3. We have, ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x )
Let 2−
x 2
+ 4 =z ⇒
x 4 ∫ z
1 1 1 2 1
⇒ z +C ⇒ 2− 2 + 4 +C
∴ ∫x f ( x 2 ) dx = ∫ x{ 1
3 2 2 2
f (x ) d (x )
2 4243 2 2 x x
I II
1 2 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
= [ x F ( x ) − ∫ F ( x 2 ) d ( x 2 )]
2 or +C
2 2x 2
4. We have the following cases : 9. We have, f ′′ ( x ) = f ( x )
Case I When x ≥ 0 ⇒ 2 f ′ ( x ) f ′′ ( x ) = 2 f ( x ) f ′ ( x )
In this case, we have
d d
⇒ { f ′ ( x )} 2 = { f ( x )} 2
∫ |x | dx = ∫ | x |n dx = ∫ xn dx [Q | x | = x ]
n
dx dx
xn + 1 | x |n x ⇒ { f ′ ( x )} 2 = { f ( x )} 2 + C …(i)
= +C = +C [Q x ≥ 0 ⇒ | x | = x]
n+1 n+1 Now, f ( 0 ) = 2 and f ′ ( 0 ) = 3. Therefore, from Eq. (i), we get
Case II When x ≤ 0 { f ′ ( 0 )} 2 = { f ( 0 )} 2 + C
In this case, we have | x | = − x ⇒ 9 = 4 + C ⇒ C =5
∴ ∫ |x | dx = ∫ | x |n dx
n
∴ { f ′ ( x )} 2 = { f ( x )} 2 + 5
= ∫ ( − x )n dx = − ∫ xn dx [Qn in odd] ⇒ f ′ ( x ) = 5 + { f ( x )} 2
n+1
x (−x ) x n
|x | x n
1
=− +C = +C = +C
n+1 n+1 n+1
⇒ ∫ ( 5 ) 2 + { f ( x )} 2
d { f ( x )} = ∫ dx

| x |n x
∫ |x | dx = +C
n
Hence, ⇒ log f ( x ) + 5 + { f ( x )} 2 = x + C1
n+1
72 Textbook of Integral Calculus

∴ f ( 0 ) = 2 ⇒ log | 2 + 3 | = C1 1 − cos ( x 2 + 1 )  x 2 + 1
=∫x dx = ∫ x tan   dx
⇒ C1 = log 5 1 + cos ( x + 1 )
2
 2 
∴ log | f ( x ) + 5 + { f ( x )} 2 | = x + log 5  x 2 + 1  x 2 + 1  x 2 + 1
= ∫ tan  d   = log sec   +C
 f ( x ) + 5 + { f ( x )} 2   2   2   2 
⇒ log  =x
 5  sin ( 4 x − 2 x ) dx sin ( 4 x ) dx
15. ∫ sin (2x ) cos (2x ) cos (4x ) = ∫ sin (2x ) cos (4x ) − ∫ sec 2x dx
⇒ f ( x ) + 5 + { f ( x )} 2 = 5e x
cos 2 x dx 1
⇒ 5 + { f ( x )} 2 + f ( x ) = 5e x and 5 + { f ( x )} 2 − f ( x ) = 5e − x =2 ∫ − (log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | )
cos 4 x 2
⇒ 2 f ( x ) = 5 (e x − e − x )
cos 2 x 1
5 =2 ∫ dx − (log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | )
⇒ f ( x ) = (e x − e − x ) (1 − 2 sin 2 x )
2
2
2
5 4 5(e 8 − 1 ) 2  1 1 + 2 sin 2 x  1
⇒ f (4) = (e − e −4 ) ⇒ f ( 4 ) = =  log  − log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | + C
2 2e 4 2 2 2 × 1 1 − 2 sin 2 x  2
2 2 2 2
+ 4 ln x
ex − x3 ex e x ⋅ x 4 − x 3e x 1  1 + 2 sin 2 x  1
10. We have, ∫ x −1
dx = ∫
x −1
dx = log
2 2 
 − log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | + C
1 − 2 sin 2 x  2
1  sec 2 x 7 
2
= ∫ x 3 e x dx =
2∫
tet dt, [where t = x 2] 1 − 7 cos2 x
16. ∫ sin7 x cos2 x dx = ∫  sin7 x −  dx
sin 7 x 
1 1 2
= (t − 1 ) et + C = ( x 2 − 1 ) e x + C sec 2 x 7
2 2 =∫ dx − ∫ 7 dx = I 1 + I 2
sin 7 x sin x
∫ tan x dx = ∫ ( tan 2 x sec 2x − sec 2x + 1 ) dx
4
11.
sec 2x tan x tan x ⋅ cos x
3 Now, I1 = ∫ dx = + 7∫ dx
=
tan x
− tan x + x + C sin 7 x sin 7 x sin 8 x
3 tan x
= + I2
1 sin 7 x
⇒ A = , B = − 1 and f ( x ) = x + C
3 tan x
∴ I1 + I 2 = +C ⇒ f ( x ) = tan x
sin 4 x sin 4 ( p + q ) x f {( p + q ) x } sin 2 x
12. ∫ x dx = f (x ) ⇒ ∫ (p + q )x dx = p + q sin 3 x
17. We have, ∫ dx
sin ( p + q ) x
4 (cos x + 3 cos x + 1 ) tan −1 (sec x + cos x )
4 2

∫ x
dx = f {( p + q ) x }
sin 3 x
sin θ 1 cos2 x
13. On solving, = [tan 3θ − tan θ] =∫ dx
cos 3 θ 2 (cos2 x + 3 + sec 2x ) tan −1 (sec x + tan x )
sin 3 θ 1 sin x (1 − cos2 x )
= [tan 9 θ − tan 3 θ ] =∫
1
×
cos 9 θ 2 1 + (sec x + cos x ) 2
cos2 x
sin 9 θ 1
= [tan 27 θ − tan 9 θ ] ×
1
dx
cos 27 θ 2 tan −1 (sec x + tan x )
 sin θ sin 3 θ sin 9 θ  1
∴∫ + +  d θ = ∫ ( tan 27 θ − tan θ ) dθ =∫
1
×
1
 cos3 θ cos 9 θ cos 27 θ  2 tan −1
(sec x + cos x ) 1 + (sec x + cos x ) 2
1 1  (tan x sec x − sin x ) dx
=  log (sec 127θ ) − log (sec θ )  + C
2 27  1
=∫ d | tan −1(sec x + cos x )|
1 27 sec27 θ tan −1(sec x + cos x )
= log +C
2 sec θ = loge | tan −1 (sec x + cos x ) | + C
2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) − sin 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) π
14. We have, ∫ x dx 18. We have, f ( x ) = x | cos x |, <x<π
2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) + sin 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2
⇒ f ( x ) = − x cos x [Q cos x < 0 for x ∈( π / 2, π )]
2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) − 2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) cos ( x 2 + 1 )
=∫x dx Hence, required primitive is given by
2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) + 2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) cos ( x 2 + 1 )
∫ f (x ) dx = − ∫ x cos x dx + C = − x sin x − cos x + C
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 73

19. We have, f ( x ) = (2x + 1) |sin x |, π < x < 2 π  z+4

1  1 dz
Then, I = ∫ 4 ⋅ + 6
⇒ f ( x ) = − (2 x + 1 ) sin x 
z 9  18 z + 4
9
Hence, required primitive is given by 1 2z + 8 
=∫  + 3  dz
− ∫ (2 x + 1 ) sin x dx = − [ − (2 x + 1 ) cos x + 2 sin x ] + C z (z + 4 )  9 
I II
= (2 x + 1 ) cos x − 2 sin x + C 1 2z + 35 1 2 (z + 4 ) + 27
=
9 ∫ z (z + 4) dz = 9 ∫ z (z + 4 )
dz
0 x 2 − sin x cos x − 2
20. We have, f ( x ) = sin x − x 2
1 − 2x 2dz 3  1 1 
∫
+ ∫ −
0 =  dz
2 − cos x 2x − 1 0 9 z 4  z z + 4
 2 3 3
sin x − x 2 2 − cos x =  +  log z − log (z + 4 ) + C
0  9 4 4
⇒ f ( x ) = x − sin x
2
0 2x − 1 35 3
cos x − 2 1 − 2x 0 = log (9e 2x − 4 ) = log (e 2x ) + C
36 4
[Interchanging rows and columns] 3 35 3
=− x+ log (9e 2x − 4 ) − log 3 + C
0 x 2 − sin x cos x − 2 2 36 2
⇒ f ( x ) = ( − 1 ) sin x − x 2 1 − 2x
∫ tan x (sec 2x − 1 ) dx = ∫ tan 3 x sec 2 x dx − ∫ tan 3x dx
3 3
0 25.
2 − cos x 2x − 1 0
tan 4 x
[Taking ( − 1 ) common from each column] I 1 = ∫ tan 3 x sec 2x dx = + C1
4
⇒ f (x ) = − f (x )
I 2 = ∫ tan x (sec 2 x − 1 ) dx
⇒ f (x ) = 0
tan 2 x
⇒ ∫ f (x ) dx = 0 =
2
− ln | sec x | + C 2

dx  1 1 
21. ∫ (x + 1) (x − 2) = ∫  − 3(x + 1) + 3(x − 2) dx 26. The Statement II is false since while writing
dx
1 1 ∫ x − 3y = log ( x − 3y ) + C ,
= − log ( x + 1 ) + log( x − 2 ) + C
3 3 we are assuming that y is a constant. We will know prove the
1 1 x
∴ A=− ,B= Statement I. From the given relation ( x − y ) 2 = and
3 3 1 y
−
A 2 log ( x − y ) = log x − log y .
∴ A+B=0 ⇒ = 3 = −1
B 1
dy  y  x + y
3 Also, = −  ⋅ ⋅ To prove the integral relation it is
1  1 1  dx  x  x − 3y
22. ∫  2 − 2  dx
3  x + 1 x + 4 d 1
sufficient to show that RHS = ⋅
1 1 x x dx x − 3y
⇒ tan −1 x − tan −1 = k tan −1 x + l tan −1
3 6 2 2 1 x   x
1 1 Now, RHS = log  − 1  Q (x − y )2 = 
∴ k= and l = − 2 y   y
3 6
2
2 x 1 x2 1
= [log( x − y ) − log y ]
23. I = ∫ {x log (1 + x ) dx = log (1 + x ) ⋅
2
−∫ ⋅ 2 x ⋅ dx
14243 2 1+x 2
2 2
I II x2 x3 1  log x − log y
= log (1 + x ) − ∫ 2
2  1
dx = − log y = [log x − 3 log y ]
2 x +1 2  2  4
 x 2 + 1  x 2 + 1 d 1  1 3 dy 
I =  log (1 + x 2 ) −   +C ⇒ RHS =  −
 2   2  dx 4  x y dx 
x2 + 1 1 + x2
∴ φ( x ) = , ψ (x ) = −   1 1 3  y  x + y  1
2  2   =
− −   =
−x 4 x y  
x x − 3y  x − 3y
4e + 6
2
24. I = ∫ x dx
9e − 4e − x Thus, Statement I is true. Hence, choice (c) is correct.
4e 2x + 6 27. Let g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( − x )
I =∫ dx, put 9e 2x − 4 = z ⇒ 18e 2xdx = dz
9e 2x − 4 Assuming, ∫ f (x ) dx = F (x ) + C
74 Textbook of Integral Calculus

∫ g (x ) dx = ∫ { f (x ) + f (− x )} dx ⇒ I =∫
u15 1
du = ∫ u14du = u15 + C
u 15
= ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( − x ) dx
1
= ( x + 1 + x 2 )15 + C
= F (x ) + C + { − F (− x ) + C ′ } 15
= F (x ) − F (−x ) + C + C ′ 33. Here, m = −1 < 0
which may be an odd function, if C + C ′ = 0. p = −2 < 0
Similarly, integral of an odd function is not always an even Also, − x + 3 x − 2 = − ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 )
2
function.
We can use case III
Hence, Statement I is true and Statement II is false.
28. If a > 0 and b 2 − 4ac < 0, then ⇒ Putting, − x 2 + 3 x − 2 = u ( x − 2 )

 b 4ac − b 2
2 or ( x − 1 ) u or u (1 − x )
ax 2 + bx + c = a  x +  +
 2a  4a 34. Let P = sin 3 x cos3 x
dx dx dP
⇒ ∫ ax 2 + bx + c = ∫  b  2 dx
= 3 sin 2 x cos4 x − 3 sin 4 x cos2 x
a x +  + k2
 2a  = 3 sin 2 x (1 − sin 2 x ) cos2 x − 3 sin 4 x cos2 x
4ac − b 2
= 3 sin 2 x cos2 x − 6 sin 4 x cos2 x
where k 2 = > 0. which will have an answer of the type
4a
b ∴ P = 3 I 2, 2 − 6 I 4 , 2
x+
1
⋅
1
tan −1 2a + C or µ tan −1 x + A + C ∴
1
I 4 , 2 = ( − P + 3 I 2, 2 )
a k/ a k/ a B 6
Thus, choice (a) is correct. 35. Let P = sin 5 x cos3 x
2 dP
dx 1 ∴ = 5 sin 4 x cos4 x − 3 sin 6 x cos2 x
29. I = ∫ x2
x4 + 1
⇒ I =
2 ∫ 1
dx dx
x2 + = 5 sin 4 x (1 − sin 2 x ) cos2 x − 3 sin 6 x cos2 x
x2
= 5 sin 4 x cos2 x − 8 sin 6 x cos2 x
 1  1
1 + 2  1 − 2  ∴ P = 5 I 4 , 2 − 8 I 6, 2
1  x  1  x  dx
=
2 ∫  1
2
dx −
2 ∫  1
2 1
∴ I 4 , 2 = ( P + 8 I 6, 2 )
x −  + 2 x +  − 2 5
 x  x
36. Let P = sin 5 x cos3 x
 1  1 
1 1 x −  1 1  x + − 1 dP
I = ⋅ tan −1  x  + ⋅ log  x  +C ∴ = 5 sin 4 x cos4 x − 3 sin 6 x cos2 x
2 2  2  2 2  x + 1 + 1 dx
   x  = 5 sin 4 x cos4 x − 3 sin 4 x (1 − cos2 x ) cos2 x
∴ Statement I is false. = 8 sin 4 x cos4 x − 3 sin 4 x cos2 x
π
30. Since, cot −1 x = − tan −1 x, ∴ P = 8I 4 , 4 − 3I 4 , 2
2
−1 −1 1
∴ d (cot x ) = − d (tan x ) ∴ I 4 , 2 = (− P + 8I 4 , 4 )
−1
3
tan x −1
Thus, ∫ 2 d (cot −1 x ) = − ∫ 2 tan x
d (tan −1 x )  f (x + h ) − f (x ) f (x x − h ) − f (x )
37. Here, 2 f ′ ( x ) = lim  + 
h→ 0  h −h 
−1
2 tan x
=− +C  f (x + h ) − f (x − h )
ln 2 = lim   …(i)
h→ 0  h 
∴ Statement I is false. Statement II is true.
 f (h ) − f ( 0 ) f ( − h ) − f ( 0 )
31. As m = 9 > 0, hence, we can substitute ∴ 2 f ′ ( 0 ) lim  + 
h→ 0  h −h 
9x 2 + 4x + 6 = u ± 3x f (h ) − f ( −h )
= lim …(ii)
32. Here, as per notations given, we can substitute h→ 0 h
1 + x 2 = (u − x ) Now by given relation, we have
f (x + h ) − f (x − h )
As m = 1 > 0 and p = 1 > 0 f (h ) − f ( − h ) = and f ( 0 ) = 1
−h
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 75

f ′ (x ) π 3π
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have = 2010 42. (A) If <x< , then sin x > cos x
f (x ) 4 8
⇒ f ( x ) = e 2010e , f ( 0 ) = 1 sin x − cos x
∴ ∫ | sin x − cos x | dx = ∫ 1dx = x + C
∴ { f ( x )} is non-periodic.
38. Here, ∫ f ( g( x )) cos x dx = ∫ f (log (sin x )) . cos x dx x 2dx 1  1 1 
(B) ∫ = ∫ 3x 2  3 − 3  dx
(x + 1) (x + 2) 3
3 3
 x + 1 x + 2
= ∫ e 2010 log (sin x ) . cos x dx
1 x3 + 1
= ∫ (sin x ) 2010
. cos x dx = ln 3 +C
3 x +2
= ∫ (sin x ) 2010 . cos x dx π 
(C) ∫ sin −1 x cos−1 x dx = ∫ sin −1 x − (sin −1 x ) 2 dx
2011
 2 
(sin x )
= +C π
2011 ⇒ ( x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 ) − { x (sin −1 x ) 2
2
(sin x ) 2011
∴ h( x ) = + sin −1 x 1 − x 2 − x } + C (by parts)
2011
 π 1 π  π
⇒ h  = ⇒ sin −1 x x − x sin −1 x − 2 1 − x 2 + 1 − x 2 + 2x + C
 2  2011  2  2
−1 −1
∴ f ( x ) = sin x, f ( x ) = sin x
Sol. (Q.Nos. 39 to 41)
Here, f ( x ) = ( x − 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x − 3 ) ( x − 6 ) − 100 dx
(D) ∫ = ln | ln | x || + C
x ln | x |
= ( x 2 − 4 x + 3 ) ( x 2 − 4 x − 12 ) − 100
∴ f ( x ) = ln | x |
= ( x 2 − 4 x ) 2 − 9 ( x 2 − 4 x ) − 136
 x 2 + cos2 x 
= ( x 2 − 4 x + 8 ) ( x 2 − 4 x − 17 ) 43. (A) I = ∫   ⋅ cosec 2 x dx
 1 + x2 
39. ∴ f ( x ) = 0 ⇒ ( x 2 − 4x + 8) ( x 2 − 4x + 17 = 0
14
42443 14
4244 3  x 2 + 1 − sin 2 x 
D>0 D<0 =∫  ⋅ cosec 2x dx
 1 + x2 
∴ Equation has two distinct and two imaginary roots.
 1 
40. f ( x ) = ( x 2 − 4x − 17) ( x 2 − 4x + 8) = ∫  cosec 2x −  dx = − cot x + cot −1 x + k
 1 + x2
= {(( x − 2 ) 2 − 21 } {( x − 2 ) 2 + 4 }
⇒ A = 1, B = − 1
Q ( f ( x )) min = ( −21 ) ( 4 ) = − 84
(B) I = ∫ x + x 2 + 2 dx
which occurs at x = 2
g( x ) g( x ) 2
x2 + 2 + x = t ⇒ x2 + 2 − x =
41. Q ∫ f (x ) = (x 2 − 4x − 17) (x 2 − 4x + 8) Put
t
2  2
Ax + B Cx + D ∴ 2x = t − ⇒ 2 dx = 1 + 2  dt
= + t  t 
x 2 − 4 x − 17 x 2 − 4 x + 8
1  2 
Clearly, A, B and C must be zero. =
2 ∫  t +  dt
t 3/ 2 
g( x ) D
∴ = 2 1 t 3/ 2 1
( x 2 − 4 x − 17 ) ( x 2 − 4 x + 8 ) x − 4x + 8 ⇒ I = ⋅ + +k
2 3 1
− t 1/ 2
∴ g( x ) = D( x 2 − 4 x − 17 ) 2 2
1 2
g( −2 ) = D( 4 + 8 − 17 ) = − 10 [given] = ( x + x 2 + 2 ) 3/ 2 − +k
3 x + x2 + 2
g( x ) 2( x − 4 x − 17 )
2
2
⇒ = = ⇒ A =1 and B = 2
f ( x ) ( x 2 − 4 x − 17 ) ( x 2 − 4 x + 8 ) x 2 − 4 x + 8
2 − x − x2
g( x ) 2 dx (C) I = ∫ dx
∴ ∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ x 2 − 4x + 8 dx = 2∫ (x − 2)2 + (2)2 x2 2 − x − x2
dx dx dx
1  x − 2 −1  x − 2  =−∫ +2∫ −∫
= 2 ⋅ tan −1   + C = tan   +C 2 − x − x2 x2 2 − x − x2 x 2 − x − x2
2  2   2 
76 Textbook of Integral Calculus

1
dt 46. u ( x ) = 7v( x ) ⇒ u′ ( x ) = 7v′ ( x )
dx dt
=−∫ + 2∫ − + ∫ t
⇒ p =7 (given)
2 1 1 1 1
9  1 2− − 2 2− − 2
− x +  u( x )  u( x ) ′
4  2 t t t t Again, =7 ⇒   =0
 1 v( x )  v(x )
 put x = 
 t ⇒ q=0
 2x + 1 1 ( 4t − 1 )dt 1 dt p+q 7+0
= − sin −1   − ∫ + ∫ = =1
 3  2 2t 2 − t − 1 2 2t 2 − t − 1
Now,
p −q 7 − 0

 2x + 1 1 2t 2 − t − 1  x − 1 dt 2
= − sin −1   − 47. Let t = ln   ⇒ =
 3  2 1  x + 1 dx x 2 − 1
2 1 1 1
dt I = ∫ t dt = t 2 + C
2 2∫
+ 2 4
t 1 1 1
t2 − − + −   x − 1 
2
2 2 16 16 1
I = ln  x + 1  + C
 2x + 1 2 − x − x2 4  
= − sin −1   −
 3  x 1
1  1 ⇒ 6A = ⇒ 24 A = 1
+ log t −  + 2t 2 − t − 1 + K 4
2 2  4
 1 1 + x 
2 − x − x2 (4 − x ) + 2 − x − x 2 48. I = ∫ e x  + dx
1  1 − x 
 (1 − x ) 1 − x
2
=− + log
x 2 2 4x
 2x + 1 d  1 + x 1
− sin −1   +K As   =
 3  dx  1 − x  (1 − x ) 1 − x 2
sin 2 x
(D) ∫ 4 r r
dx, dividing N and D by cos x 4
1/ 2
sin x + cos4 x 1+x 1 + x
∴ I = ex + C ⇒ I = ex   +C
2 tan x ⋅ sec 2x 1−x 1 − x
I =∫ dx, put tan 2 x = t
tan 4 x + 1 1
⇒ µ = 1, λ =
dt 2
⇒ 2 tan x ⋅ sec 2x dx = dt = ∫ 2 = − cot −1(t ) + C
t +1  1 3
⇒ 2(µ + λ ) = 2 1 +  = 2 × = 3
 2 2
⇒ − cot −1(tan 2 x ) + C ∴ B = − 1
(e x + cos x + 1 ) − (e x + sin x + x )
44. ∫ 2
2x + 3 49. I = ∫ dx
dx e x + sin x + x
(x + 3x ) (x 2 + 3x + 2) + 1
= ln (e x + sin x + x ) − x + C
Put x 2 + 3 x = t ⇒ (2 x + 3 ) dx = dt
dt dt 1 1 ∴ f ( x ) = e x + sin x + x and g( x ) = − x
∫ t(t + 2) + 1 = ∫ (t + 1)2 = C − t + 1 = C − x 2 + 3x + 1 ⇒ f ( x ) + g( x ) = e x + sin x
⇒ a = 1, b = 3, c = 1 ⇒ a + b + c = 5 f ( x ) + g( x )
⇒ =1
3x + 2 e x + sin x
45. F ( x ) = ∫ dx.
x −9 1 x +3 1 x −9   x + 3 x −9
Let x − 9 = t 2 ⇒dx = 2t dt
50. 12  tan −1 + ln −1
 = 3 tan  4  + ln x + 3
 4 4 2 ⋅ 6 x + 3 
 3(t 2 + 9 ) + 2  ⇒ λ = 3, µ = 1
∴ F (x ) = ∫  ⋅ 2t dt
 t  ⇒ λ+µ=4
= 2 ∫ (29 + 3t ) dt = 2[29t + t ]
2 3 15 3  5x 5x  3x
2 cos x cos x 2  4 cos3 − 3 cos  cos
2 2  2 2  2
51. =
F ( x ) = 2[29 x − 9 + ( x − 9 ) 3/2 ] + C  2 5x  2 5x
1 − 2 2 cos − 1 3 − 4 cos
Given, F (10 ) = 60 = 2[29 + 1 ] + C  2  2
⇒ C =0 = − 2 cos
5x
cos
3x
∴ F ( x ) = 2[29 x − 9 + ( x − 9 ) 3/ 2
] 2 2
= − (cos 4x + cos x )
F (13 ) = 2[29 × 2 + 4 × 2 ]
sin 4 x
= 4 × 33 = 132 I =− − sin x + C
4
Hence, sum of digits = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 77

3
sin x + x2 − 1
= x 2 ⋅ex + C = h( x ) + C
tan x cos x
52. I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx ∴ h( x ) = x ⋅ e
2 x3 + x2 − 1
1 + tan x + tan 2 x 1
+
sin x
cos2 x cos x ⇒ h(1 ) ⋅ h( − 1 ) = e1 ⋅ e −1 = 1
sin 2 x dx
=∫ dx = ∫ dx − 2 ∫  x 4 cos3 x − x sin x + cos x 
2 + sin 2 x 2 + sin 2 x 56. I = ∫ e ( x sin x + cos x )   dx
 x 2 cos2 x 
sec 2x
= x − 2∫ dx = ∫ e ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅ ( x 2 cos x ) dx
2 sec x + 2 tan x
2

d  1 
Let t = tan x, dt = sec 2 x dx − ∫ e ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅   dx
dx  x cos x 
2 dx dt  1 
=x− ∫ t2 + t + 1 = x − ∫ = e ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅  x −  +C
2  1  3 2 2
 x cos x 
t +  +  
 2   2 
57. I = ∫ x+ x 2 + 2 dx
1  2 tan x + 1
I =x− tan −1   +C
3  3 
Let x + x 2 + 2 = p or x 2 + 2 = p 2 + x 2 − 2 px

∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ sin x sin

5/ 2 3 2 1/ 2 2
53. x cos x cos x dx p2 − 2 ( p 2 + 2 ) dp
⇒ x= or dx =
= ∫ sin 2x sin1/2 x (1 − sin 2 x ) cos x dx
2p 2p 2
p1/ 2 ( p 2 + 2 ) 1 − 3/ 2
= ∫ t 2t1/2(1 − t 2 ) dt = ∫ [t 5/2 − t 9/2 ]dt I =∫ 2
dp = ∫p
1/ 2
dp + ∫p dp
2p 2
7/ 2 11/ 2
t t
= ∫ t 5/2dt − ∫ t 9/2dt = − +C =
1
(x + x 2 + 2 ) 3/ 2 − 2
1
+C
7 / 2 11 / 2 3 x+ x2 + 2
2 2 2 2
= t 7/2 − t11/2 + C = sin 7/2 x − sin11/2 x + C dx
7 11 7 11 58. I = ∫
(ax + b ) ( x − α ) 2 − β 2
1 1 
= 2 sin 7/2 x − sin 2 x + C
7 11  Put ( x − α ) = β sec θ ⇒ dx = β sec θ tan θ dθ
⇒ A = 7, B = 7, C = 11 dθ
∴ I =∫
a (α cos θ + β ) + b cos θ
⇒ ( A + B ) − C = (7 + 7 ) − 11 = 3
dθ
54. Let I = ∫ ( x 2010 + x 804 + x 402 ) (2x1608 + 5x 402 + 10)1/402dx =∫
(aα + b ) cos θ + aβ
1 dθ
= ∫ x( x 2009 + x 508 + x 401 ) ⋅ (2 x1608 + 5 x 402 + 10 )1/402dx = ∫
(aα + b )  aβ 
cos θ +  
= ∫ ( x 2009 + x 803 + x 401 ) ⋅ (2 x 2010 + 5 x 804 + 10 402 )1/402dx  aα + b 
 aβ 
402 if < 1 …(i)
Put 2 x 2010 + 5 x 804 + 10 x =t  aα + b 
 α1 
⇒ 4020( x 2009 + x 803 + x 401 ) dx = dt  cot +1 
1 2
Then, I = ⋅ cosec α 1 log  + C
t1/420 + 1 (aα + b )  cot α − 1
1
1 1 
∴ I =∫ ⋅ (t )1/402dt = ⋅
4020 4020 1 / 402 + 1  2 
t 403/402 aβ θ
=
1
⋅ where = cos α 1, tan = t
4020 403 / 402 aα + b 2
 aβ 
=
1
(2 x 2010 + 5 x 804 + 10 402 ) 403/402 Again, if  > 1
4030  aα + b 
1  α1 
∴ a − 400 = 3 I = cot α 1 tan − 1 t tan 
aα + b  2 
3
+ x2 − 1
55. Let e x (3 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 2 x ) dx aβ θ
where sec α 1 = ⇒ tan = t
= ∫ x2 ⋅ex
3
+ x2 − 1 3
+ x2 − 1 aα + b 2
⋅ (3 x 2 + 2 x ) dx + ∫ ex ⋅ (2 x ) dx
1+ 3
x
I II 59. I = ∫ dx = ∫ x − 2/3 (1 + x1/3 )1/2 dx,
3 2
Applying by parts in first internal, we get x
2 1 1
⋅ x3 + x2 − 1 x3 + x2 − 1 x3 − x2 − 1
m=− ,n = , p =
I = xe − ∫ 2x ⋅ e dx + ∫ e (2 x ) dx 3 3 2
78 Textbook of Integral Calculus

m+1 2 u − 3 
∴ = 1 ie, integer =− log  + C
n 3 u + 3 
∴ Let us make the substitution,
1 − 2/ 3 2  t2 + 3 − 3 
1 + x 1/ 3 = t 2 ∴ x dx = 2t dt =− log  + C
 t +3 + 3
3 3 2

Hence, I = 6 ∫ t 2 dt = 2t 3 + C = 2 (1 + x1/3 ) 3/2 + C

2  x2 + 1 / x2 + 1 − 3 
=− log  + C
sin (θ / 2 )
3
 x + 1/x + 1 + 3 
2 2
60. I = ∫ dθ 3
cos θ / 2 cos3 θ + cos2 θ + cos θ
2  cos θ + sec θ + 1 − 3 
1 2 sin θ / 2 ⋅ cos θ / 2 ⋅ 2 sin 2 θ / 2 =− log  + C
= ∫ 2 cos2 θ / 2 dθ 3  cos θ + sec θ + 1 + 3 
2 cos3 θ + cos2 θ + cos θ
62. Let I m − 1 = ∫ xm − 1 (a + bxn ) p dx
1 sin θ (1 − cos θ )
=
2 ∫ (1 + cos θ ) cos3 θ + cos2 θ + cos θ
dθ
and I m − n − 1 = ∫ xm − n − 1 (a + bxn ) p dx
Put cos θ = t ⇒ − sin θ dθ = dt Let p = x λ + 1 (a + bxn ) µ + 1
1 (t − 1 )
∴ I = ∫ dt where λ and µ are the smaller indices of x and (a + bxn ).
2 (t + 1 ) t 3 + t 2 + t
Here, λ = m − n − 1, µ = p
1 t2 − 1
= ∫ (t + 1)2 dt ∴ p = xm − n (a + bxn ) p + 1
2 t3 + t2 + t
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we have
1 (1 − 1 / t 2 )
=
2 1∫ 1
dt dp
dx
= xm − n ( p + 1 ) (a + bxn ) p (n bxn − 1 )
(t +
+ 2) t + 1 +
t t + (a + bxn ) p + 1 (m − n ) xm − n − 1
1 1
Put t + 1 + = u ⇒ (1 − 2 ) dt = 2udu
2
= nb ( p + 1 ) xm − 1 (a + bxn ) p
t t
1 2u du du + (m − n ) xm − n − 1 (a + bxn ) p {a + bxn}
I = ∫ 2 = tan − 1 (u ) + C
2 (u + 1 ) ⋅ u ∫ u 2 + 1
=
= nb ( p + 1 ) xm − 1 (a + bxn ) p
+ a (m − n ) xm − n − 1 (a + bxn ) p + b (m − n ) xm − 1 (a + bxn ) p
1/ 2
 1
= tan − 1 t + 1 +  + C
 t = b (np + m ) xm − 1 (a + bxn ) p + a (m − n ) xm − n − 1 (a + bxn ) p Int
−1
= tan (cos θ + sec θ + 1 )1/2 + C egrating both the sides w.r.t. x, we get
(2 sin θ + sin 2θ ) dθ p = b (np + m ) I m − 1 + a (m − n ) I m − n − 1
61. I = ∫
(cos θ − 1 ) cos θ + cos2 θ + cos3 θ ∴ xm − n (a + bxn ) p + 1 = b (np + m ) I m − 1 + a (m − n ) I m − n − 1
Put cos θ = x 2 xm − n (a + bxn ) p + 1 a (m − n )
or Im − 1 = − ⋅ Im − n − 1
⇒ − sin θ dθ = 2 x dx b (np + m ) b (np + m )
(1 + x 2 ) 2 x dx Hence Proved.
=2 ∫ ⋅
(1 − x 2 ) x +x +x
2 4 6
x8
Again, ∫ dx = ∫ x 9 − 1 (1 − x 3 ) − 1/3 dx
(1 − x 3 )1/3
(1 + 1 / x 2 ) dx
=4∫ ,
(1 / x − x ) (1 / x − x ) 2 + 3 Here, m = 9, b = − 1, n = 3, p = − 1 / 3, a = 1
1 ( x 6 (1 − x 3 ) 2/3 ) 6
Put − x =t ∴ I8 = + I5 …(i)
x −8 8
 1 
⇒  − 2 − 1 dx = dt x 3 (1 − x 3 ) 2/3 3
 x  ⇒ I5 = + I2 (here m = 6)
−5 5
dt
=−4∫ (1 − x 3 ) 2/3
t t2 + 3 ⇒ I2 =
2
Again, put t 2 + 3 = u 2 1 3 9
Hence, I 8 =− x 6(1 − x 3 ) 2/3 − x 3(1 − x 3 ) 2/3 − (1 − x 3 ) 2/3+ C
⇒ 2t dt = 2u du 8 20 40
− u du du 63. Let I = ∫ cosec 2 x ln (cos x + cos 2x ) dx
∴ I =4∫ =−4∫ 2
u (u − 3 )
2
u −3
= ∫ cosec 2 x ⋅ ln {sin x (cot x + cot 2 x − 1 )} dx
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 79

= ∫ cosec 2 x ln (sin x ) dx 65. I = ∫

dx
x − x 2 + 2x + 4
+ ∫ cosec x ⋅ ln (cot x + cot 2 x − 1 ) dx
2

In second integral put cot x = 1 Put x 2 + 2 x + 4 = t + x

∴ cosec 2 x dx = dt ⇒ x 2 + 2 x + 4 = t 2 + x 2 + 2tx

∴ I = ∫ cosec 2 x ⋅ ln (sin x ) dx − ∫ ln(t + t 2 − 1 ) dt ⇒ 2 x − 2tx = t 2 − 4

t 2 − 4 1 (t 2 − 4 )
In first integral (integrating by parts taking cosec 2 x as second ⇒ x= =
2 − 2t 2 (1 − t )
integral) and in second integral (integration by parts taking
unity as second function). 1 t 2 − 2t + 4 
⇒ dx = −
We have, (ln sin x ) ( − cot x ) − ∫ cot x ( − cot x ) dx 2  (1 − t ) 2 
t dt 1 t 2 − 2t + 4
− ln (t + t 2 − 1 ) t + ∫
2 ∫ − t (1 − t ) 2
∴ I =− dt
t −1
2

= − cot x (ln sin x ) − cot x − x − t ln (t + t − 1 ) + t − 1 + C 2 2

1 4 3 3 
= − cot x (ln sin x ) − cot x − x − cot x {ln (cot x + cot x − 1 ) } 2
= ∫  + +
2  t (1 − t ) (1 − t ) 2 
dt

+ cot 2 x − 1 + C  1 3 
=4 log | t | − 3 log | 1 − t | + (1 − t ) 
= − cot x ⋅ ln (cos x + cos 2 x ) − cot x − x + cot 2 x − 1 + C  2 
3
dx cos2 x dx = 2 log | x + 2 x + 4 − x | − log
2
64. I = ∫ a ∈N = ∫ 2
(sin x + a sec x ) 2
(a + sin x cos x ) 2 3
| 1 − x 2 + 2x + 4 + x | +
cos2 x dx 2 (1 − x + 2 x + 4 + x )
2
=∫
(a + sin x ⋅ cos2 x + 2a sin x ⋅ cos x )
2 2
3
= 2 log | x 2 + 2 x + 4 − x | − log
4 cos2 x dx 1 + cos 2 x 2
=∫ =2 ∫ dx 3
4a + sin 2 2 x + 4a sin 2 x
2
(2a + sin 2 x ) 2 | x 2 + 2x + 4 − 1 − x | −
1 cos 2 x 2 ( x 2 + 2x + 4 − x − 1)
=2 ∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx dx
(2a + sin 2 x ) 2 (2a + sin 2 x ) 2 66. I = ∫
1 1+ x + 2x + 2
2

= 2I 1 − …(i)
(2a + sin 2 x ) x 2 + 2 x + 2 = t − x, squaring both the sides, we get
dx
I1 = ∫ , x 2 + 2 x + 2 = t 2 + x 2 − 2tx
(2a + sin 2 x ) 2
2 x + 2tx = t 2 − 2
we know
t2 − 2
∴ I1 = ∫
du x=
2 (1 + t )
4a 2 − 1 1 − u 2
( 4a 2 − 1 )
(2a − u ) t 2 + 2t + 2
⇒ dx = dt
sin 2 x + 1 1 (2a − u ) 2 (1 + t ) 2
u = 2a =
2a + sin 2 x ( 4a 2 − 1 ) 3/2 ∫ 1 − u2
du
t2 − 2 t 2 + 4t + 4
∴ 1+ x 2 + 2x + 2 = 1 + t − =
2 (1 + t ) 2 (1 + t )
du ( 4a 2 − 1 ) cos 2 x
⇒ =
(2a + sin 2 x ) 2 2 (1 + t ) (t 2 + 2t + 2 ) (t 2 + 2t + 2 )
dx ⇒ I =∫ dt = ∫ (1 + t ) (t + 2)2 dt
1 2au − 1 (t 2 + 4t + 4 ) ⋅ 2 ⋅ (1 + t ) 2
⇒ [2a sin − 1 u + 1 − u 2 ] = I 1 and sin 2 x =
( 4a 2 − 1 ) 3/2 2a − u Using partial fractions, we get
dt dt
1   2a sin 2 x + 1  I =∫ −2 ∫
∴ I = 3/ 2 
2a sin − 1   t+1 (t + 2 ) 2
( 4a − 1 ) 
2
 2a + sin 2 x 
2
= ln | t + 1 | + +C
 2a sin 2 x + 1   1 (t + 2 )
+ 1−  − +C
 2a + sin 2 x   (2a + sin 2 x ) 2
I = ln ( x + 1 + x 2 + 2x + 2 ) + +C
(x + 2) + x 2 + 2x + 2
80 Textbook of Integral Calculus

x4 + 1 (x 2 + 1)2 − 2x 2  
67. I =∫ dx = ∫ dx ∴ 1+
x  dx = dt or tdx
= dt
x6 + 1 (x 2 + 1) (x 4 − x 2 + 1)  1 + x 2  1 + x2

(1 + 1 / x 2 ) dx x 2 dx
=∫ −2 ∫ 3 2 dt t15 ( x + 1 + x 2 )15
(x + 1 / x − 1)
2 2
(x ) + 1 ∴ I = ∫ t15 ⋅ = ∫ t14 dt = +C= +C
t 15 15
(1 + 1 / x 2 ) dx x 2 dx xn + 1 xn + 1
=∫ − 2 ∫ 70. Qun + 1 = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
(x − 1 / x )2 + 1 (x 3 )2 + 1 y ax 2 + 2bx + c
In first integral put x − 1 / x = t and in second integral put
x3 = u 1 xn (2ax + 2b ) − 2bxn
=
2a ∫ ax 2 + 2bx + c
dx
dt 2 du
=∫ − ∫ u2 + 1
t2 + 1 3 1 (2ax + 2b ) dx b xn
2
=
2a ∫ xn
ax 2 + 2bx + c
−
a ∫ ax 2 + 2bx + c
dx
= tan − 1 (t ) − tan − 1 (u ) + C
3 1 (2ax + 2b ) b
un + 1 = ∫x −
n
2 un
= tan − 1 ( x − 1 / x ) − tan − 1 ( x 3 ) + C 2a ax + 2bx + c
2 a
3
I II
dx 1 n
68. I = ∫ un + 1 = [ x ⋅ 2 ax 2 + 2bx + c
(1 − x 3 )1/3 2a
b
Put x = 1 / t, dx = − 1 / t 2 dt − ∫ nxn − 1 ⋅ 2 (ax 2 + bx + c ) dx ] − un
a
dt dt
∴ I =−∫ =−∫ 1 n n n −1 b
t 2 (1 − 1 / t 3 )1/3 t (t 3 − 1 )1/3
=
a
x y −
a ∫x ⋅ ax 2 + 2bx + c dx −
a
un

Again, put t 3 − 1 = u 3 ⇒ 3t 2 dt = 3u 2 du xn − 1 (ax 2 + 2bx + c ) b

2
aun + 1 = xn y − n ∫ ax + 2bx + c
2
dx −
a
un
u du u du
=−∫ =−∫
(1 + u ) ⋅ u
3
(1 + u ) (1 − u + u 2 ) aun + 1 = x y − n [aun + 1 + 2bun + cun − 1 ] − bun
n

1 du 1 u+1
=
3 ∫ −
1+u 3 ∫ u −u + 1
2
du ⇒ (n + 1 ) a un + 1 + (2n + 1 ) bun + nc ⋅ un − 1 = xn y …(i)
Now, putting, n = 0 in both the sides, we get
(using partial fractions)
1 du 1 1 / 2 (2u − 1 ) + 3 / 2 au1 + bu0 = x 0y
=
3 ∫ −
u+1 3 ∫ (u 2 − u + 1 )
du
au1 = y − bu0 …(ii)
1 du 1 2u − 1 1 du Putting n = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
=
3 ∫ u + 1 − 6 ∫ u 2 − u + 1 du − 2 ∫ (u − 1 / 2)2 + 3 / 4 2au2 + 3bu1 + cu0 = xy
 y − bu0 
1 1 1 2au2 + 3b   + cu0 = xy [from Eq. (ii)]
= log | u + 1 | − log | u 2 − u + 1 | −  a 
3 6 2
1  2u − 1  ⇒ 2a 2u2 + 3by − 3b 2u0 + acu0 = axy
⋅ tan − 1  +C
3 /2  3  ⇒ 2a 2u2 = y (ax − 3b ) + (3b 2 − ac ) u0
1 1
= log | (t 3 − 1 )1/3 + 1 | − log | (t 3 − 1 ) 2/3 − (t 3 − 1 )1/3 + 1 | 71. Plan Integration by Substitution
3 6
 2 (t 3 − 1 )1/3 − 1  i.e. I = ∫ f { g( x )} ⋅ g′ ( x ) dx
1
− tan − 1  +C
3  3  Put g ( x ) = t ⇒ g′ ( x ) dx = dt
 (1 − x 3 )1/3 + x  1 ∴ I = ∫ f (t ) dt
 − log (1 − x ) − (1 − x ) + x
3 2/ 3 3 1/ 3 2
1
= log  2
3  x  6 x Description of Situation Generally, students gets confused
 2 (1 − x 3 )1/3 − x  after substitution, i.e. sec x + tan x = t.
1
− tan − 1  +C Now, for sec x, we should use
3  3x 
sec 2 x − tan 2 x = 1
( x + 1 + x 2 )15
69. I = ∫ dx ⇒ (sec x − tan x ) (sec x + tan x ) = 1
1 + x2 1
⇒ sec x − tan x =
Put (x + 1 + x 2 ) = t t
 Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 81

sec 2 dx ⇒ ( − 2 x − 3 − 5 x − 6 ) dx = dt
Here, I =∫
(sec x + tan x ) 9/2
⇒ (2 x − 3 + 5 x − 6 ) dx = − dt
Put sec x + tan x = t
dt
⇒ (sec x tan x + sec 2 x ) dx = dt ∴ I =−∫ = − ∫ t − 3 dt
t3
⇒ sec x ⋅ t dx = dt
t− 3 + 1 1 x10
dt =− +C= 2 +C= +C
⇒ sec x dx = −3 + 1 2t 2(x 5 + x 3 + 1) 2
t
1 1  1 dx dx
∴ sec x − tan x =
t
⇒ sec x = t + 
2  t
74. ∫ 3
=∫ 3
x 2( x 4 + 1) 4  1 4
sec x ⋅ sec x dx x 5 1 + 4 
∴ I =∫  x 
(sec x + tan x ) 9/2
1 4
1  1 dt Put 1 + = t 4 ⇒ − 5 dx = 4 t 3dt
t +  ⋅ x4 x
2  t t 1  1 1 
⇒ I =∫ = ∫  9/2 + 13/2  dt ⇒
dx
= − t 3dt
t 9/ 2
2  t t  x5
1 2 2  1
= −  7/2 + 11/2  + K −t 3dt  1 4
2 7 t 11 t  ∴ I =∫ = − ∫ dt = − t + C = − 1 + 4  + C
t 3  x 
 1 1 
= − + 11/ 2 
+K  1 x + x+
1 1
 1 x+
1
7 (sec x + tan x ) 11 (sec x + tan x ) 
7/ 2
75. ∫ 1 + x − x  e x dx = ∫ e x dx + ∫ x 1 − x 2  e x dx
−1 1 1 2
=  + (sec x + tan x )  + K x+
1
x+
1
x+
1
(sec x + tan x )11/2 11 7  = ∫e x dx + xe x −∫
d
( x )e x dx
dx
ex e 3x
72. Since, I = ∫ dx and J = ∫ dx x+
1
x+
1
x+
1
e 4x
+ e +1
2x
1 + e 2x + e 4 x = ∫e x dx + xe x − ∫e x dx
(e − e )
3x x
 
∴ J −I =∫
1 1
dx  1 x+ x+
1 + e 2x + e 4 x Q ∫ 1 − 2  e x dx = e x

  x  
Put e x = u ⇒ e xdx = du
1 1 1
x+ x+ x+
 1 =∫ e x dx + xe x − ∫ ex x dx
1 − 2 
(u 2 − 1 )  u 
∴ J −I = ∫ du = ∫ du x+
1
1 + u2 + u4 1
1 + 2 + u2 = xe x +C
u
76. Given, ∫ f ( x ) dx = ψ( x )
 1 
1 − 2 
 u  I = ∫ x 5 f ( x 3 ) dx
=∫ 2
du Let
 1
 u +  − 1 Put x3 = t
 u
dt
1  1 ⇒ x 2dx = …(i)
Put u + = t ⇒ 1 − 2  du = dt 3
u  u 
1
dt 1 t −1 ∴ I = ∫ t f (t ) dt
=∫ = log +C 3
t −1 2
2
t+1
1  d  
u2 − u + 1 e 2x − e x + 1
= t ∫ f (t ) dt _ ∫  (t ) dt  dt 
dtt  
1
= log 2
1
+ C = log 2x +C
3 
2 u +u+1 2 e + ex + 1 [Integration by parts]
2x + 5x12
2x + 5x
9 12 9 1
73. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ 15 dx = [t ψ (t ) − ∫ ψ (t ) dt ]
(x + x + 1)
5 3 3
x (1 + x − 2 + x − 5 ) 3 3
1
2x − 3 + 5x − 6 = [ x 3ψ ( x 3 ) – 3 ∫ x 2ψ ( x 3 ) dx ] + C [from Eq. (i)]
=∫ dx 3
(1 + x − 2 + x − 5 ) 3 1
= x 3ψ ( x 3 ) − ∫ x 2ψ ( x 3 ) dx + C
Now, put 1 + x − 2 + x − 5 = t 3
82 Textbook of Integral Calculus

5 tan x (sin x − 2 cos x ) + 2 (cos x + 2 sin x )

77. Given Integral is ∫ dx =∫ dx
tan x − 2 (sin x − 2 cos x )
To find The value of a, if sin x − 2 cos x (cos x + 2 sin x )
⇒ I =∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx
5 tan x sin x − 2 cos x (sin x − 2 cos x )
∫ tan x − 2 dx = x + a log | sin x − 2 cos x | + k…(i) d (sin x − 2 cos x )
⇒ I = ∫ 1 dx + 2 ∫
5 tan x (sin x − 2 cos x )
Now, let us assume that I = ∫ dx
tan x − 2 ⇒ I = x + 2 log | (sin x − 2 cos x ) | + k …(ii)
Multiplying by cos x in numerator and denominator, we get where, k is the constant of integration.
5 sin x Now, by comparing the value of I in Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
I =∫ dx
sin x − 2 cos x a = 2.
sin x
This special integration requires special substitution of type 78. Let I = 2 ∫ dx
 π
 dDr  sin  x − 
N r = A( Dr ) + B    4
 dx 
π
⇒ Let 5 sin x = A (sin x − 2 cos x ) + B (cos x + 2 sin x ) Put x − =t ⇒ dx = dt
4
⇒ 0 cos x + 5 sin x = ( A + 2 B ) sin x + ( B − 2 A ) cos x π 
sin  + t dt
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x, we get 4 
∴ I = 2∫
A + 2 B = 5 and B − 2 A = 0 sin t
Solving the above two equations in A and B, we get  1 1 
= 2∫ cot t + dt
 2 2 
A = 1 and B = 2
⇒ 5 sin x = (sin x − 2 cos x ) + 2 (cos x + 2 sin x ) = 1 + log | sin t | + C
5 sin x π
⇒ I =∫ dx 
= x + log sin  x −  + C
sin x − 2 cos x  4