Accident Prevention On Board Ship at Sea and in Port
Accident Prevention On Board Ship at Sea and in Port
Accident Prevention On Board Ship at Sea and in Port
RECEIVED
1 1
C3
.IT
40938
An ILO code of practice
Accident prevention
on board ship at sea and in port
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ILO
Accident prevention on board ship at sea and in pon. An ILO code of practice
Geneva, International Labour Office, 2nd edition, 1996
/Code of practice/, /Occupational safety/, /Seafarer/, /Persons employed on board ship/,
/Port/. 13.04.2
ISBN 92-2-109450-2
Also published in Spanish: Prevención de accidentes a bordo de los buques en el mar y en
los puertos. Repertorio de recomendaciones prácticas (ISBN 92-2-309450-X),
Geneva, 1996
Also published in French: Prevention des accidents à bord des navires en mer et dans les
ports. Recueil de directives pratiques (ISBN 92-2-209450-6), Geneva, 1996
The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations
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V
Accident prevention on board ship
Captain M. R. Lowle (United Kingdom), Manager, Health, Safety and Environment, Shell
Tankers (UK) Ltd.
Captain C. J. Park (Republic of Korea), General Manager, Marine Dept., Korea Ship-
owners' Association.
Experts appointedfollowing consultations with the Workers 'group of the Governing Body:
Mr. L. Dolleris (Denmark), President, Maskinmestrenes Forening [Union of Chief
Engineers].
Mr. N. McVicar (United Kingdom), National Organizer RMT, National Union of Rail,
Maritime and Transport Workers.
Mr. H. Rodriguez Navarrete (Chile), Secretary-General, Chilean Seafarers' Federation
(FETRICH).
Mr. A Papaconstuntinos (Australia), Joint National Secretary, Maritime Union of
Australia.
Mr. T. Tay (Singapore), General Secretary, Singapore Maritime Officers' Union.
Observers from member States:
Mr. E. H. Salman (Bahrain), Harbour Operation Officer, Directorate General of Ports,
Harbour Section.
Mr. S. R. Sanad (Bahrain), Official, Ministry of Finance.
Mr. E. Hosannah (Brazil), First Secretary, Permanent Mission of Brazil in Geneva.
Mr. G. Boubopoulos (Greece), Lieutenant HCG, Seaman's Labour Division - Hellenic
Coast Guard, Ministry of Mercantile Marine.
Mr. F. Wakaki (Japan), Counsellor, Permanent Mission of Japan in Geneva.
Ms. L. Vallarino (Panama), Ambassador, Permanent Mission of Panama in Geneva.
Intergovernmental organizations represented:
Commission of the European Communities (CEC): Mr. L. Dutailly.
VI
Preface
VII
Accident prevention on board ship
VIM
Contents
Preface V
1. General provisions 1
1.1. Objective 1
1.2. Application 1
1.3. General definitions 2
2. General duties and responsibilities 4
2.1. General duties of the competent authority of flag States.... 4
2.2. General duties and responsibilities of competent authorities
other than the flag State 7
2.3. General duties and responsibilities of shipowners 7
2.4. General duties and responsibilities of the master 12
2.5. General duties and responsibilities of seafarers 14
2.6. General duties and responsibilities of the shipboard safety and
health committee 16
2.7. General duties and responsibilities of the safety officer . . . . 17
2.8. General duties and responsibilities of the safety représen-
tative^) 18
3. Reporting of accidents 20
3.1. General provisions 20
4. Permit-to-work systems 21
4.1. General provisions 21
IX
Accident prevention on board ship
X
Contents
14. Painting 81
14.1. General provisions 81
14.2. Spraying 81
14.3. Painting aloft and working over the side 82
XI
Accident prevention on board ship
XII
Contents
XIII
Accident prevention on board ship
Appendices
I. Permit-to-work form 175
II. References and further reading 178
III. ISO standards 187
Index 189
XIV
1. General provisions
1.1. Objective
1.1.1. The objective of this code is to provide practical guid-
ance on safety and health in shipboard work with a view to:
(a) preventing accidents, diseases and other harmful effects on the
health of seafarers arising from employment on board ship at
sea and in port;
(b) ensuring that the responsibility for safety and health is under-
stood and remains a priority for all concerned with maritime
transport, including governments, shipowners and seafarers; and
(c) promoting consultation and cooperation among governments,
as well as shipowners' and seafarers' organizations in the im-
provement of safety and health on board ship.
1.1.2. The code also provides guidance in the implementation
of the provisions of the Prevention of Occupational Accidents to
Seafarers Convention, 1970 (No. 134), and Recommendation, 1970
(No. 142), as well as other applicable ILO Conventions and Recom-
mendations.
1.2. Application
1.2.1. The code covers the safety and health of all seafarers
serving on board all seagoing ships, whether publicly or privately
owned, and which are ordinarily engaged in commercial maritime
navigation. However, parts of the code may be applicable to vessels
used in inland waterways or to fishing vessels.
1.2.2. The provisions of this code should be considered as the
basic minimum requirements for protecting seafarers' safety and
health.
1
Accident prevention on board ship
1
Use of the male gender in the text should be read as meaning male or female.
2
Such standards should at least be those of the IMO's International Convention on
Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 (and any sub-
sequent revisions or amendments), and the requirements of the ILO's Merchant Shipping
(Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 147), and other relevant instruments.
3
See also 1.3.1(b), above.
2
General provisions
3
2 . General duties and responsibilities
1
These include, from the International Labour Organization, the Merchant Ship-
ping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 147); the Prevention of Accidents
(Seafarers) Convention, 1970 (No. 134); the Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers) Rec-
ommendation, 1970 (No. 142); and from the International Maritime Organization, the
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS); the International
Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978
(STCW); the International Convention on Loadlines, 1966(ICL); the Convention on the
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG) and any
subsequent revisions of the above instruments.
4
General duties and responsibilities
1
For guidance on inspections in accordance with Convention No. 147, the ILO
publication Inspection of labour conditions on board ship: Guide-lines for procedure
should be followed. In accordance with Article 2 of Convention No. 134, the competent
authority in each maritime country shall take the necessary measures to ensure that occu-
pational accidents are adequately reported and investigated, and comprehensive statistics
on such accidents kept and analysed. Use may also be made of the IMO/ILO Guidelines
for the investigation of accidents where fatigue may have been a contributing factor,
where appropriate.
2
See also the Labour Inspection (Seamen) Recommendation, 1926 (No. 28).
' Guidelines for the Authorization of Organizations Acting on Behalf of the Ad-
ministration, IMO Resolution A.739(l 8), 1993, and subsequent related resolutions should
be followed.
"The Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation, 1981 (No. 164), calls for
the formation of safety committees and specifies the rights of the committee and its mem-
bers. Article 7 of the Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers) Convention, 1970 (No. 134),
provides for the appointment, from amongst the crew, of a suitable committee respon-
sible, under the master, for accident prevention.
5
Accident prevention on board ship
1
In particular, the Health Protection and Medical Care (Seafarers) Convention,
1987 (No. 164).
2
Which takes into account the International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, as well as other ILO and IMO in-
struments, resolutions and publications.
6
General duties and responsibilities
' Such a policy should be based on the International Management Code for the
Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (International Safety for Manage-
ment (ISM) Code), IMO Assembly Resolution A.741(18), 1993, and any subsequent
revisions.
7
Accident prevention on board ship
1
The ILO's Seafarers' Welfare at Sea and in Port Convention, 1987 (No. 163), and
Recommendation, 1987 (No. 173); the Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Con-
vention, 1976 (No. 147); and the Bedding, Mess Utensils and Miscellaneous Provisions
(Ships' Crews) Recommendation, 1946 (No. 78).
8
General duties and responsibilities
(b) verify that the seafarer holds appropriate medical and compe-
tency certificates and endeavour to confirm their validity;
(c) recognize fatigue as a potential hazard to safety and health, there-
fore operations on ships should be planned to take into account
the expected period of work and the prevailing conditions on
board in order to minimize fatigue;1
(d) where circumstances do not allow adequate rest periods for sea-
farers, either the crew complement should be supplemented or
the vessel's work programme should be reassigned; and
(e) take account of reports and recommendations made by the mas-
ter or safety committee regarding adequacy of numbers of
seafarers, their degree of competence and skills required for
accident-free operation of the ship.
2.3.6. Shipowners should provide such supervision as will en-
sure that seafarers perform their work with due regard to their safety
and health. Shipowners should direct the master and the master should
instruct the officers that the work of all on board will be organized in
such a way as to avoid unnecessary risks to safety and health. Ship-
owners should make masters and seafarers fully aware of all activi-
ties on board that could affect their safety and health.
2.3.7. Shipowners should arrange for a designated person from
shoreside operations, preferably a person at the highest possible level
within the management structure, to:
(a) consult closely with the master and crew on all matters con-
cerning safety and health;
(b) review the reports of shipboard safety and health committees
and consider any suggested improvements and other feedback
information received from the ship; and
(c) monitor the performance of equipment and personnel.
'See IMO Resolution A.772( 18), 1993, on Fatigue Factors in Manning and Safety.
9
Accident prevention on board ship
1
A requirement found in Chapter III of the Annex to the International Convention
for the Safety of Life at Sea (1974), as amended.
10
General duties and responsibilities
1
As required by the ILO's Prevention of Accidents (Seafarers) Convention, 1970
(No. 134).
11
Accident prevention on board ship
12
General duties and responsibilities
13
Accident prevention on board ship
1
At the very least in compliance with Chapter III of the Annex to SOLAS (1974),
as amended.
2
Based upon Article 13 of the Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
(No. 155).
14
General duties and responsibilities
1
See the ILO's Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize
Convention, 1948 (No. 87), Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949
(No. 98), and Merchant Shipping (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 147).
18
General duties and responsibilities
19
3. Reporting of accidents
20
4. Permit-to-work systems
21
5. General shipboard safety and health
considerations
22
General shipboard safety and health
23
Accident prevention on board ship
5.1.15. Litter presents a fire risk and may cause slips, falls or
conceal other hazards. It should be disposed of in compliance with
the appropriate MARPOL legislation.1
5.1.16. Tasks should be carried out with account being
taken of possible risks to other persons; for example, water from hos-
ing down the deck may enter other spaces and result in slips and falls.
5.1.17. Aerosols having volatile and inflammable content
should never be used or placed near nakedflamesor other heat sources
even when empty.
5.1.18. (1) Seafarers should have appropriate and up-to-date
vaccinations and inoculations.
(2) Small cuts and abrasions should be treated immediately.
(3) Precautions should be taken to avoid insect bites. In particu-
lar, anti-malaria precautions should be taken before, during and after
the ship visits ports where malaria is known to exist.
5.1.19. High standards of personal cleanliness and hygiene
should be maintained at all times. Washing facilities should be
provided in toilets. Hands should always be well washed after using
paints or after possible exposure to toxic substances.
5.1.20. Working in conditions of high humidity and heat may
cause heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Sensible precautions should be
taken, including the drinking of sufficient water and the taking of
additional salt, if appropriate.
5.1.21. Seafarers should protect themselves from the sun in
tropical areas and be informed that prolonged sun bathing, even when
the skin is protected, may be harmful.
5.1.22. Seafarers should be made aware of the health hazards
related to smoking.
1
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL),
1973, as amended by the Protocol of 1978, Annexes I and V, and related resolutions.
24
General shipboard safety and health
' Reference may be made to Safety and health in the use of chemicals at work:
A training manual, by A. Bakar Che Man and D. Gold (Geneva, 1992), or a similar
guide.
25
Accident prevention on board ship
5.3. Fire p r e v e n t i o n
5.3.1. Smoking 1
1
See Chapter 24 for special provisions concerning smoking on tankers.
26
General shipboard safety and health
5.3.4. S p o n t a n e o u s c o m b u s t i o n
5.3.5. Galleys
1
Reference may also be made to Chapter 27 of Safety and Health in Dock Work:
An ILO Code of practice (2nd revised ed., 1977).
28
General shipboard safety and health
own safety standards and that such equipment does not eliminate
hazards but gives only limited protection in the case of accidents.
5.4.1.5. Personal protective equipment should be of a type and
standard as approved by the appropriate authority. A wide variety of
equipment is available and it is essential that no items are ordered,
or received on board, unless they are suitable for the task for which
they are required.
5.4.1.6. The manufacturer's instructions should be kept safe
with the relevant equipment and consulted for use and maintenance
purposes.
5.4.1.7. The effectiveness of personal protective equipment
depends not only on its design but on its maintenance in good condi-
tion. Such items should be inspected at regular intervals.
5.4.1.8. All seafarers should be trained in the use of personal
protective equipment and advised of its limitations. Persons using
such items should check them each time before use.
5.4.1.9. Special personal protective equipment should be
provided and worn by seafarers who may be exposed to particular
corrosive or contaminating substances.
5.4.1.10. Clothing worn in galleys and machinery spaces where
there is a risk of burning or scalding should adequately cover the
body to minimize the hazard and should be of a material of low
flammability, such as cotton.
29
Accident prevention on board ship
box-type goggles are designed so that they can be worn over ordi-
nary spectacles.
31
Accident prevention on board ship
33
6. Shipboard emergencies and emergency
equipment
1
In particular, SOLAS, 1974, Chapter III, as amended.
2
In particular sections 10, 11 and 12.
34
Emergencies and emergency equipment
1
SOLAS, 1974, Chapter III, as amended.
2
For example, a copy of the IMO Pocket guide to cold water survival, could be
provided to each seafarer.
35
Accident prevention on board ship
1
SOLAS, 1974, Chapter II, as amended.
36
Emergencies and emergency equipment
1
These are the symbols recommended in Resolution A.654( 16) ( 1989), of the IMO.
37
Accident prevention on board ship
1
Abandoning ship and other life-saving drills should be carried out in accordance
with national requirements, which should be at least equivalent to those of Chapter III of
the Annex to SOLAS (1974), as amended.
38
Emergencies and emergency equipment
39
Accident prevention on board ship
1
The safety of the helicopter crew, as well as of seafarers, must be considered.
Reference should be made, for example, to the Guide to helicopter/ship operations
(3rd edition, 1989 or later edition), published by the International Chamber of Shipping.
40
Emergencies and emergency equipment
41
Accident prevention on board ship
(d) announcing the type of emergency over the public address sys-
tem so that the rescue boat can be prepared;
(e) assigning a person to the wheel and posting lookouts;
(f) radar "marking" of the man overboard position;
(g) initiating any communication such as a "Pan Pan Pan" mes-
sage; and
(h) positioning the ship to make a lee and launching the rescue
boat.
6.5.2. It should be remembered that it may take the master a
few minutes to reach the bridge before he can take over the opera-
tion and that some decisions need to be taken before he reaches the
bridge.
6.5.3. The procedure on how to pull a person from the sea into
a boat should, when possible, be practised during periods when a
ship is at anchor.
6.5.4. Should a search be necessary the procedures described
in the Merchant ship search and rescue manual (MERSAR), pub-
lished by the IMO, should be adopted, especially if the search is
carried out with other ships.
42
Emergencies and emergency equipment
43
7. Carriage of dangerous goods
1
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code should be consulted before
any known or suspected dangerous goods are loaded.
44
Carriage of dangerous goods
1
The ILO Code of Practice on Safety and Health in Dock Work also provides that
port workers should be advised on the handling of dangerous goods.
2
For additional information, the IMDG Code and the IMO/WHO/ILO Medical
first aid guide for use in accidents involving dangerous goods (MFAG), published by the
IMO, should be consulted.
45
Accident prevention on board ship
1
IMDG Code.
2
Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes (BC Code).
3
Additional precautions are to be taken for specific types of cargoes, such as
plutonium. The appropriate codes and resolutions of the IMO are to be complied with in
such circumstances.
46
Carriage of dangerous goods
49
8. Safe access to ship 1
' The ILO Code of Practice on Safety and Health in Dock Work (revised, 1977) and
the ILO Guide to safety and health in dock work (revised, 1988) contain more detailed
information on means of access to vessels.
2
The duty to ensure the safety of seafarers in port areas is stressed in the Seafarers'
Welfare at Sea and in Port Recommendation, 1987 (No. 173) (Paragraphs 3 and 19).
3
Besides contributing to the protection of seafarers against accidents, such surveil-
lance also enhances security against unauthorized persons, including criminals, from
boarding the vessel.
50
Safe access to ship
51
Accident prevention on board ship
54
9. Safe movement about the ship
55
Accident prevention on board ship
9.3.1. All seafarers who may have to use watertight doors should
be instructed in their safe use.
9.3.2. Power-operated watertight doors can be closed from
the bridge and particular care should be taken when using such doors.
If opened locally under these circumstances a door will reclose
automatically and crush anyone in its path as soon as local control
has been released. Both hands are usually required to operate the
local controls, and for this reason no person should alone attempt to
carry any load through such doors. The bridge should be notified
whenever such doors are opened and immediately after they are
closed.
9.3.3. Notices clearly stating the method of operating the local
controls of watertight doors should be prominently displayed on both
sides of the doors.
9.3.4. ( l ) N o attempt should be made to pass through a
watertight door when it is closing or when the warning alarm is
sounding.
(2) Whenever a watertight door is energized, and under remote
control, transit is not allowed. If necessary to leave the area confined
by such doors, emergency exits shall be used. A warning to that
effect shall be displayed at the local operating point.
56
Safe movement about the ship
9.4. Lighting
9.4.1. Areas of the ship used for loading or unloading, other
work processes or transit should be adequately and appropriately
illuminated.
9.4.2. Lighting should be reasonably constant and arranged to
minimize glare, dazzle and the formation of deep shadows and sharp
contrasts between one area and another.
9.4.3. Broken or defective lights should be reported immedi-
ately and repaired as soon as practicable.
9.4.4. It should be prohibited to enter unlighted or inadequately
lighted places on the ship without safe portable lights.
9.4.5. Lights, both fixed and portable, should be checked
to ensure proper operation and safe rigging prior to use. No opera-
tion should be permitted to commence or continue if lighting is
insufficient.
9.7. Drainage
9.7.1. Drains and scuppers should be regularly inspected and
properly maintained to ensure that they do not become blocked.
58
10. Entering and working in enclosed or
confined spaces
59
Accident prevention on board ship
1
SOLAS (1974), Chapter II, as amended.
60
Enclosed or confined spaces
66
Enclosed or confined spaces
67
Accident prevention on board ship
(e) that when work is being undertaken in the space the wearer
should keep the self-contained supply for use when there is a
failure of the continuous supply from outside the space.
10.10.3. When in a dangerous space:
(a) no one should remove his own breathing apparatus;
(b) breathing apparatus should not be removed from a person un-
less it is necessary to do so to save his life.
10.10.4. Where any person may be required to enter a danger-
ous space appropriate resuscitators should be provided, and if entry
is expected to occur at sea the ship should be provided with the ap-
propriate equipment. If the appropriate equipment has not been pro-
vided entry should not take place.
69
1 1 . Manual lifting and carrying
71
12. Tools and materials
' Guidance on the training of engine-room officers and ratings in the use of tools
may be found in section 25 of the IMO/1LO Document for guidance: An international
maritime training guide (1985 or later edition).
72
Tools and materials
' The Guarding of Machinery Recommendation, 1963 (No. 118), provides that no
worker should use any machinery without the guards provided being in position nor
make the guards inoperative for another worker.
73
Accident prevention on board ship
76
13. Welding, flame-cutting and other hot
work
79
Accident prevention on board ship
80
14. Painting
14.2. Spraying
14.2.1. Personnel should closely follow the manufacturer's in-
structions on the operation of spray equipment.
14.2.2. A "paint mist" may form during spraying operations
and personnel should wear suitable personal protective equipment
81
Accident prevention on board ship
82
15. Working aloft and over the side
83
Accident prevention on board ship
84
Working aloft and over the side
15.4. Ropes
15.4.1. The safety of seafarers working aloft depends to a large
extent on the condition of the ropes used in the operations. Such
ropes must be given considerable care and attention (see also Chap-
ter 18).
15.4.2. Ropes should be stowed in a special locker and used
for no other purpose than for working aloft. Nothing else should be
stowed in the locker; stores such as detergents and paints may dam-
age ropes. The locker should be dry and not subject to excessive
heat.
85
Accident prevention on board ship
87
16. Working with electricity and electrical
equipment
1
Examples of such conditions are exposure to:
(a) moisture, steam and oil vapour, salt-laden atmosphere, sea spray, high winds and ice
formation;
(b) abnormal vibrations, deformation and mechanical shock;
(c) unusually high or low temperatures; and
(d) explosive mixtures when used in certain areas.
2
Section 24 of the IMO/ILO Document for guidance: An international maritime
training guide (1985 or later edition) provides information on training requirements.
88
Electricity and electrical equipment
89
Accident prevention on board ship
91
Accident prevention on board ship
1
Further information on this subject may be found in the ILO publication Working
with visual display units, Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 61 (Geneva, 1990).
96
17. Working with dangerous and irritating
substances and radiations 1
1
Detailed guidance on protecting workers from these and other substances may be
obtained from the following ILO publications: Occupational exposure limitsfor airborne
toxic substances. Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 37, third edition (Geneva,
1991 ), and The provision of the basic safety standards for radiation protection relevant to
the protection of workers against ionizing radiation, Occupational Safety and Health
Series No. 55 (Geneva, 1985).
97
Accident prevention on board ship
1
See also the Asbestos Convention, 1986 (No. 162). Further guidance may be
obtained from the ILO Code of Practice on Safety in the Use ofAsbestos (Geneva, 1984).
99
Accident prevention on board ship
1
See also Radiation Protection Convention, 1960 (No. 115). Further information
on this subject may be obtained from the ILO publication Protection of workers against
radio frequency and microwave radiation: A technical review. Occupational Safety and
Health Series No. 57 (Geneva, 1986).
100
18. Upkeep of wire and fibre ropes 1
1
The ILO Code of Practice on Safety and Health in Dock Work contains further
guidance on the upkeep of wire and fibre ropes, particularly ropes used with lifting and
other cargo-handling equipment.
101
Accident prevention on board ship
103
Accident prevention on board ship
(g) not allow ropes to run freely through their hands; and
(h) ensure that such ropes are not unduly exposed to injurious sun-
light or harmful chemicals.
18.3.6. Man-made fibre ropes should be replaced when worn
or damaged and in any case as required by the competent authority.
18.3.7. The method of making eye or loop splices in ropes of
man-made fibre should accord strictly with the manufacturer's in-
structions for the particular material of which the rope is made.
18.3.8. Any part of a rope composed of man-made fibres, which
has come into contact with such organic solvents as paint stripper or
paint, should be discarded.
18.3.9. If a man-made rope has been subjected to a severe shock,
it should be carefully examined.
18.3.10. A natural fibre rope that has become wet should be
allowed to dry naturally.
18.3.11. A natural fibre rope that has been, or is suspected of
having been, in contact with any acid, alkali or any other substance
known to be detrimental to rope fibre should be taken out of service
and destroyed.
105
19. Anchoring, docking and mooring 1
19.2. Anchoring
19.2.1. Any anchor or chain showing defects should be with-
drawn from service and repaired only by properly qualified persons.
19.2.2. In general, the anchor should not be dropped from the
hawsepipe but should be walked back to a suitable position and let
go from that position.
' The publication Effective mooring (London, 1989) of the International Chamber
of Shipping provides further guidance on this topic.
106
Anchoring, docking and mooring
109
2 0 . Working on deck or in cargo spaces
110
Working on deck or in cargo spaces
1
At a minimum, in accordance with the STCW Convention, 1978, or any subse-
quent revision. Reference should be made to section 16 of the IMO/ILO Document for
guidance.
2
Guidance should also be obtained from the IMO's Code of Safe Practice for
Cargo Stowage and Securing.
111
Accident prevention on board ship
1
The IMO's Code of Safe Practicefor Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes should
be consulted for carriage of timber.
2
As provided in particular in the ILO Code of Practice on Safety and Health in
Dock Work. Reference should also be made to Article 25(2) of the Safety and Health in
Dock Work Convention, 1979 (No. 152).
113
Accident prevention on board ship
115
Accident prevention on board ship
20.6. Hooks
20.7. Shackles
20.7.1. No shackle should be used unless its safe working load
is clearly marked.
20.7.2. A shackle should be of the correct type, size and safe
working load for its intended use.
20.7.3. All shackles should have their pins effectively secured
or seized with wire.
20.7.4. The running part of any rigging should not come into
contact with the pin of a shackle.
20.7.5. All shackle pins should be kept lubricated.
118
2 1 . Working in machinery spaces
1
At a minimum, in accordance with the STCW Regulations, Chapter III or any
subsequent revision. Reference should be made to sections 20-25 of the IMO/1LO Docu-
ment for Guidance.
2
See also the Guarding of Machinery Convention, 1963 (No. 119), and the Work-
ing Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, 1977 (No. 148). Fur-
ther guidance may be obtained from the ILO Code of Practice on Protection of Workers
against Noise and Vibration in the Working Environment (Geneva, 1984).
119
Accident prevention on board ship
1
MARPOL, Annex I.
120
Working in machinery spaces
122
Working in machinery spaces
123
Accident prevention on board ship
(5) When the top manhole has been removed, the bottom man-
hole door may be knocked in.
(6) At all times while a person is in the boiler, another person
should be standing by at the manhole entrance and should commu-
nicate at frequent intervals with the person inside.
21.2.5. Spaces at the top and sides of boilers should not be
used for storage.
21.2.6. Safety valves should be properly sealed and maintained
in good operational condition at all times.
21.2.7. Special care should be taken to maintain water gauges
in proper order. They should be checked and blown through in a
proper manner by a competent person at frequent intervals. Gauges
should be replaced only by a competent person.
21.2.8. The water level should be checked at all times when
fires are alight. Should the water level fall below the glass, the boiler
should be immediately secured as required.
21.2.9. (1) Care should be taken to ensure that, when lighting
up, the combustion chambers have been properly purged free of gas
and that no loose oil has accumulated on the furnace floor.
(2) Care should be taken to ascertain that all burners are clean
and properly assembled.
(3) Fuel oil should be recirculated until all parts of the system
have reached a suitable temperature before admission to the furnace.
(4) When lighting up a boiler, seafarers should stand clear of
any openings in order to avoid a possible blowback.
21.2.10. Should a furnace fail to light for any reason when the
oil valve is opened:
(a) the valve should be closed;
(b) the combustion chamber should be properly purged.
125
Accident prevention on board ship
21.4. Turbines
21.4.1. The governor, low lubricating oil pressure alarm and
shutdown devices, and other speed limiting devices should be made
ready to operate should abnormal operations occur.
21.4.2. Steam joints, valve gland and gland sealing arrange-
ments should be maintained in good order to avoid excessively high
humidity in the surrounding area.
126
Working in machinery spaces
128
Working in machinery spaces
1
STCW, 1978, Annex-Regulations, Chapter III, Engine Department, or subsequent
revisions.
129
Accident prevention on board ship
130
2 2 . Working in galleys, pantries and other
food handling areas 1
1
See also the Food and Catering (Ships' Crews) Convention, 1946 (No. 68).
131
Accident prevention on board ship
(c) fingers, arms and legs are clear of the line of strike; and
(d) protective gloves are worn.
(2) Chopping blocks should be placed in a clear unobstructed
area so as to reduce any danger to the seafarer concerned to a mini-
mum and to eliminate dangers to others nearby.
22.2.8. Hot pots and pans should not be full, since they may
overflow in a seaway.
133
Accident prevention on board ship
134
Galleys and other food handling areas
135
Accident prevention on board ship
mediately or see that others are warned of the risk until the cleaning
up is completed.
22.3.2. Seafarers should be particularly careful when carrying
food and using stairs and companionways, which should be kept
clear and unobstructed. In particular, one hand should be kept free
to hold handrails or supports. Loads should be carried in such a
manner as not to obstruct the line of view, and movements should
not be hurried.
22.3.3. Suitable protective footwear of a type that fully covers
the foot, with slip-resistant soles, should be worn at all times.
22.3.4. ( 1 ) Seafarers should be careful to avoid burns and scald-
ing when handling hot pans and dishes, removing lids off boilers,
opening steamers and pressure cookers, immersing the hands in hot
water in the sinks or opening oven doors.
(2) Clean dry cloths should be used for picking up utensils too
hot to handle.
22.3.5. (1) Before washing down the galley, electrical ap-
pliances should be unplugged or otherwise isolated from the
power source and stoves should be switched off. There should be no
form of hot oil on stove tops and other similarly exposed locations
where they may be subject to splashing.
(2) Decks should be mopped clear and surplus water removed
after washing.
(3) Skylights and other openings to the deck should be arranged
so as to prevent rain or spray from entering the galley.
22.3.6. (1) Any defects in equipment or utensils should be re-
ported to the responsible officer, who should arrange for their repair
or replacement as soon as possible.
(2) The defective item should be taken out of service.
136
Galleys and other food handling areas
137
Accident prevention on board ship
138
23. Safety in living accommodation 1
1
See also the Accommodation of Crew Convention (Revised), 1949 (No. 92), the
Accommodation of Crews (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1970 (No. 133), the
Crew Accommodation (Air Conditioning) Recommendation, 1970 (No. 140), the Crew
Accommodation (Noise Control) Recommendation, 1970 (No. 141), and the IMO Code
on Noise Levels on Board Ships (Resolution No. A.468(XII)).
139
Accident prevention on board ship
1
ILO Recommendation No. 141.
140
Safety in living accommodation
23.4. Swimming-pools
23.4.1. When a swimming pool is available, seafarers should
take precautions against the ordinary risks of swimming and diving.
Warning signs should be placed around the pool to discourage dan-
gerous activities such as swimming alone or diving.
23.4.2. The swimming-pool should be emptied when heavy
weather is expected.
23.4.3. The water in the swimming-pool should be changed at
regular intervals and the pool should not be filled with water which
might be injurious to health.
141
Accident prevention on board ship
the sewage system and the action taken to deal with complaints of
foul or musty smells which may be due to toxic or oxygen-depleted
gases.
23.5.2. The use of toilet cleaning products which kill germs
and bacteria should be avoided as they may destroy the bacteria which
are essential to the aerobic operation of sewage treatment plants.
The manufacturer of the treatment plant should be consulted for de-
tails of appropriate non-harmful cleaning products.
23.5.3. If entry into the sewage tanks or work on the system is
necessary, all personnel engaged on this work should be informed of
the hazards of encountering oxygen-depleted, toxic and flammable
gases (see Chapter 10).
23.5.4. The following should be checked:
(a) that all drainpipes have satisfactory water/gas tightness and ad-
equate water seals and traps to prevent backflow of gases into
the respective compartments;
(b) that all sanitary fittings are securely fastened to prevent relative
movements at pipe joints;
(c) that where toilet pans are fitted with vacuum-breaking arrange-
ments at the back of the water trap, such as individual air pipes
or patented backflow prevention valves, these are in a satisfac-
tory condition and operation;
(d) that there is an adequate supply of flush water to clear toilet
pans and to replenish water seals.
23.5.5. It should be made certain that drains and air vents are
clear of obstruction and are in sound water/gas tight condition
throughout their length. Adequate air vents should be fitted to the
piping network, paying special attention to the extremities of the
system. These should ensure an adequate supply of air and prevent
plugs of water from breaking the water seal during violent rolling or
pitching.
142
Safety in living accommodation
143
24. Specific vessel types
1
MARPOL, Annexes I and V.
144
Specific vessel types
(e) work which could cause sparking or which involves the use of
heat should not be undertaken unless authorized and after the
work area has been tested and found gas-free, or otherwise de-
clared safe;
(f) where work in an enclosed space is necessary, the guidance in
Chapter 10 should be strictly followed;
(g) "permit to work" procedures should be adopted unless the work
presents no undue hazard (see Chapter 4);
(h) appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn.
24.1.4. Seafarers should be properly trained in accordance with
applicable national and international requirements.1 Training in emer-
gency procedures and the use of any special emergency equipment
should be undertaken at regular intervals. This should include medi-
cal first aid measures, in the event of accidental contact with harm-
ful substances and inhalation of dangerous gases or fumes.
24.1.5. Shipowners should provide the master and crew with
adequate instructions and information on all operations. Those on
board responsible for the safe loading and carriage of the cargo should
also be provided with all the relevant information pertinent to the
cargo before it is loaded and about the precautions to be taken dur-
ing the voyage. The remainder of the crew should also be advised of
any precautions they should take. At all loading and discharging ports
a safety checklist should be reviewed by the master and an official
from the marine terminal.2 Before starting cargo loading, the stow-
age and loading procedure should be discussed and agreed between
the master and the terminal operator.
145
Accident prevention on board ship
' Appendix B of the IMO's Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes should be
consulted.
146
Specific vessel types
1
For stowage and securing of containers on ships' decks not specifically designed
and fitted for this purpose, reference should be made to Annex 1 of the IMO's Code of
Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing (resolution A.714(17) adopted by the
Assembly of the IMO at its 17th Session (1991)), or any subsequent revisions.
148
Specific vessel types
1
The International Convention for Safe Containers and the Marking of Weight
(Packages Transported by Vessels) Convention, 1929 (No. 27), set out requirements for
proper marking of weight.
2
SOLAS, 1974, as amended.
149
Accident prevention on board ship
150
Specific vessel types
151
Accident prevention on board ship
153
Accident prevention on board ship
1
Reference should be made to IMO Resolution A.489(XII).
2
IMDG Code.
155
Accident prevention on board ship
' In particular the SOLAS Convention, Chapter II-2, Part D, regulations 59, 60, 62
and 63 and, for marine pollution matters, MARPOL 73/78, Annex I. Because of limita-
tions in space, this code does not go into detail on MARPOL or other pollution require-
ments. Nevertheless, they are essential and should be observed.
2
Consideration should also be given to providing seafarers with copies of the ICS
Safety in Oil Tankers.
156
Specific vessel types
(e) the need for crew members to be aware of the inherent dangers
of cargo pumprooms. Pumprooms, by virtue of their location,
design and operation, constitute a particular hazard and there-
fore necessitate special precautions;
(f) the need for crew members to be made aware of the carcino-
genic health hazards resulting from exposure to minor concen-
trations of benzene vapour in the air.' This hazard can result
from breathing vapours of benzene-containing cargoes such as
gasolenes, JP-4 and some crude oils;
(g) the need to ensure that seafarers are made aware of the safety
precautions and emergency action to be taken in the event of
spillage.
' ILO Benzene Convention, 1971 (No. 136), and Recommendation, 1971
(No. 144).
2
The IMO's International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Chemicals in Bulk (BCH code) should be consulted.
3
The International Chamber of Shipping publication Safety in Chemical Tankers
is also useful, particularly for ratings.
157
Accident prevention on board ship
158
Specific vessel types
' National requirements should, at a minimum, comply with the IMO's Inter-
national Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in
Bulk (1GC code).
2
The Tanker Safety Guide (liquefied gas) (ICS latest edition).
3
The Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on Ships and in Terminals (SIGTTO,
1986 or latest edition).
159
Accident prevention on board ship
(a) the need to ensure that a full description of the cargo's physical
and chemical properties is supplied with each cargo loaded;
(b) the need to ensure that seafarers are made aware of the safety
precautions and emergency action to be taken in the event of
spillage;
(c) the need to plan effective first aid treatment due to possible physi-
cal contact with liquefied gases or cold cryogenic pipelines, some
of which can be at a temperature of minus 160 centigrade;
(d) the need to carry out emergency drills at regular intervals using
personal protective equipment and safety and rescue devices.
1
Reference should be made to the following: SOLAS (1974, as amended), Chap-
ter III; IMO Resolution A.691(17), Safety Instructions to Passengers; and IMO Resolu-
tion A.770( 18), 1993, MinimumTraining Requirements for Personnel Nominated to Assist
Passengers in Emergency Situations on Passenger Ships; IMO Resolution A.792(19),
Safety Culture in and around Passenger Ships.
160
Specific vessel types
161
Accident prevention on board ship
162
Specific vessel types
(xii) ensuring that the passengers are suitably clothed and have
donned their lifejackets correctly;
(i) fire situations:
(i) fire detection and initial containment;
(ii) raising the alarm;
(iii) danger of smoke inhalation;
(iv) breathing protection;
(j) abandon ship situations:
(i) correct use of individual survival equipment, e.g. life-
jackets, immersion suits, lifebuoys, light and smoke
signals, etc.;
(ii) need for assistance to special cases;
(k) familiarization by means of repeated organized guided tours on
board;
(1) repeated participation in fire drills and lifeboat drills including
transportation of simulated casualties;
(m) repeated exercise in use of equipment, such as donning of
lifejackets and appropriate protective clothing;
(n) repeated exercise in use of internal communication systems;
(o) repeated exercises in evacuation.
24.8.6. Before the vessel leaves port, instructions should be
issued to passengers on emergency and evacuation procedures.
24.8.7. Where possible a short safety video should be screened
shortly after embarkation of passengers.
24.8.8. Unambiguous emergency signs to assist passengers
should be placed at the appropriate level and should be in a language
understood by a majority of passengers, indicating paths to muster
stations and the location of lifejacket containers. The IMO interna-
tional symbols should be used for this purpose.
163
Accident prevention on board ship
Introduction
Cargo handling
1
STCW 1978; and the publication coedited by the Department of Transport and
the Health and Safety Executive, Assessment of the suitability of stand-by vessels attend-
ing offshore installations: Instructions for the guidance of surveyors (London, Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, 1991).
164
Specific vessel types
Responsibilities
Cargo p l a n n i n g
165
Accident prevention on board ship
Cargo restraint
Crane operations
Communications
(a) the estimated pumping rate for each product, the length of warn-
ing/estimate of time required to stop, the emergency stop
procedure and confirmation that lines can be drained back to
the vessel's tanks where necessary should be confirmed;
(b) the master should be informed of the size of hoses and connec-
tions to be used, the length of hose available, the colour scheme
in operation for the hose and/or product, the maximum loading
rate/pressure permitted, and the quantities of each product
required, the order in which they are required and an estimate
of the time at which they will be required;
(c) where conditions are suitable, the crane should be used to lift
the hose to aid draining. On disconnecting the hose, the end
should be fitted with a cap or blank. Hoses for potable/fresh
water should not be used for bulk and other liquid cargoes.
Sufficient illumination should be provided over the hose and
support vessel throughout the operation. For operations during
hours of darkness, hoses should be fitted with high visibility
bands or tape;
(d) hoses are normally colour coded for manufacturers' identifica-
tion and approval, frequently by the use of spiral coloured bands
within the hose structure. The hose terminations should be colour
coded by use of a coloured band to mark the product, for
example:
- potable water - blue
- drill water - green
- fuel - brown
- brine - black.
24.9.14. Passing hoses to vessels is a hazardous operation and
it should be supervised by a responsible person on the installation
with direct communication to the vessel's master. Continuous radio
communication with the installation should be maintained whilst a
vessel is connected to bulk hoses and the crane driver should remain
168
Specific vessel types
169
Accident prevention on board ship
(f) the careful handling of wire coils when opened up, in particular
pendant wires, which may cause injury by the sudden spring-
ing open of the coils following release of the securing bands;
(g) the securing of all equipment, including that used in anchor
handling operations, until required.
170
Specific vessel types
171
Accident prevention on board ship
(b) the master of the vessel should be responsible for the operation.
Due consideration should be given to sea and weather condi-
tions and their effect upon the operation;
(c) at least two seafarers should steady the basket when it is low-
ered to the deck;
(d) seafarers to be transferred should wear protective clothing and
life jackets;
(e) seafarers transferring should distribute themselves evenly around
the baseboard to ensure maximum stability;
(f) any luggage should be secured inside the net of the basket;
(g) the master should instruct the crane operator to slew the crane
jib away from the vessel whilst lifting the personnel basket.
172
Appendix I Permit-to-work form 1
Note: The responsible officer should indicate the sections applicable by marks in
the left-hand spaces next to the headings, and by deleting any subheading not applicable.
The officer should insert the appropriate details when the sections for Other work or
Additional precautions are used.
The person in charge of the work should mark each applicable right-hand space
when completing each check.
Work to be done
Period of validity of permit
Location
Person in charge of the work
Persons performing the work
Responsible officer (signature)
Date Time
Master's signature
Date Time
1
Based upon the form found in the Department of Transport's Code of safe working
practices for merchant seamen (London, HMSO, 1991).
175
Accident prevention on board ship
Machinery or equipment
Hot work
Other work
Additional precautions
176
Permit-to-work form
Certificate of checks
I am satisfied that all precautions have been taken and that safety arrangements
will be maintained for the duration of the work.
(Signature of person in charge)
Certificate of completion
The work has been completed and all persons under my supervision, materials
and equipment have been withdrawn.
177
Appendix II References and further reading 1
ILO instruments
Maritime instruments
1
International instruments, resolutions, codes and guidelines, whether developed
by intergovernmental or non-governmental organizations, are periodically revised,
amended or otherwise updated. The most recent applicable publication or publications
should be used.
178
References
General provisions
179
Accident prevention on board ship
Machinery
Maximum weight
Dock work
180
References
Health insurance
Codes of practice
181
Accident prevention on board ship
IMO instruments
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL), 1973.
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978. [Amended in 1995]
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1986.
IMO publications
Code of safe practice for cargo storage and securing (London, 1992).
Code of safe practice for ships carrying timber deck cargoes (London, 1992).
Code of safe practice for solid bulk cargoes (BC Code) (London, 1991).
Comprehensive Index of Valid Technical Guidelines and Recommen-
dations (London, latest edition).
Emergency procedures for ships carrying dangerous goods (EmS) (London,
1991).
182
References
International code for the safe carriage of grain in bulk (International Grain
Code) (London, 1991).
International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) (London, 1992).
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973,
as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78), consolidated
edition (London, 1991, or later revision).
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) (London,
latest consolidated text).
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW 1978) (London, latest revision
and amendments. [A new edition, entitled International Convention
on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Sea-
farers, 1978, as amended in 1995 (STCW 1995) was published in
1996, also containing the Seafarer's Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping Code].
International maritime dangerous goods code (IMDG Code) (London,
1990).
1MOI1LO Document for guidance: An international maritime training guide,
1985 (London, 1987) (or latest edition).
Medical first-aid guide for use in accidents involving dangerous goods
(MFAG) (London, IMO/WHO/ILO, 1991).
Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual (MERSAR Manual) (London,
1993 or later revision).
Recommendations on the safe use of pesticides in ships (London, 1981).
WHO publications
International medical guide for ships
UN publications
Bulletin on Narcotics, Vol. XLV, No. 2, 1993 (New York, UNDCP, 1994).
183
Accident prevention on board ship
Industry publications
Effective mooring (London, Oil Companies International Marine Forum
(OCIMF), 1989).
Guide to helicopter/ship operations (London, International Chamber of
Shipping (ICS), 3rd ed., 1989).
International safety guide for oil tankers and terminals (ISGOTT)
(London, ICS, OCIMF and International Association of Ports and
Harbours, 3rd ed., 1988, revised 1991).
Safety in chemical tankers (London, ICS, 1977).
Safety in liquefied gas tankers (London, ICS, 1980).
Safety in oil tankers (London, ICS, 1978).
Tanker safety guide (chemicals) (London, ICS, 2nd ed., 1992).
Tanker safety guide (liquefied gas) (London, ICS, 2nd ed., 1991).
The management of safety in shipping (London, Nautical Institute, 1991).
Other publications
Code of safe working practices for merchant seamen, Department of
Transport (London, HMSO, 1991).
Roll-on/roll-off ships - Stowage and securing of vehicles - Code of prac-
tice (London, HMSO, 1991).
184
References
185
Accident prevention on board ship
Nautical Institute
202 Lambeth Road
LONDON SEI 7LQ
United Kingdom
186
Appendix III ISO Standards
187
Accident prevention on board ship
ISO 6942 Clothing for protection against heat and fire - Evalua-
tion of thermal behaviour of materials and material
assemblies when exposed to a source of radiant heat.
188
Index
189
Accident prevention on board ship
190
Index
191
Accident prevention on board ship
192
Rectifiers 16.4 Safety helmets 1.3.1(e)
Refrigeration systems 21.7 Safety manual 2.3.16
Responsible person Safety nets
anchoring 19.1.1 gangways 8.1.13
boiler lighting 21.2.1 use 20.10.3
defective equipment 20.2.12,
22.3.6 Safety rules 2.4.1
definition 1.3.1(g) Safety training of crew 2.7.1 (e)
entering confined spaces 10.1.4,
Sewage systems 23.5
10.2.1, 10.3
housekeeping 5.1.1 Signalling 24.9.8
loading of boiling cargo 24.1.5 Slings, use of 20.4
operation of lifting gear 21.1.24
propulsion machinery 21.3.2 Smoking
reporting of injury 2.3.13 accommodation 23.1.4
rigging rope ladders 15.6.4 food preparation areas 22.2.18
supervision of electrical work painting 14.1.3
16.2.7 prohibition 5.3.1.1, 16.6.4
tanker loading or discharging tankers 24.1.3(a)
operations 24.9.14 Spraying 14.2
testing of lifting gear 20.3.5
work in machinery spaces 21.1.1, Staging
21.1.4,21.3.2,21.7.4,20.1.6 construction of 15.2.2
working near aerials or scanner working on 15.2.5
15.1.4 Steam pipes 21.2
working near funnel or siren
15.1.4 Steering gear 21.9
Roll-on/roll-off carriers (Ro-Ros) Swimming-pools 23.4
24.4
Ropes, use and upkeep of fibre and
wire 18 Tanks
ballasting 21.1.12
inerting 13.3.4
Safe working load oil washing 21.1.11
lifting, lowering or heaving work in 23.5.3
equipment 20.3.3,20.4.1, Tankers and combination carriers
21.1.24
marking 20.6.2,20.7.1 Testing
winches, capstans, windlasses atmosphere 10.2.1(d), 10.5,
19.1.4 10.11.2, 24.1.3(e), 24.4.24
electrical equipment 24.3.14
Safety and health policy and electric tools 12.3.5, 13.4.2
programme 2.4.1,2.5.10,2.6.1, lifting gear 20.3.2
2.7.1 mooring and anchoring gear
Safety harness 1.3.1(e) 24.9.16(c), 19.1.2
Accident prevention on board ship
194
Oftlhieir ILO pyMcatiSoims
Maritime Labour Conventions and Recommendations - 3rd edition
From the founding of the ILO in 1919 it was decided that questions relating to
seafarers should normally be considered by special maritime sessions of
the International Labour Conference devoted exclusively to them, the first
of which was held in 1920. This book contains the substantive provisions of
28 Conventions and 22 Recommendations dealing with the conditions of
employment of seafarers adopted by the International Labour Conference over a
70-year period, as well as the provisions of instruments applicable to all workers
including seafarers, referred to in Convention No. 147. There are also two
charts, showing the ratifications by States Members as at 14 December 1993 of
the maritime and other Labour Conventions listed in this publication, and the
declarations of application of Conventions to non-metropolitan territories.
ISBN 92-2-107111 -1 22.50 Swiss francs