The Preparation and Properties of Thermal Insulation Materials For Apartment and Buildings
The Preparation and Properties of Thermal Insulation Materials For Apartment and Buildings
The Preparation and Properties of Thermal Insulation Materials For Apartment and Buildings
1 学校代码:
国际图书分类号:665 10463
密级:□
硕士学位论文
THE PREPARATION AND
PROPERTIES OF THERMAL
INSULATION MATERIALS FOR
APARTMENT AND BUILDINGS
作 者 姓 名 Batjargal Batdulam
指 导 教 师 邹文俊 教授
学 科 门 类 工学
学 科 专 业 材料科学与工程
研 究 方 向 保温隔热材料
培 养 单 位 材 料 科 学 与 工 程 学院
完 成 时 间 二〇二二年五月
THE PREPARATION AND
PROPERTIES OF THERMAL
INSULATION MATERIALS FOR
APARTMENT BUILDINGS
学 号 2017DFH011507
作 者 姓 名 Batjargal Batdulam
指 导 教 师 邹文俊 教授
申请学位级别 硕士
学 科 专 业 材 料 科学与工程
研 究 方 向 保温隔热材料
培 养 单 位 材 料 科 学 与 工 程 学院
论文答辩日期 二〇二二年五月二十三日
Classified Index:(TQ323.1)
U.D.C:(665)
Prof. Saran. G
Engineering
本学位论文属于
1.保密□,在 年解密后适用本授权书;
2.不保密£,使用本授权书。
(请在以上方框内打“√”)
日期:2022.05.30 日期:
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第I页
Abstract
Thermal insulation composites are widely used in civil and military applications;
however, it is difficult to achieve the synergy of multiple technical objectives such as
lightweight, thermal insulation, high pressure resistance and high-temperature resistance by
adopting traditional preparation[1]. In recent years, countries around the world have shifted
their focus to energy conservation and emission reduction due to the sharp increase in global
energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and decrease of traditional energy sources,
such as coal and crude oil. Energy usage in the building sector accounts for a large
proportion of the world’s total energy consumption. It is reported that the annual energy
consumption in the building sector accounted for 40% of the total amount of energy used in
the US and EU in [2][3]Enhancing the insulation properties of building envelopes through
the usage of insulation materials play a decisive role since it can lead to significant
improvements within a short time [4]. Various building insulation materials have been
developed by researchers to reduce the energy consumption in the building industry. From
these studies, it has been shown that thermal insulation materials can effectively improve the
thermal insulation performance of buildings and reduce energy consumption [5][6].
Regarding a situation of our country which produces thermal energy at a high price, in order
to reduce the heat loss of the building walls when thermal insulation materials are widely
used in apartment buildings, it is possible to create real conditions to save on heating costs.
According to these data, it is possible to produce macro-porous thermal insulation materials
from domestic raw materials that meet the climatic conditions of our country. Currently,
about 63% of construction materials are imported and about 99% of total construction
materials are imported without inspection[7].
The raw material properties of thermal insulation materials were analyzed in accordance
with the chemical composition of Khutul limestone MNS 0963:1991. In addition, physical
and chemical properties of lime according to MNS 0347:2002 standard, chemical
composition of Mandal-Ovoo primary clay by X-ray fluorescence, physical and mechanical
properties of clay according to MNS 5175:2002 standard, chemical composition and
physical and mechanical properties of Erdenet Mining Concentrator white dust MNS 2916 :
Defined in accordance with the 2002 standard. The novelty of this study is the production of
cement-free, low-energy thermal insulation materials by using lime, sand and secondary raw
materials under hydrothermal conditions.
第 II 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
CONTENTS
Abstract....................................................................................................................................I
CONTENTS............................................................................................................................III
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 III 页
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................1
Introduction...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Literature review of thermal insulation materials........................................................1
1.1.1 Insulation Materials for Building and Apartments............................................3
1.2 Thermal insulation........................................................................................................3
1.2.1 What is thermal insulation?................................................................................3
1.2.2. What is the thermal insulation building ?..........................................................4
1.2.3. Classification of building insulation materials..................................................4
1.3. Structure of thermal insulation material......................................................................6
1.4 Characteristics of thermal insulation materials............................................................7
1.5 Requirements for thermal insulation materials............................................................7
1.6 The method to obtain the porous structure of these materials and its formation.........8
1.7 Hydrothermal strengthening process..........................................................................10
1.8 General concept of CaO-SiO2-H2O system................................................................11
1.9 Study of limestone deposits for exploring the lime in Mongolia...............................12
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................17
Research Methodologies and Raw Material Research............................................................17
2.1. Selection of raw materials.........................................................................................17
2.2 Research methods and techniques..............................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................29
Results of Experimental Studies.............................................................................................29
3.1. Results of raw material analysis................................................................................29
3.2. Technology experiment results and discussion.........................................................34
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................43
Economic Calculation.............................................................................................................43
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................47
REFERENCES AND PUBLICATIONS.................................................................................51
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第1页
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
2.5 ml 7000 BC nomadic life style Materials animal skins, fur, wool
for clothing
Settled durable materials earth, wood, bricks
7000BC - 1870AD lifestyle vegetable fibres straw, eelgrass, reed
population growth. Building a house against global warming is one of the necessary
measures. Researchers mention in scientific reports for example
With the rapid increase of energy consumption, thermal-insulating materials made from
abundant renewable resources are in urgent need for energy-efficient buildings, which
satisfies the sustainable development of society[14].
Insulation in building is considered as a simple yet highly energy efficient technique
that can be applied to residential, commercial and industrial sector. Thermal insulator is
composed by a material or composite materials that possesses the characteristic of high
thermal resistance, which exhibits the ability to decrease the heat flow rate Al-Homoud
DMS[15].
release/gain through the desired enclosed space some particular materials serve a certain
specific role, hence they are categorized accordingly. These categories classify insulation
materials into: according to Fig. 1. Classification of the commonly used insulating materials
[18].
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第5页
INSULATING
MATERIALS
FOAMY
EXPANDED
- Cork
- Melamine
foam
- Phenol
foam
FIBROUS
- Sheep-wool
- Cotton-wool
- Coconut fibres
第6页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
diatomite, powder mixture as well as it is also used to insulate the surface of pipelines with
hot and light mortar. The articles shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of
the standard and guaranteed quality certification. The basic direction to expand the range of
thermal insulation materials and further develop the production is to manufacture articles of
high-quality fiber and large stiffeners. In connection to its utilization, it has effective
importance and signification to grow the level of construction industrialization. The articles
shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of the standard and guaranteed
quality certification. The basic direction to expand the range of thermal insulation materials
and further develop the production is to manufacture articles of high-quality fiber and large
stiffeners. In connection to its utilization, it has effective importance and signification to
grow the level of construction industrialization. Thermal insulation materials are classified
into fibrous, cellular, and fibrous. In the dry state, due to the average density, it is classified
in kg / m3, as well as in group and grades.
Group 1 - Special Lightweight Materials (SPM). Mark: 15-75 to 100
Group 2 - Light (X). Mark: 125, 150, 175, 200 ... 300, 350;
Group 3 - Heavy (Hu). Mark: 400, 450, 500, to 600;
It also calculates the intermediate value of the average density of the material by
comparing it to the value which is the closest to the maximum grade. The stiffness of the
insulation product is classified by the relative compressive deformation under load.
Insulation materials and articles are classified into several groups. Low thermal conductivity
λ = 0.058 W / m0C, with moderate thermal conductivity λ = 0.058-0.1160 W / m0C, high
thermal conductivity λ = 0.1160-0.18 W / m0C. When dividing by the class value of the heat
transfer material, its value shall be determined at 25°C. Insulation materials are classified
into three categories according to their flammability: non-combustible, slow-burning and
flammable [22].
1.6 The method to obtain the porous structure of these materials and its
formation
The following basic methods are used to produce various highly porous insulation
materials.
Method to create gas: By adding a special gasifier to the main raw material, by
releasing the gas and changing material porously, a porous material shall be extracted. Based
on theoretical calculations, the gas generator should have a similar volume, emit gas to form
a homogeneous structure not to degrade prematurely during transport and storage, the
additive should not emit gas harmful to human health, and be widely available and
abundance and relatively cheaper cost or expense therefore many substances provide the
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第9页
above conditions, gases are released from the decomposition of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen,
and carbon dioxide. The gasifier is used to create porous structures at high temperature; the
viscosity of a viscous mass prepared with a given composition must be within the maximum
temperature range. In an aerated concrete factory, calcium oxide hydrate reacts into
additional alumina to form the following reaction.
2Al+3Ca(OH)2+6H2O=3CaOAl2O36H2O+H2
The gasifier does not react with the mass of the raw material composition. An additional
1 g of aluminum powder (AI) extracts 1250 cm 3 of hydrogen peroxide and the optimum
temperature is 50 ℃ and the volume is 1500 cm 3. Hydrogen peroxide can be used in the
gasifier.
2Н2О=2H2+O2
CaCO3+H2SO4=CaSO4+H2O+CO2
CaCO3MgCO3+H2SO4=CaSO4+MgSO4+2H2O+2CO2
When it melts and converted plastics and glass masses porously at high temperatures,
the gasifier is produced cellular glass and plastic (styrofoam). Its essence puts on when the
process of emitting gas at high temperatures is carried out by the utilization of a gasifier in
the composition of polymer resins or molten glass masses. As a result of gaseous emissions
(CO2, O2, N2, etc.), the viscous alloy enters the swelling form and has a cellular structure
upon abrupt cooling. As depending on the temperature, the basic condition of this method is
第 10 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
that the viscous alloy becomes porous under the influence of changes in pressure and
velocity.
Foam formation method: As adding foaming agent and surfactant, with the way to
reduce the surface gravity of ordinary water and liquid, the uniform foam is formed as
having porous or pinholes like bubbles by mixing the materials. As a result of this process,
action is processed to generate and strengthen a cellular structure of the mass. In a liquid
state, the air divided by a thin film cover is a foamy gas phase, all the water is a liquid phase,
and the slurry in the phase system is called foam.
Methods to strengthen by much water: The main property of this method is to use a
lot of water to obtain mass to be printed and the prepared material creates porous pinholes by
evaporating the excess water contained in it during the drying process.
Method to grind mechanically: This method can be used to prepare thermal insulation
materials, for example; it is used by spraying (firing) or grinding asbestos. This method is
often used as a tool to create other pores. This method is important for creating porous
pinholes in other materials and has a wire-like properties in its composition, for example
these include mineral wool, asbestos or wood cellules or fibers.
Method to be fermented the mineral and organic raw materials: The volume of
material increases when it was heated to calculate water vapor formed by the evaporation of
chemically bounded water and the aerial extension of the pores contained. In this way,
foamed vermiculite, perlite, and foam insulation materials are obtained while heating in an
oxygen-free environment. Combustible additive method: A homogeneous mixture containing
organic additives (sawdust, coal, slag, peat, etc.) is used to produce porous ceramics products
with a cellular structure. Methods for the chemical process of carbonate raw materials: The
method of cutting the crystallization and decomposition of carbonates is subject to the
creation of materials with porous structures. The main purpose of the production of thermal
insulation materials is related to each method of stabilizing the gas and foam and
strengthening its cellular structure. This mainly applies to drying, incineration, and other
thermal treatment. It is used to produce aerated concrete, lime, and asbestos silicate materials
by autoclave methods [24].
created in its humid vapor pressure. Figure 2 shows the water vapor pressure curve.
Temperature
According to MNS 963-91, the carbonate rocks are divided into hard (more than 60),
medium (30-60), soft (10-30) and very soft (less than 10) by their strength (MPa). The most
suitable raw materials to produce lime are rich limestone and natural lime with a very low
content of MgCO3 and insoluble residues. The most suitable one regarding strength is a rock
with compressive strength of 10-40Mpa. Lime shall meet the requirements and standards of
the “Lime for construction and technological needs” (Technical requirements) MNS 347:
2002 [26]
Lime is referred to as that it is a material that is cured and hardened in the air and a
binding material obtained by burning carbonate limestone containing up to 8% of clay
mixture at 9000C-10000C.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Therefore, over 19 lime deposits suitable for manufacturing and exploring the
construction lime have been explored in Mongolia, and these deposits are registered in the
balance of the country's mineral resources but also the total reserves of these deposits are
31.8 million tons as Class of A+B+C 1 and 0.4 million tons as the degree of C 2 respectively.
Until 1990, 100,000 tons of limestone were extracted annually from 13 deposits, in addition,
12 limestone deposits had been explored with 267.3 thousand tons including cement plant
limestone in 1997 respectively. From 1989 till 1990, exploration work on lime to produce
calcium carbide was carried out at the deposit which is located in Sugduh, Dornogovi
province, as a result, reserves are estimated at 15.7 million tons for Class A+B+C 1 and 23.7
million tons for C2, as well as, according to the result of the chemical composition of Class A
of lime described at the deposit meets the requirements of TU6-01-878-80 for the production
of calcium carbide in Russia, so once it conducts and tests the technology experiments, A
final decision needs to be made as to which direction it can be utilized and having any
possibilities and chances. The chemical composition of pure limestone is close to that of Ca-
56% and CO3-44% according to the chemical composition of calcite. A content of CaCO 3
which contains 5-25% of the mixture of clay particles of 75-95% clay lime of carbonate
rocks or a mixture of clay particles with 25-50%. In the case of, the CaCO 3 content is 50-
75%, it is called marl. Limestone is classified as crystalline, organogenesis, fragmentary or
mixture structure. Limestone is generally white or light gray due to the external appearance
and is usually yellowish or dark in color, hard enough and dense. Depending on the mineral
and organic content, the limestone is dark gray, black, dark red, and green. There is included
a natural Cretaceous, which has a CaCO3 content of 96-99% in one type of limestone. In
terms of the surface impurities, Cretaceous are mostly aluminum and iron oxides. Dolomite
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 15 页
is a sedimentary rock containing iron oxide and is composed primarily of a mineral called
dolomite, due to the mixture forms it appears as gypsum or with calcite-anhydride rarely.
The chemical composition of dolomite is CaO-25.5-32.4%, MgO-14-21.9%, CO 3-35.7-
47.7%, and other impurities up to 17%. Marl is a carbonate clayey rock containing 50-75%
of rare calcite dolomite and 25-50% of R2O3 and SiO2.[27]
第 16 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 17 页
CHAPTER TWO
(1)
(2)
(3)
These include:
G- sample weight, d
G1- the difference in sediment weight with the crucible before and after incineration, d
A method for determining the sum of tertiary oxides in limestone
Reagent solution to use:
- Aqueous solution of 10% ammonia
- 0.2% red methyl alcohol solution
- Ammonium chloride
- 2% ammonium solution of nitric acid
- Hydrochloric acid d = 1.19
- Nitric acid d = 1.4
- 2H hydrochloric acid solution
Take 100 ml of this solution and mix in a 200 ml beaker. Take 100 ml of this solution,
place it in a 200 ml beaker, add 0.5g of ammonium chloride and 3-4 other 0.2% red methyl
alcohol solutions and heat to boiling. In a beaker, add 10% ammonia solution drop by drop
until a precipitate form, and heat the precipitate solution in a water bath for 10 to 15 minutes.
Then filter the solution through a sparse ash less filter and wash it with a hot solution of
ammonium nitric acid until chlorine ions disappear. Place the dried filtrate in a preheated
ceramic crucible, incubate at 1000-1050 °C for 20 min, cool in a desiccator and weigh. Then
incubate for another 150 min to check the stability of the weight. The amount of trioxide (R 2
O3) is calculated by the following formula.
(4)
These include:
G- sample weight, g
G1 - the difference between the weight of the precipitate before and after incubation
Determination of calcium oxide in limestone
Reagent solution to use:
- 20% potassium alkali
- 0.04 N Trilon B solution/Dissolve 8 g Trilon B in slightly warm water and makeup to 1
liter with water /.
第 20 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
- Fluorexone (mix 1g of fluorescein with 100g of potassium chloride) and store the indicator
in black glass.
- 50% triethanolamine solution
Method of determination: Cut 20 ml of the filtered silica into a 250 ml conical flask and
add 100 ml of distilled water. Add 20 ml of 2% corrosive potassium and 3 ml of Tritonal
amine to the solution, prepare for 1-2 min, add a little fluorescein and titrate the Trilon B
solution until the pink light disappears. The percentage of calcium oxide is given by the
following formula.
(5)
These include:
- Volume of trilon B used for titration of V1 to 0.04 N, ml
- T is the titer of CaO in 0.04 N trilon B solution, g/ml
- V- Total volume of solution, ml
- G- Sample weight, g a- Volume of filtrate extracted, ml 1.78-CaO conversion
factor to CaCO
Determination of magnesium oxide in limestone
- Use reagent substances
- 25% aqueous solution of ammonia
- 0.04 N Trilon B solution
- Magnesium standard solution
- Ammonia buffer solution
- 0.2% solution of cresolphthalexone
- 0.1% tripeolin solution
- Method of determination: Add 25 ml of the filtrate to a 250 ml conical
flask, add 50 ml of water, 3 ml of triethanolamine, 20 ml of ammonia buffer
solution, add 1-2 drops of tripeolin, and leave for 1-2 minutes and add a few drops of
crecolftalexone. Titrate the solution with Trilon B solution from pink to light yellow.
The percentage of magnesium oxide is given by the following formula.
(6)
- These include:
- Volume of 0.04 n trilon
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 21 页
(7)
- For it:
- C1- The content of potassium and sodium oxide in a standard solution with
a high content %
- C2- The content of potassium and sodium oxide in a standard solution with
a low content %
- a- indication of the solution being analyzed
- а1- Indications for standard solutions with high sodium and potassium
oxide content
- The content of potassium and sodium oxide is given by the following
formula.
(8)
- For it:
- C1- The content of potassium and sodium oxide in a standard solution with
a high content %
第 22 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
- C2- The content of potassium and sodium oxide in a standard solution with
a low content %
- a- indication of the solution being analyzed
- а1- Indications for standard solutions with high sodium and potassium
oxide content
- The content of potassium and sodium oxide is given by the following
formula.
(9)
- For it:
- С- an indication of the solution being analyzed
- V- the volume of a basic solution, ml
- H- sample weight, g
Determine the total amount of calcium and magnesium oxide in lime
In the A experiment, Add 1 liter of hydrochloric acid solution to 1.19% by weight, add
up to 1 liter of distilled water to 85 ml of hydrochloric acid and mix well. The titer of this
solution is determined at 250-270°C with pre-dried anhydrous sodium carbonate for 1-1.5
hours at a constant weight. Transfer 1g of sodium carbonate to a 250ml conical flask and
dissolve in 80 to 100 ml of distilled water. Using a 0.1% solution of the pink methyl
indicator, titrate the solution with 1 hydrochloric acid from yellow to orange. The titer of 1
hydrochloric acid solution is the amount of CaO expressed in grams, which is determined by
the following formula.
- ТСаО=0.02804Q/0.053V (10)
- These include: Q – the weight of sodium carbonate,
- 0.02804-1ml, amount of CaO per hydrochloric acid, g
- V- the volume of 1 hydrochloric acid used for titration,g
- 0.053- The amount of sodium carbonate in 1 ml of hydrochloric acid, g
B. Use a 1% alcohol solution of phenolphthalein
- Place 1 g of the sample in 250 ml of water, 3-5 pieces of glass pellets or 3-5 pieces of
5-7 mm long molten glass rod, cover with a watch glass or glass funnel and heat to boiling
point for 5-7 minutes. Cool the solution to 20 to 30°C, rinse the inside of the capped beaker,
funnel and flask rinsed with boiled distilled water, and add 2-3 drops of 1% phenolphthalein
indicator and titrate with 1t of hydrochloric acid under constant shaking. Continue shaking
the solution until the pink color does not reappear within 8 min, and then the titration is
complete. The acid should be added dropwise and the titration should be gradual. The
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 23 页
amount of active calcium and magnesium oxide (A) of undiluted lime is expressed in% and
is given by the following formula.А=(V TCaO 100)/Q (11)
For it:
V- The volume of 1 hydrochloric acid solution used for titration, ml
- TCaO- Titer of 1 hydrochloric acid solution
- Q- lime sample weight,g
The amount of active calcium and magnesium oxide (A) in hydrated lime is expressed
as a percentage and is determined by the following formula.
А=(V TCaO 100)/Q(100-W) (12)
For it:
W- hydrated lime moisture, %
Determine the amount of active calcium oxide by sugaring
Transfer 0.25 g of lime to a 500 ml conical flask, add 50 ml of sucrose solution and
shake well for 15 min. At this time, add 5-7 mm long glass rods or 3-5 glass pellets to the
flask to improve the mixing. After shaking, add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein solution and
titrate drop by drop with 1 N hydrochloric acid solution until the pink color begins to
disappear. The amount of active calcium (A) is calculated by the following formula.
A = (V TCaO 100) / Q (13)
These include:
V- Volume of 1 N hydrochloric acid solution used for titration, ml
- TCaO - Titration of 1 hydrochloric acid solution
- Q- Weight of lime sample, g
Determination of magnesium oxide by trilonometry
Moisten 0.5 g of the sample in a 200 to 250 ml beaker, add 30 ml of hydrochloric acid,
cover with a beaker, heat to boiling point for 8 to 10 minutes, rinse the beaker with distilled
water, allow the solution to cool, pour into a 250 ml flask and distill to the mark. Add water
and mix well. Then take 50 ml of the solution with a dropper and transfer it to a 250 ml
conical flask, add 50 ml of distilled water, 5-10 ml of ammonia buffer, 5-7 drops of acidic
dark blue chromium indicator, and make the red color blue-green or blue with 0.1 trillion B
solution. Titrate with shaking until colored. When the titration is complete, record the
volume (V1) of Trilon B solution in ml. Transfer 25 ml of the solution from the volumetric
flask to a 250 ml conical flask, add 100 ml of distilled water and stir. Then add 3 ml of
triethanolamine and 25 ml of 20% corrosive potassium solution and stir again. After 1 to 2
minutes, add fluorescein to the tip of a spoon and titrate with a solution of Trilon B,
observing the background until the pink vegetables change color to a stable pink. Record the
第 24 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
volume (V2) of Trilon B solution used for titration in ml. The amount of magnesium oxide
(A2) is determined by the following formula.
A2 = (V1-V2) TMgO5 · 100 / Q (14)
These include:
- V1 - Volume of 0.1 trillion B solution used to determine CaO + MgO
- V2 - Volume of 0.1 N trillion B solution used for V2-CaO titration, ml
- TMgO - Titration of 0.1 N trilon B solution expressed in grams of MgO
- 5 - Coefficient for the determination of MgO from the solution
- Q - Weight of lime sample, g
Determination of lime carbon dioxide content
- Heat 1 g of lime at 520°C and 975°C, cool and weigh in an excavator. The amount of
carbon dioxide in the lime is calculated by the following formula and expressed as a
percentage.
СО2 (15)
(17)
(18)
(19)
sand is sifted through this sieve and divided into 5-2.5, 2.5-1.25, 1.25-0.63, 0.63-0.315, and
0.315-0.14 mm grains. By describing the species composition of the sand, it is possible to
draw conclusions about the suitability of the aggregates for the concrete and clay and to
determine the category of the species composition of the sand being tested. The composition
of sand species is determined as follows. Take 2 kg of the sand sample, dry it until having a
constant weight, and sieve it through two sieves with circular holes 5 and 10 mm. Weigh the
residue on the sieve and calculate the gravity of 5-10 mm, Gp5, and Gp10 grains of more
than 10 mm in the sand composition by the following formula.
(20)
(21)
of its own weight is called the breaking limit, or the upper limit of
elasticity, and the breaking limit of a clay without changing its cross-sectional area under
gravity. The difference between these limits is an indicator of the elasticity of the clay and is
called the plasticity number. The following formula is shown.
(22)
The moisture content of the flow high limit of the clay plasticity was determined using
a balancing cone and the moisture content of the lower or breaking limit was prepared.
Prepare a flexible clay, compact it well in a cylindrical container, scrape off the excess clay
evenly with the rim of the cylinder, and place it on a flat tray. The lubricated cone is then
placed so that its tip touches the surface of the cylindrical clay and falls freely under its own
weight. Within 5 seconds of the cone falling, the cone should be immersed in the clay from
the slice to the mark (10 mm). The lower limit of the plasticity of the clay, or the breaking
limit, is determined by the flow limit. Add dry clay to the remaining clay, mix the moisture
evenly on flat glass with a palm of your hand until it breaks to a diameter of 3 mm and place
the sticks in a preheated box. After that, it is weighed and dried to a constant weight and the
breaking limit moisture is given by the following formula.
(23)
weight of wet, g
the surface of the dough and drop it freely to look at the stopwatch. Perform the test under
the pressure of the loaded needle for 5 to 40 mm until the dough is immersed in 5 minutes.
After the appropriate moisture content has been determined, 4 pieces of dough weighing 15-
20 g shall be cut, weighed, dried to a constant weight, and weighed again as determined by
the following formula.
(24)
– relative humidity, %
– absolute humidity, %
(25)
Water absorption
Absorption of water can be used to assess its robustness and melting of the mixture. To
determine the water absorption, prepare a sample of 50x50x10 mm, weigh it after burning,
immerse it in water in all volumes for 48 hours, remove it from the water and re-measure the
weight by the following formula.
(26)
CHAPTER THREE
When it was analyzed by the method which is specified in the MNS0963: 1991
limestone standard, it has resulted that CaCO3 is 98.8% so it is classified as Class A
limestone.
Table 3.2 Physicochemical properties of Khutul limestone
Residue
Name Lime Volume Volume Time to
Temperature to on the
of the activation of MgO-, of CO2, precipitate
precipitation, °С grinding
sample СаО+MgO, % % % min
sieve, %
Khutul
73.9 1.6 6.78 2 78 0.1
lime
When analyzing Khutul lime according to MNS0347: 2002 standard, Khutul lime
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 31 页
When analyzing Khutul lime and Urgun lime according to the standard MNS0347:
2002, Khutul lime belongs to group III and Urgun lime does not meet the technical
requirements.
The results of the chemical composition of Mandal-Ovoo initial clay determined by the
method of X-ray fluorescence are shown in Figure 3.1 andTable3.5.
According to the results determined by the Central Geological Laboratory, the clay is
classified as semi-acidic clay due to its primary and concentrated forms. Silicon oxide in the
第 32 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
primary clay decreased from 74.64% to 67% after enrichment, while alumina content
increased from 17.47% to 20.31%. The results of determining the mineral composition of
Mandal-Ovoo clay are shown in Figure 3.2.
Hydroslide
kaolinite
Quartz
According to the experiment, it contains 3.47% of sand, 26.15% of dust, and 70.38% of clay. As
shown in the experiment results, the primary clay of Mandal-Ovoo belongs to the category of fine-grained
clay.
Table 3.7 The elasticity of Mandal-Ovoo clay
The limit of the
Limit of the flow
Name of the stoppage Уян налархайн тоо
№ Урсалтын
sample Тасралтын Number of elastics
хязгаар
хязгаар
1 Primary clat 26.08 20.51 5.57
2 Concentrated clay 26.96 20.07 6.89
When determining the elasticity of Mandal-Ovoo clay on primary and enriched clay, the
result was increased from 5.57 to 6.89.
From the above results, it can be seen that the plasticity did not increase much after the
clay was concentrated. The plasticity of clay depends on its mineral composition and particle
composition. If the number of plasticities is 3-7, it belongs to the category of dry clays that
have low plasticity. According to our experiments, the plasticity of Mandal-Ovoo clay is 6.89
and it belongs to this category of clay.
Relative humidity was 23.13% and absolute humidity was 30.09% when the appropriate
moisture content was tested on the primary and enriched clays using the Vick tool. The
results show that the primary clay has low ажлын moisture content due to the low content of
the mixture and the plasticity. After concentration, it has increased by 0.57-
0.95%respectively. The proper moisture content of the pressing depends on the mineral
composition and particle composition of the clay. The relative humidity of the primary clay
is 22.56%, and the absolute moisture after enrichment is 29.14%.
Table 3.9 below shows the results of experiments in which air and combustion
subsidence were determined by linear shrinkage in primary and enriched clays of Mandal-
Ovoo. The results of incineration at 900°C and 1000°C were used.
第 34 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
Experimental results show that air and combustion subsidence increased after
enrichment. Primary clays and enriched clays are slightly foamed in the determination of
incineration at 900°C due to the high-temperature compaction of refractory clays. However,
when combusted at 1000°C, not only the clay did not evaporate but it has just settled more
only after it concentrated. This shows that the subsidence of the clay is increasing due to the
compaction of the ceramic body as the temperature rises.
The results of determining the water absorption in the primary and enriched clay of
Mandal-Ovoo obtained by preparing a sample of 50x50x10 mm and burning it at 900°C are
shown in Table 3.10 below.
Table 3.10
Due to its result that chemical composition of waste of concentrator factory doesn't
fluctuate much, the potential to apply for industrial usage shall increase.
The mineral composition is dominated by quartz (52-56%), a large amount of feldspar
(35-45%), contains slightly clayey, and iron sulfide. The physical and mechanical properties
of the white dust used in the study, such as асгаасан density, density, distance of the
particles, dust mixture, particle modulus, moisture, water absorption, etc., are shown in Table
3.12.
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 35 页
As it was determined the radioactivity of Erdenet white dust compared to natural sand,
it meets MNS5072: 2001 standard (≤370 Bq / kg).
Autoclaving of sand and lime products results in the formation and strengthening of
calcium hydrosilicate compounds. Such hardening is called hydrosilicate hardening.
Moisture heat treatment is carried out by preparing a mixture of lime and silica sand and
pressing it in an autoclave at a temperature of 174-200°C and a pressure of 0.9-1.6 MPa. As
a result, lime and silica sand combine to form various calcium hydrosilicates.
CAS2=CaO+AI2O3 2SiO2
The calculation of the composition of the thermal insulation material was performed as
第 36 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
follows based on the characteristics of the raw material of lime, kaolinite and white dust of
"Erdenet" MCC respectively.
Mill
Screw carrier
Elevator bunker
Water
Dose with a spoon
Measuring Mix
To mould
Crush the clay, heat it at 750°C, turn it into metakaolinite, mix it with lime and white
dust of Erdenet in 1:2:1 ratio, pour it into a 2x2x2 mold and autoclave it at 190°C with steam
pressure of 1.3 MPa for 2 hours finally the insulation material was obtained.
The advantages of this technology are:
第 38 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
Table 3.14 The strength and mass of the density of the pre-extracted thermal insulation material in
laboratory
Mass of volume, g/cm3
Mass of
Sample Strength, The strength due to the according to the
volume,
name MPa standardMNS5352:2004 standard
g/cm3
MNS5352:2004
1 0.62 0.36
2 0.69 0.3-0.8 MPa 0.37 0.1-0.5
3 0.64 0.37
The total operating time of the autoclave was 10 hours and the heating rate was 2 hours.
The strength of the hydrothermal-reinforced thermal insulation material obtained under
laboratory conditions is 0.62-0.69 MPa, and the mass of volume is 0.36-0.37 g/cm3,
which is in accordance with the technical requirements of the thermal insulation material
meets the standard (MNS5352: 2004). The SEM analysis of the thermal insulation material
obtained under laboratory conditions by the hydrothermal hardening process is shown in
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 39 页
Figure 3.6.
-quartz
-tobermorite
-quartz
-tobermorite
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 41 页
-quartz
-tobermorite
Figure 3.12 shows a very little increase of 0.02 W / (m·K) from 25°C to 700°C in
determining the thermal conductivity of the insulation material.
Temperature°С
Figure 3.12.
Temperature-
dependent
λ, coefficient of
Вт/Det
a
thermal
ch the
item conductivity of
from
the
thermal
mold insulation
( ·К )
м
material,
W/(m·K) It
has shown the indictor that the heat transfer coefficient increased to 0.138 W/(m·K) at 700°C
even it was 0.118 W/(m·K) at 25°C. At 32° C, the heat transfer coefficient decreases due to
the loss of water from the hydrosilicate crystal.
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 43 页
第 44 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
CHAPTER FOUR
Economic Calculation
The economic calculation of a small workshop for the production of thermal insulation
materials has been completed.
Table 4.1 The calculation of raw materials
Total Item price Transport
№ Raw material Measurement Total amount
amount, tn /tug/ cost /tug/
1 Clay tn 2500 24000 6,642,992.5 66,642,992.5
2 Lime tn 1200 17000 17,830,000 38,230,000
3 White dust tn 850 2700 16,348,80 3,929,880
4 Lubricants tn 1900 2400 4,560,000
5 Water tn 4815 350 1,685,250
Total price 115,048,122.5
1m3- The building is estimated at 100,000 MNT. The price of 1m3-warehouse (without
heating) was calculated at 85,000 MNT. Depreciation of the building at 3.5% of the
construction cost:
649,548,900∙3.5/100=22,734,211.5
Other expenses of the factory include costs related to the research and experimental
work and purchase of products, and in the case of taking 25% of the construction cost, it
accounted for 16,238,722.5MNT.
The economic estimation of a small workshop for the production of thermal insulation
materials has been completed
The ratio of production and sales costs
Sales price of the product: 1m3-120'000 MNT
Cost of the product: per 1 m3 - 1,382,399,656.5/20000=69,119.9 MNT
第 48 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
CONCLUSION
Mongolia imports more than 60 percent of its construction materials from Russia and
China. However, at the end of 2019, due to the global epidemic, the price of construction
materials in our country is increasing 4-5 times. As a result, the price of construction
materials continues to rise to the point where ordinary people cannot afford to buy them. All
over the world, thermal insulation materials are being updated day by day, becoming very
thin and light. As our country's clay does not reach international standards, we continue to
conduct research based on Mongolian standards.
When analyzing Khutul lime and Urgun lime according to the standard MNS0347:2002,
Khutul lime belongs to group III and Urgun lime does not meet the technical requirements so
we selected the Lime of Khutul as a raw material of the thermal insulation material.
Calcium hydrosilicate must be formed in the thermal insulation material and, heat it at
750°C, by converting into metakaolinite, mix it with lime and white dust of Erdenet in a
1:2:1 ratio, pour it into a 2x2x2 mold and autoclave it at 190°C with a steam pressure of 1.3
MPa for 2 hours finally the insulation material was obtained in laboratory condition.
It results that the strength of the pre-extracted thermal insulation material is accounted
for 0.65 MPa and mass of the volume is accounted for 0.65 MPa and a pressure of 1.3 MPa
in a hydrothermal hardening process so it meets the technical requirements standard of
thermal insulation materials / MNS5352: 2004 /.
It is shown that they have cellular characteristics due to the fact of SEM analysis of
thermal insulation materials extracted under laboratory conditions by conducting the
hydrothermal hardening process. XRD also contains tobermorite and quartz. This confirms
that thermal insulation materials have been extracted.
The thermal coefficient of the insulation material is 0.118 W/(m·K) at 25°C whereas it
increased up to 0.138 W/(m·K) at 700°C The total investment of the small workshop for the
production of thermal insulation materials is accounted 1.25 billion.
第 50 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 51 页
致谢
I remember the first time I came to China in August 2017. The first time I got off the
subway, the fresh air of Zhengshou City felt as if I was there right now. First of all, I would
like to express my gratitude to my thesis supervisors Professor Zou Wenjun and Professor
Peng Jin. Because even though there are so many things I don't know, I'm very grateful that
he understood all of them and never scolded me.
I want to say thank teacher Lao Miao. Participated in the international student
competition and placed 3rd as a team. It's great to think back to the memories.
Cheng Qiao Huan really wants to apologize to teacher. I'm really sorry that I still can't
write my diploma beautifully. first time we met at a barber shop. By the time my Chinese
language not good, can not say hello, You was a very helpful person who translated and
helped me. I am very afraid and regret not being able to complete the tasks on time. I am
truly grateful to you for always teaching me and never bothering to scold me even when it
has taken me a long time. Thank you teacher.
When I came to Mongolia for the 2020 winter vacation, I didn't really expect that I can
not go back. I miss my school and teachers very much. When the good time comes, I will
definitely visit in China. Please stay healthy and happy.
Thank you very much to the students of our school who helped me, you are really like
gods.
[17] [https://www.slideshare.net/seerathayat/building-insulation-material]
[18] ]. Papadopoulos AM. State of the art in thermal insulation materials and aims for future
developments. Energy Build 2005;37:77–86.
[19]feasiblehttps://www.knowledge-share.eu/en/patent/construction materials-from
quarryingwastes/?gclid=CjwKCAjwy_aUBhACEiwA2IHHQCJWIIMtzcCSQbybcN-
[20] B.Battsagaan, Thermal insulation material, УБ хот, 2004 он, x. 6-17
[21] P.Shaandar, Non-metallic minerals, 2015.
[22] MNS0963:1991, Limestone standard
[23] MNS0347:2002, Lime standard
[24] G.Saran Paper work of fire-resistant thermal insulation materials, UB city, 2011
[25] Technical requirements of “Lime for construction and technological needs” MNS 347:
[26] 2002 [https://amep.mn/userfiles/files/PDF/Recommendation_CarbonateRocks.pdf]]
[27] B.Battsagaan, Construction material, UB city, 2009.
[28] G.Saran Paper work of fire-resistant thermal insulation materials, UB city, 2011
[29] B.Battsagaan, Thermal insulation material, УБ хот, 2004 он, x. 6-17
[30] Ch.Davaasambuu, Issues selecting the thermal insulation materials, UB city, 2008 , pp.
128
[31] B.Ulziiburen, Research on the production of thermal insulation materials from clay in
Mongolia, UB city, 2003
[32] B.Battsagaan, Construction ceramic material technology, UB city, 2011
[33] Saran.G, Seifert.H, Hydrothermal erhaertete Leichtzuschlaege, 34. B.Battsagaan,
E.Ninjgarav, Technology for the production of bonded materials and structures, UB city,
2015, pp. 3-
[34] S.Tsevel, Chemical technology of bonding materials, Darkhan-Uul aimag, 2011.
[35] T.Tsoodol, Proceedings of the VI Conference of Researchers Theory and Practice,
Khutul 2013.
[36] J.Amgalan, Light brick and Survey on Mat made from light brick, Ulaanbaatar, 2000.
[37] B.Battsagaan, D.Sunjidmaa, D.Baljinnyam, Laboratory method for testing building
materials, UB, 2001.
[38] P.Shaandar, Non-metallic minerals, 2015.
[39] MNS0963:1991, Limestone standard
[40] MNS0347:2002, Lime standard
[41] MNS2916:2002, Clay standard
[42] MNS392:2014, Technical requirements for construction sand Silikattechnik, 1996
[43] MNS5352:2004, Technical requirements for thermal insulation materials